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I know this one seems simple, but I've never used APA citation before and it was completely brand new having to research and write in this format. To me this has been special because this will stay with me for the remainder of my professional career, I imagine that the use of APA will come in handy. {https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html}

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You can also watch our APA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel .

General APA Guidelines

Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides. Include a page header (also known as the " running head") at the top of every page. For a professional paper, this includes your paper title and the page number. For a student paper, this only includes the page number. To create a page header/running head, insert page numbers flush right. Then type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header flush left using all capital letters. The running head is a shortened version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation.

Font

The 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual requires that the chosen font be accessible (i.e., legible) to all readers and that it be used consistently throughout the paper. It acknowledges that many font choices are legitimate, and it advises writers to check with their publishers, instructors, or institutions for guidance in cases of uncertainty.

While the APA Manual does not specify a single font or set of fonts for professional writing, it does recommend a few fonts that are widely available. These include sans serif fonts such as 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, and 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode as well as serif fonts such as 12-point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, 10-point Computer Modern.

Major Paper Sections

Your essay should include four major sections: the Title Page, Abstract, Main Body, and References.

Title Page

Note: APA 7 provides slightly different directions for formatting the title pages of professional papers (e.g., those intended for scholarly publication) and student papers (e.g., those turned in for credit in a high school or college course).

The title page should contain the title of the paper, the author's name, and the institutional affiliation. A professional paper should also include the author note. A student paper should also include the course number and name, instructor name, and assignment due date.

Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. The title should be centered and written in boldface. APA recommends that your title be focused and succinct and that it should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced.

Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last name. Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (PhD).

Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate the location where the author(s) conducted the research.

A professional paper should include the author note beneath the institutional affiliation, in the bottom half of the title page. This should be divided up into several paragraphs, with any paragraphs that are not relevant omitted. The first paragraph should include the author's name, the symbol for the ORCID iD, and the URL for the ORCID iD. Any authors who do not have an ORCID iD should be omitted. The second paragraph should show any change in affiliation or any deaths of the authors. The third paragraph should include any disclosures or acknowledgements, such as study registration, open practices and data sharing, disclosure of related reports and conflicts of interest, and acknowledgement of financial support and other assistance. The fourth paragraph should include contact information for the corresponding author.

A student paper should not include an author note.

Note again that page headers/page numbers (described above for professional and student papers) also appear at the top of the title page. In other words, a professional paper's title page will include the title of the paper flush left in all capitals and the page number flush right, while a student paper will only contain the page number flush right.
Student APA title page

Professional paper APA title page

Abstract

Begin a new page. Your abstract page should already include the page header (described above). On the first line of the abstract page, center and bold the word "Abstract" (no italics, underlining, or quotation marks).

Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your research. (Do not indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. You may also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your findings. Your abstract should be a single paragraph, double-spaced. Your abstract should typically be no more than 250 words.

You may also want to list keywords from your paper in your abstract. To do this, indent as you would if you were starting a new paragraph, type Keywords: (italicized), and then list your keywords. Listing your keywords will help researchers find your work in databases.

Abstracts are common in scholarly journal articles and are not typically required for student papers unless advised by an instructor. If you are unsure whether or not your work requires an abstract, consult your instructor for further guidance.

APA Abstract Page

Please see our Sample APA Paper resource to see an example of an APA paper. You may also visit our Additional Resources page for more examples of APA papers.

How to Cite the Purdue OWL in APA

Individual Resources

The page template for the new OWL site does not include contributors' names or the page's last edited date. However, select pages still include this information.

In the absence of contributor/edit date information, treat the page as a source with a group author and use the abbreviation "n.d." for "no date":

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Title of resource. Purdue Online Writing Lab. http://Web address for OWL resource

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). General Writing FAQs. Purdue Online Writing Lab. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/general_writing_faqs.html

The generic APA citation for OWL pages, which includes author/edit date information, is this:

Contributors' names. (Last edited date). Title of resource. Site Name. http://Web address for OWL resource

Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here.

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You can also watch our APA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel . General APA Guidelines Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides. Include a page header (also known as the " running head") at the top of every page.

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Another very simple one, but I struggled with this A LOT. Projects 1 & 2 have comma splices and no matter what I tried I couldn't fix them. I'm still learning but this will be the BANE OF MY EXISTENCE. (I'm kidding, thank you for pointing this out its really helpful) {https://www.grammarly.com/blog/comma-splice/#:~:text=There%20are%20three%20ways%20to,independent%20clause%20its%20own%20sentence.}

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Comma Splice-Learn How to Avoid It | Grammarly

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When you join two independent clauses with a comma and no conjunction, it's called a comma splice. Some people consider this a type of run-on sentence, while other people think of it as a punctuation error.

Here's an example of a comma splice: Koala bears are not actually bears, they are marsupials.

There are three ways to fix a comma splice. You can add a conjunction, change the comma to a semicolon, or make each independent clause its own sentence.

What is a comma splice?

A comma splice is a particular kind of comma mistake that happens when you use a comma to join two independent clauses. Here's an example:

Koala bears are not actually bears, they are marsupials.

How can you tell that's a comma splice? Look at the group of words before the comma.

Koala bears are not actually bears

Did you notice that this group of words can stand by itself as a complete sentence? That means it's an independent clause.

Now look at the group of words after the comma.

This group of words can also stand by itself as a complete sentence. It's another independent clause.

When you have two independent clauses, a comma is not strong enough to glue them together.

How to fix a comma splice

There are three common ways to fix a comma splice. Let's look at a new example:

I am not angry with you, I am not happy with you, either.

Fix #1: Add a conjunction

One way to fix a comma splice is to add a conjunction immediately after the comma. With most comma splices, the conjunction you'll want to add is probably and, but, or so.

I am not angry with you, but I am not happy with you, either.

Fix #2: Change the comma to a semicolon

If adding a conjunction doesn't seem to work, you can change the comma to a semicolon instead. Unlike commas, semicolons are strong enough to glue two independent clauses together.

I am not angry with you; I am not happy with you, either.

If you decide to use a semicolon, make sure there is a close, logical connection between the two independent clauses.

Fix #3: Make separate sentences

If adding a conjunction doesn't seem to work and using a semicolon feels too stuffy, you can fix a comma splice by simply making each independent clause a separate sentence.

I am not angry with you. I am not happy with you, either.

Examples of comma splices

Are you getting the hang of it? Here are a few more examples of comma splices and possible corrections.

I'm thinking of skipping English class, it's really boring.

Adding a conjunction like and or but after the comma in the sentence above doesn't really make sense. But there does seem to be a close, logical connection between the first independent clause ( I'm thinking of skipping English class) and the second independent clause ( it's really boring). This is the perfect situation for a semicolon.

I'm thinking of skipping English class; it's really boring.

You could also break those two independent clauses apart and make them separate sentences.

I'm thinking of skipping English class. It's really boring.

Let's try another:

Daniel was late, we left without him.

In this case, the conjunction so fits the bill.

Daniel was late, so we left without him.

Or you could use a semicolon.

Daniel was late; we left without him.

Or you could make two sentences, especially if you want to sound blunt.

Daniel was late. We left without him.

Are comma splices ever OK?

Yes! You should avoid comma splices in formal writing, but now that you know the rule, you can sometimes break it in more artistic types of writing.

In fiction, for instance, you might use a comma splice to convey a character's racing thoughts or observations.

She was beautiful, she was gorgeous, she was ravishing.

Comma splices can also create a sense of grandeur in rhetoric, but only if they're used sparingly.

I came, I saw, I conquered.

And in poetry, of course, the rules are even more relaxed. Sometimes, a comma splice creates just the right rhythm.

Do not go gentle into that good night, Old age should burn and rave at close of day . . .

That's it! Now you're ready to get out there and use your commas with confidence.

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When you join two independent clauses with a comma and no conjunction, it's called a comma splice. Some people consider this a type of run-on...

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Despite coming to this webpage over 20 times in my writing journey, not once did I ever use it. That is because while reading the APA citations, I realized that is always preferred that original source be found and cited. As such I would always come to this webpage only to be redirected. {https://libanswers.snhu.edu/faq/120545}

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A secondary source is a source cited within another source. Sometimes, this is called an indirect source. It is always recommended to locate and cite the original source whenever possible, but there are times when the original source is unavailable (e.g. it's out of print, in a language other than English, or difficult to obtain through usual sources, etc.). If that's the case, you may find that you need to cite the secondary source instead.

Generally speaking, to cite a secondary source, you would cite the original source in the text of your paper, but you would provide a reference to the secondary source in the reference list.

Here are examples of how it works in the three major citation styles:

APA Style

According to the APA manual it is best to "cite secondary sources sparingly--for instance, when the original work is out of print, unavailable, or available only in a language that you do not understand. If possible, as a matter of good scholarly practice, find the primary source, read it, and cite it directly rather than citing a secondary source" (American Psychological Association [APA], 2020, p. 258).

In your in-text citation identify the primary source, and include in parentheses "(as cited in Author, Date)". The reference list will only list the secondary source. In the examples below, Smith's study is the primary source and Queenan et al. is the secondary ("as cited in") source.

Smith's 2008 study (as cited in Queenan et al., 2016) found that...

Queenan, H. R., Johnson, F. W., Yili, T. S., Sannefort, M. R, & Langman, R. C. (2017). Cyberbullying in American youth. Oxford University Press.

MLA Style

The MLA Handbook (9th edition), p. 284 states that you should use the original source if you can find it. However, if you need to cite an indirect source, as the manual refers to secondary sources, if what you quote or paraphrase is itself a quotation, put the abbreviation qtd. in ("quoted in") before the indirect source you cite in your parenthetical reference. (You may wish to clarify the relation between the original and secondhand sources in a note.)

Works Cited Example

In-Text Example

George Washington described his meeting with French officers, then a twenty-one year old, in his diaries and explained that the wine the officers drank "banished their restraint" (qtd. in Berine 450).

Chicago Style

Per the Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition) you want to try your best to find the original source and cite that. However, if that isn't possible, the general formats are described below.

Both the original and the secondary sources must be listed in the note; however, only the secondary source appears in the reference list (see Section 14.260: Citations taken from secondary sources).

Bibliography Example

Costello, Bonnie. Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.

Note General Format

2. Author First Name Author Last Name, Title of Book (Place: Publisher, Year), page number(s), quoted in Author First Name Author Last Name, Title of Book (Place: Publisher, Year), page number(s).

3. Author First Name Author Last Name, "Title of Article," Title of Journal vol#, no.(issue#) (Date): page number(s), quoted in Author First Name Author Last Name, Title of Book (Place: Publisher, Year), page number(s).

Note Example

2. Louis Zukofsky, "Sincerity and Objectification," Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269, quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 78.

If an original source is unavailable, and "quoted in" must be resorted to, mention the original author and date in the text, and cite the secondary source in the reference list entry. The in-text citation would include the words "quoted in" (see Section 15.56: "Quoted in" in author-date references).

Reference List Example

Costello, Bonnie. 1981. Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

In-Text Example

In Louis Zukofsky's "Sincerity and Objectification," from the February 1931 issue of Poetry magazine (quoted in Costello 1981) ...

More Information

Further Help

This information is intended to be a guideline, not expert advice. Please be sure to speak to your professor about the appropriate way to cite sources in your class assignments and projects.

Campus Students

To access Academic Support, visit your Brightspace course and select "Tutoring and Mentoring" from the Academic Support pulldown menu.

Online Students

To access help with citations and more, visit the Academic Support via modules in Brightspace:

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How do I cite a secondary source (a quote within a quote)? - SNHU Library Frequently Asked Questions

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While reading the APA citations I stumbled upon ORCID IDs, where any author can establish a presence and start linking all their writings together. It was pretty neat and I set one up for myself. {https://orcid.org/}

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Get your unique ORCID identifier. It’s free and only takes a minute, so

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Biomedical Research was my theme this quarter, or at least that's how it played out by chance. All my projects remained in my discipline, yet strangely all my thoughts were pulled to the field on biomedicine. I will continue to explore this field further in the future. {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22618/}

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Basic Biomedical Sciences Research - Advancing the Nation’s Health Needs - NCBI Bookshelf

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Basic biomedical research, which addresses mechanisms that underlie the formation and function of living organisms, ranging from the study of single molecules to complex integrated functions of humans, contributes profoundly to our knowledge of how disease, trauma, or genetic defects alter normal physiological and behavioral processes. Recent advances in molecular biology techniques and characterization of the human genome, as well as the genomes of an increasing number of model organisms, have provided basic biomedical researchers with the tools to elucidate molecular-, cellular-, and systems-level processes at an unprecedented depth and rate.

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I touched briefly on this earlier, but scientific writing is typically in APA, AMA, or CSE. In this class, I mainly focused on APA writing since that is the one I have the least experience in. Other writing conventions include writing in an active voice and using the past tense for writing.

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This was one of the "hot" topics of discussion in my field, due to its nature there are many moral and ethical concerns which are being heavily debated in the community.

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Bioengineering is a discipline that applies engineering principles of design and analysis to biological systems and biomedical technologies. Examples of bioengineering research include bacteria engineered to produce chemicals, new medical imaging technology, portable disease diagnostic devices, and tissue engineered organs.

Students in bioengineering are trained in fundamentals of both biology and engineering, which may include elements of electrical and mechanical engineering, computer science, materials science, chemistry, and biology. This breadth allows students and faculty to specialize in their areas of interest and collaborate widely with researchers in allied fields.

Graduates go on to successful careers in academia, medicine and a wide variety of industries.

Read more about Bioengineering at UC Berkeley.

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Bioengineering is a discipline that applies engineering principles of design and analysis to biological systems and biomedical technologies. Examples of bioengineering research include bacteria engineered to produce chemicals, new medical imaging technology, portable disease diagnostic devices, and tissue engineered organs.

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NIH was one credible source of many that I came back to continuously. It contains a collection of scholarly articles each with their own contribution to the larger field of medicine.

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Official website of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is one of the world's foremost medical research centers. An agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the NIH is the Federal focal point for health and medical research.