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"We make do with what we go.' Daddy coughs, "Always have, Always will." This quote comes from Esch's dad, he is talking about how they always have enough in the end. The family struggles with poverty throughout the whole book. The quote highlights the poverty and separation between the community, the family has to fend for themselves and go to low levels not continue livings. Two of the brothers revert to stealing from the grocery store and "the white people." The "white people", are portrayed to be more fortunate than the race of Esch's family.
Citation #2

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Quote From "Salvage the Bones" about the white man

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Quote From "Salvage the Bones" about the white man

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"When I look at the boards in front of me, I see one dark splash like paint, one maroon tear from where Skeetah fell out of the window; it's his blood. I wonder if the old limping white man smiled when he saw it, felt some kind of joy at the fact that the boy was hurt." This is from when Randal and Esch go back to the "white peoples" house to look for supplies and seen that blood from the last time Skeetah went into the house and got hurt running away from the owners. Esch sees the man as evil because of how he treats and sees her family. This quote really shows how the town is divided and the extremes the family has to go to survive.
Citation #2

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Thesis #2 is shown throughout all of "Salvage the Bones," the family has been separated from the rest of the town. Because of their race they are seen as different and poor, the family struggles everyday because of these differences. For example when the family has to take Claude to the hospital, people stare at them and judge them. Also when Skeetah is looting the house, he gets caught by "the white man" and he  is chased. Skeetah gets hurt, and Esch wonders later on if the man was happy that Skeetah was hurt. The separation between the community has given Esch a negative outlook on people, but that is because of how she is treated.
Citation #7

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Esch's family experiences extreme poverty, throughout the book we see Randall and Skeetah going to measures to get the resources they need to survive. I think this is an act of desperation, they feel as though they are have to steal stuff because they do not have anything else. They are poor and are in need for help. Skeetah was going to extents that could have gotten him into a lot of trouble, we see him stealing food for China and his family. They are so isolated from the community that they do not have any help from the town when it comes to supplies and supply.

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"Salvage the Bones", by Jesmyn Ward suggests that Esch and her family have to go to extreme measures to get resources because of their race.

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This image is portraying the after effects of Katrina on families, especially the effects on people of color. The family from "Salvage the Bones", was already poor before the storm, they were worried about the resources and preparation for this storm. After the storm they are even more poor, they are running out of resources. During this time it was very hard for people to keep going, everyone was low on resources and running out of water and food. Many people died and lost their houses.

Citation#4

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In "Salvage the Bones" Jesmyn Ward suggests that race divides a community.

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"I am small, dark, invisible. I could be Eurydice walking through the underworld to dissolve, unseen. " (28)
This is talking about how in the families community they feel unseen because of their race. Their skin color effects how they are treated, they are separated from the rest of the town, and seen as outcasts.

Citation #2

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"But I looked in the mirror and knew the rest of me wasn't so remarkable: wide nose, dark skin, Mama's slim, short frame with all the curves folded in so that I looked square" (7)

This quote is showing us how Esch feels about herself. It also introduces that Esch is a girl of color, and shows how she sees herself as unremarkable because of skin color. Girls during this time were judged for their gender and their skin color, this greatly effects how a girl grows up and feels about herself. For example in this quote it shows that Esch does not have confidence in herself because of her skin color.
Citation #2

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Personal Observation On "Salvage The Bones"

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Personal Observation On "Salvage The Bones"

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From reading "Salvage the Bones," I noticed that segregation was very apparent during this time. The family is isolated from the rest of the community because of their race, and seen as less equal to the rest of the races. I noticed the measures the family, mainly two of the brothers go to get the resources that the family and China needs to survive. When the hurricane starts to approach them, Randal decides to loot the "white peoples" house hoping they left something behind, he was disappointed to find that they didn't. I think this when it starts to hit the family that they are poor and seen differently than the rest of the community.

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Esch is going through a very tough name and is faced with both external and internal difficulties. At the beginning of the book she talks about her insecurities of the color of her skin, because she knows that she is seen and treated differently than everyone else. This also goes into her day to day struggles, boys will use her for sex and treat her as an object. I think this is because the boys do not have respect for her because of her race, and do not know how to treat a girl correctly. I believe she excepts that the boys may not ever treat how she is supposed to be treated. Her insecurities are her biggest enemies, she grew up being treated different than everyone else so she has come to except it.
Citation #3

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Citation #1- https://interminablerambling.com/2016/05/24/121/
Citation #2 - Salvage the Bones
Citation #3- https://kdavisillustration.tumblr.com/post/117481907484/this-is-my-full-piece-for-ladies-of-literature
Citation #4- https://dianerehm.org/shows/2014-02-26/readers-review-salvage-bones-jesmyn-ward
Citation #5- https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/dec/11/salvage-bones-jesmyn-ward-review
Citation #6- nhttps://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/jesmyn-ward-1977/
Citation #7 https://somethingfathappened.wordpress.com/2014/06/11/experiencing-salvage-the-bones-by-jesmyn-ward/

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Quote from an article talking about racism in "Salvage the Bones"

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Quote from an article talking about racism in "Salvage the Bones"

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In this article it talks about how the theme of race was something there but not thrown in peoples faces, Ward used very subtle ways.  "Ward, throughout Salvage the Bones, does not have Esch, her family, or those close to them come face to face with racism. However, the contagion of racism affects all of them, existing on the periphery. Rather than centering on these aspects, Ward, like Gaines in “The Sky is Gray,” focuses on the ways that the characters create and exist within a community that supports one another."
Citation #1

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Jesmyn ward grew up in Mississippi with her brothers, sisters, and grandma she and  when hurricane Katrina, her family were flooded out of the family house in DeLisle. The twelve chapters of Salvage the Bones trace the ten days before and during, and two days after hurricane. Ward went through a lot in her life, and she took a tragedy and turned it into a book to spread awareness. From her life she became a acclaimed writer and a professor at Tulane University. She was the first woman to win two National Book Awards. She faced much discrimination because of her race and gender, but she overcame that and wrote many great books and won many awards.

Citation #5 and #6

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Personal Observation about race in Salvage of the Bones

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Personal Observation about race in Salvage of the Bones

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Throughout the novel, I've noticed that the other creates a rift between the black and white community of the setting. Anytime the h=white community is mentioned, they are usually described as having everything they need or invading like they did to Esch's grandfather's land. I feel like this was done to have the reader sympathize with Esch's family even more and allow us to form a better relationship with them. They did not have much but they made do with whatever they had.

Citation #9

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Quote from Salvage the Bones showing that Esch has to steal in order to get what she needs.

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Quote from Salvage the Bones showing that Esch has to steal in order to get what she needs.

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"I put my hands in my pockets, and the pregnancy test I ripped out of the box and tucked into the waistband of my shorts when I wandered away from Skeetah on a trip to the bathroom scratches my side."

Throughout the novel, we see signs of Esch's family being accustomed to stealing. At the basketball game, Esch kept Junior away from the concession stand because he might steal and now Esch is stealing from the store to find out if she is pregnant. This is a case where she has to go to extreme measures to get what she needs. Also, when she was in the store, she described the white people as stocking up their trolleys with supplies. In comparison, she is stealing a pregnancy test that probably is not worth much.

(Citation #2)

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Image showing the black community in Hurricane Katrina

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Image showing the black community in Hurricane Katrina

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This image portrays the affect Katrina had on the black community. Many people did not have the means to evacuate from the storm and many others did not have the houses to withstand the wind and flooding that occured. So, people had to leave their homes, scavenge for food and were without shelter for some time.

Citation #7

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Quote from interview with Jesmyn Ward of her saying why she wrote Salvage the Bones

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Quote from interview with Jesmyn Ward of her saying why she wrote Salvage the Bones

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"I lived through it. It was terrifying and I needed to write about that. I was also angry at the people who blamed survivors for staying and for choosing to return to the Mississippi Gulf Coast after the storm. Finally, I wrote about the storm because I was dissatisfied with the way it had receded from public consciousness. "

From Jasmine Ward's reasoning behind writing the novel, we see her sympathy for those who did not have the means to evacuate. She also shows this in the book by following Esch's family who live in a rural area and are barely meeting ends meet. From describing there lives, it makes the reader truly understand why some families did not evacuate. A lot of people did not have anywhere to go and their homes were the only thing they had left. From this, it proves that many people in the black community did not have the resources to leave.

Citation #8

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Video of Jasmine Ward describing the harsh reality of Katrina for people that did not have the means to evacuate

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Video of Jasmine Ward describing the harsh reality of Katrina for people that did not have the means to evacuate

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In this Video Jesmyn Ward is interviewed and discusses what it was like being in Katrina, her motivation behind writing the novel and that people did not choose not to leave but they had no choice but to stay.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uc72DrF5Kx8

Citation #11

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Writer Jesmyn Ward reflects on survival since Katrina

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Jesmyn Ward was born on April 1st 1977 and grew up in Mississippi.  She is the recipient of several awards, including the National Book Award, for her novels, Salvage the Bones (2011) and Where the Line Bleeds (2008), and for her memoir, The Men We Reaped (2013). The settings of which both of her novels are based is Mississippi because this is the home town she grew up in. Since she grew up in a black middle class community, she portrays this in her writing to reveal the struggles of these types of families in natural disasters.

Citation #10

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Quote From Salvage of The Bones implying that the community was divided

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Quote From Salvage of The Bones implying that the community was divided

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"Papa Joseph who let the white men he work with dig
for clay that they used to lay the foundation for houses, let them excavate the side of a hill in a clearing near the back of the property where he used to plant corn for feed."

Throughout the novel, Esch and her family always refer to the white folks of the community as "the white folks" we never hear their surnames or anything to show that they were friends with each other. From Esch's choice of words to refer to the different people of the community, this shows that the community was divided by race.

(Citation #1)

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Quote From Salvage the Bones showing that Skeetah had to steal to get what he needed

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Quote From Salvage the Bones showing that Skeetah had to steal to get what he needed

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“So you going to steal it?”
“I can’t lose no more.”

Again from this quote, we see how desperate the family is to obtain their needs. Skeetah, who is trying to cure his dogs is willing to risk his life to steal for them. They don't have the money to buy so they are tempted to resort to wrong-doing in order to get their necessities. The author develops this to show the struggles that the working class community goes through. This was before the terrible storm and they are barely getting by so one can only imagine their lives after it impacts them

(Citation #4)

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Quote From Salvage of the Bones showing that Esche's neighbors left for the hurricane and they did not

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Quote From Salvage of the Bones showing that Esche's neighbors left for the hurricane and they did not

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"The windows of the house and the barn have been boarded over with thick pieces of plywood, but when I put my ear to the board over the window that Skeetah broke while Randall holds me up, one arm around the soft push of my abdomen and his other arm like a set under my butt, I can hear the cows, big and stupid, shuffling in the barn, letting out little lowing complaints, knocking the walls as if they are looking for escape."

From this quote, it is significant that their neighbors left without communicating with Esch's family or asking if they'll be fine for the storm. Usually in a hurricane or any disaster, neighborhoods come together and make sure that each household has everything they need for the troubling times. However, this family leaves without giving any notice. From this, it can be concluded that the community may be divided by race. After the storm, Big Henry's and his mother took care of Esch's family whilst their white neighbors never visited them.

(Citation #6)

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Quote From Salvage of The Bones implying that Esch feels different

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Quote From Salvage of The Bones implying that Esch feels different

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"I am small, dark: invisible. I could be Eurydice walking through the underworld to dissolve, unseen."

From this quote, it can be concluded that Esch is not comfortable with the color of her skin. This shows division of race in the community because she might be making the assumption that because her life is hard, it's due to the fact that she's black. Throughout the story, we never see any white person struggling like her family has and this is probably the reason why she feels this way.

(Citation #3)

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Quote From Salvage the Bones showing how desperate the family is for food

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Quote From Salvage the Bones showing how desperate the family is for food

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“You ever tasted dog food?”

As the family is preparing for the storm, the author shows us how desperate they are for food. Skeetah mentions that if things come down to it, they should eat the dog food he has bought. This shows the struggles the family faces. We never hear about the white families of the community having to face the problems they have. The author mostly describes them as being able to get their necessities and this one done to highlight the struggles of some black communities in times of natural disasters.

(Citation #5)

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1-6 Jesmyn Ward. Salvage the Bones. Bloomsbury USA. 2011
7. Google. JPEG. https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/newscms/2018_38/1369080/hurricane-katrina-today-inline-180919.jpg
8. https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2011/08/30/jesmyn-ward-on-salvage-the-bones/
10. https://www.gradesaver.com/author/jesmyn-ward
11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uc72DrF5Kx8

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Quote from "Salvage the Bones" Shows that the Black Family is not Wealthy 

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Quote from "Salvage the Bones" Shows that the Black Family is not Wealthy 

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“We make do with what we got.” “Always have, always will".
(Ward 161)

Claude, the father of the children mentioned that " We make do with what we got, always have always will". This quote shows that being poor has been an ongoing situation for the family, and they have always been limited to goods and resources, even before Hurricane Katrina.

Citation #7

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Video of Jesmyn Ward About the Unseen and the Unspoken of Hurricane Katrina

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Video of Jesmyn Ward About the Unseen and the Unspoken of Hurricane Katrina

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In this video, Jesmyn ward states that her book is about what happens in reality as it relates to the hardships of families in small rural areas, and how natural disasters affect them. One of her goals is to make people aware of what was going on in regards to hurricane Katrina and some traumatic experiences.

Citation #6

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Personal Observation of the Lacking of Resources in " Salvage the Bones"

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Personal Observation of the Lacking of Resources in " Salvage the Bones"

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" Throughout the novel, I have noticed that Esch and her family had a hard time getting resources for the hurricane, and overall because they were not wealthy. Throughout the novel, it is shown that they had to go to Mother Elizabeth and Papa Joseph's house to get supplies for their home. They did not have much money to get all of the resources that they needed to live off of. In regards to the hurricane, the family of five had to search for can goods that can perhaps last them throughout the storm, though it seemed to not be enough."

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About Jesmyn Ward Author of "Salvage the Bones"

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About Jesmyn Ward Author of "Salvage the Bones"

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Jesmyn Ward was born in 1977 in DeLisle, Mississippi. Her mother’s employer paid for her to attend a private school after she was bullied by black students at a public school. She earned a BA at Stanford University in 1999 and a Master’s degree in 2000. Ward earned an MFA in Creative Writing from the University of Michigan in 2005. Her first book Where the Line Bleeds was written to remember her younger brother, who was killed by a drunk driver. She was the winner of the 2011 National Book Award for Fiction and the 2012 Alex Award for her second novel Salvage the Bones. She currently teaches at Tulane University, but previously was an assistant professor of Creative Writing at the University of South Alabama.

Citation #1

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" After hurricane Katrina has passed, that did not make Esch and her family's situation any better. They were in a worse state than before. Their house was ruined and some of their food had been washed away. The black family was not fully prepared for the storm because of their poor state. Though they tried to nail up boards and get food, that was perhaps not enough for the vicious hurricane. This shows how people of color were at a disadvantage in these hard times, and how they were negatively affected, due to poverty."

Citation # 8

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Quote from "Salvage the Bones" that Demonstrates a Divided Community

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Quote from "Salvage the Bones" that Demonstrates a Divided Community

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"...and for the next hour we rode up and out of the black Bois that we knew and into the white Bois that we didn’t that spread out and upcountry,..."
(Ward 60)

This quote shows that there was a divided community between the blacks and whites. Esch stated, "black Bois" and "white Bois" which shows that the community was named after which race of individuals lived there.

Citation #5

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MLA Citations for Main Sources and All Other Sources 

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MLA Citations for Main Sources and All Other Sources 

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1) Citation #1 Author Jesmyn Ward from DeLisle, Mississippi (mswritersandmusicians.com)

2) Citation # 2 hurricane katrina in mississippi map - Bing images

3) Citation # 3, 5, & 7,  Jesmyn Ward. Salvage the Bones. Bloomsbury USA, 2011

4) Citation # 4 https://youtu.be/Uc72DrF5Kx8

5) Citation # 5 continued.. Racial Black and White - Bing images

6) Citation # 6 https://youtu.be/Z2lr6RrAy7g

7) Citation #8 07_nola_1613x.10.jpg (960×354) (motherjones.com)

8) Citation #9 salvage the bones - Bing images

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Author Jesmyn Ward from DeLisle, Mississippi

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Jesmyn Ward

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Overall Observation of "Race" in "Salvage the Bones"

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Overall Observation of "Race" in "Salvage the Bones"

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In the novel "Salvage the Bones" by Jesmyn Ward, racism is significantly shown throughout the novel. After reading, I notice that due to racism, Esch and her family, and all the other families around were not wealthy. The Bois Sauvage where they lived was also segregated with whites in one area, and blacks in the other, with a great distance apart. Jesmyn Ward demonstrated in the novel, the harsh realities of families in rural areas in Mississippi, before and after hurricane Katrina.
Citation # 9

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Video of Jesmyn Ward's Interview on Hurricane Katrina

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Video of Jesmyn Ward's Interview on Hurricane Katrina

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This video demonstrates that Jesmyn Wards novel "Salvage the Bones" is related to the hardships that actually did occur in regards to hurricane Katrina in Mississippi.

Citation #4

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Writer Jesmyn Ward reflects on survival since Katrina

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"The category five hurricane Katrina is a threat to Esch and her family. They do not have enough resources to survive off of. Esch and her big brother Randall tried to find food by the "white people's house" which was unsuccessful. Therefore, the situation has the family concerned about how will they survive with the limited food that they have"

Citation# 2

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Personal Observation of the Divided Community in "Salvage the Bones"

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Personal Observation of the Divided Community in "Salvage the Bones"

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"Throughout the novel, I notice that there was a division of race in the community due to some things that are mentioned. For example, Esch mentioned in the novel that they have ridden out of the black community that they knew and into the white community that was far upcountry, that they did not know. This allows me to see that the living areas were segregated and far apart, and they have not crossed paths into the "white bois" other than when it was time to go to school. The only white people by the edge of the black part of Bois were the ones from whom they went to steal resources from."

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Quotes From "Salvage the Bones" that suggest Hardships and Struggles

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Quotes From "Salvage the Bones" that suggest Hardships and Struggles

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“I made sure we had enough can goods to last us a few days. No more, no less.”  “I don’t think it’s enough.” “Everybody still growing, Daddy. Esch, Junior, me. Even Skeet. We all hungry.” (Ward 161)

The above quotes suggest that the family did not have enough money to get enough food, to hold them throughout the hurricane. Randall, the oldest son mentioned that they are "growing" and "hungry" stating that they need more food to fill their stomach. This shows how the family of five has to survive on a few can goods throughout the hurricane that can possibly not be enough.

Citation #3

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Growing up, Author Octavia Butler had I rough time. Her mother worked as a made and her father died when she was young. She was also dyslexic which made a career in literature very hard. However, she overcame all of this hardships to become a multiple recipient of the Hugo and Nebula awards. In stories like " Speech Sounds", Octavia develops black characters that face troubling times but overcome them. This is a direct reflection of her life and how she rose in literature as a black woman. Her writing is the embodiment of the her hardships and this is prevalent in her writing.

Citation #7

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N.K. Jemisin is a black fictional author that has was won the Hugo award for best novel. She is well known for her work which portray problems like racism. In “Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the City Beneath the Still Waters” which follows the story of a black man in a natural disaster, she highlights his humble beginnings and makes him the hero of the city. Tookie, protagonist starts out as a poor black man and does not seem like he would be the hero of the city. However, his determination ends up stopping the monster in the disaster. Jemisin's life can be reflected upon this. Growing up as a black woman and such an achievement is suberb. Her stories reflect the hardships that she has experienced.

Citation #8

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Personal Observation on St. Lucy's Home for Girls Raised by Wolves.

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Personal Observation on St. Lucy's Home for Girls Raised by Wolves.

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After reading the short story, I've noticed that nothing from the girls pasts were kept with their rehabilitated selves. The nuns completely wiped every wolf-like feature that they had. I feel like this was a way to show that humans were better than wolves in the story. The nuns tried every means to wipe the girls of who they were. Even leaving a trace of wolf-like characteristics would have made them an alien in the real world and it shows how humans feel that wolves are not suitable to be in the same world as them.

Citation #6

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Picture of a girl from "St. Lucy's Home for Girls Raised by Wolves" before being rehabilitated.

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Picture of a girl from "St. Lucy's Home for Girls Raised by Wolves" before being rehabilitated.

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This photo shows the appearance of the girls when they first came to St. Lucy's they walked on all fours and were unkept. Their state was like that of werewolves so they were put in the same box as them. Werewolves were already discriminated upon by humans so this made the girls subject to that treatment as well.

Citation #5

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Quote "St. Lucy's Home for Girls Raised by Wolves" showing that wolves were shunned.

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Quote "St. Lucy's Home for Girls Raised by Wolves" showing that wolves were shunned.

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"The final slide was a bolded sentence in St Lucy's prim script: DO YOU WANT TO END UP SHUNNED BY BOTH SPECIES"

This quote alone shows the stereotype humans have on wolves. They show the girls these slides to show that what they were before is dissatisfying and have them despise their families. The humans shunning them show that they feel that their race is superior to wolves and as a result, the wolves are looked down upon.

Citation #4

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Deadline #2 Thesis "St. Lucy's Home for Girls Raised by Wolves"

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Deadline #2 Thesis "St. Lucy's Home for Girls Raised by Wolves"

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"St. Lucy's Home for Girls Raised by Wolves" shows the depth of racial discrimination. How one can be racially discriminated against because of their perceived race or because of them behaving like or having the appearance of a certain race. This is shown in how the girls were treated even though they were human.

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Quote from "St. Lucy's Home for Girls Raised by Wolves" showing discrimination of the girls because of who they were.

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Quote from "St. Lucy's Home for Girls Raised by Wolves" showing discrimination of the girls because of who they were.

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"Our little wolf, disguised in sheep's clothing."

In this quote, the use of derogatory terms show how the nuns really feel about the girls. The saying "A wolf in sheep's clothing" is giving to a person that looks kind on the outside but is actually malicious. In this case, the sheep clothing is symbolic of humans and the wolf in symbolic of the girl and her past. The nun said this to be derogatory and even laughed about it. This shows that the nuns thought of themselves as better and more genuine than the girls due to the girls having wolf-like behavior and this leads to them discriminating against them.

Citation #2

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Quote from "St. Lucy's Home for Girls Raised by Wolves" showing how wolves names were discriminated against.

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Quote from "St. Lucy's Home for Girls Raised by Wolves" showing how wolves names were discriminated against.

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"She slapped a nametag: HELLO: MY NAME IS___! Jeanette it is."

After Jeanette gave the nun her wolf name, she was  given a human name instead. These chain of events show how the human nuns think that their traditions are better than that of the wolves. Because their wolf names are of a foreign nature to them and they are thought to be ugly, the humans force to wolves to integrate with them instead of being their natural selves. The change shows how the girls having wolf-like qualities caused them to be discriminated against.

Citation #3

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1,2,3,4. Russel, Karen. St. Lucy's Home for Girls Raised by Wolves. New York. Knopf, 2006.
5.Vimeo. JPEG. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F56223
373&psig=AOvVaw0OfDIlENbSQ3tSvEXiKV_X&ust=1635478072616000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCLjoqd-U7PMCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAf
7. "Octavia E. Butler.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 1 June 2021, https://www.biography.com/writer/octavia-e-butler.
8. "NK Jemisin." 'It's Easier to Get a Book Set in Black Africa Published If You're White'.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 2 May 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/may/02/nk-jemisin-its-easier-to-get-a-book-set-in-black-africa-published-if-youre-white.

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Quote From "St. Lucy's Home for Girls Raised by Wolves" showing how the behavior of wolves was discriminated upon. 

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Quote From "St. Lucy's Home for Girls Raised by Wolves" showing how the behavior of wolves was discriminated upon. 

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"We nosed eachother midair. our bodies buckling in kinetic laughter. The nuns watched us from the corner of the bedroom, their tiny faces pinched with displeasure."

From this quote we see how the girls are being their normal selves and doing what they are accustomed to. However, because this is not the normal actions of a human like what the nuns are, they receive looks of disgust. The nuns' discomfort stems not only from girls' actions but because of what they are. To the nuns, the girls are ferocious and not attractive as a normal human girl and instead, they are acting like werewolves. From this we see how the girls showing behavior patterns of a werewolves led to them receiving looks of disgust.

(Citation #1)

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Deadline #2 Thesis “Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the City Beneath the Still Waters”

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Deadline #2 Thesis “Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the City Beneath the Still Waters”

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“Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the City Beneath the Still Waters” by N.K. Jemisin suggests how people of color are affected during a natural disaster because of their lack of resources.

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"Speech Sounds" by Octavia Butler suggests whilst being black during the pandemic it was much harder for Rye to be herself.

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MLA Citations for Main Sources and All Other Sources 

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MLA Citations for Main Sources and All Other Sources 

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Citation #1- N.K. Jemisin. Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the City Beneath the Still Waters. Orbit Books, 2021.
Citation #2- https://lithub.com/n-k-jemisin-on-craft-advocacy-and-ignoring-the-naysayers/
Citation #3- https://www.essence.com/entertainment/only-essence/octavia-butler-interview/
Citation #4 -Butler, Octavia E. “Speech Sounds.” Elizabeth McMahan, et al. 371-380. Lam, Andrew.

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Both of the authors won the Mac Author award for their scientific writings, Octavia Butler was a pioneer for black woman writers. Which helped N.K. Jemisin with her writings. Both stories have a underlying theme of racism , and how people of color were treated during the time. Each of the authors came from pasts of hardship, it wasn't normal for women of color to be writers of scientific fiction.

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N.K. Jemisin Author of " Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the City Beneath the Still Waters"

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N.K. Jemisin Author of " Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the City Beneath the Still Waters"

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N.K. Jemisin went through many of the same struggles as Octavia Butler, she was seen as a woman who could not write a good story. She came through and won The MacArthur Grant for her writings. In an interview she says that one of her role models was Octavia Butler, ". I got past that by finding role models—my aunt Janet Cheatham Bell, who’s a pro writer; Octavia Butler; more." She also says that she was always discouraged from writing, mainly because of her race. As of right now N.K. Jemisin has won several awards for her works, including two Hugo Awards.

Citation #2

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A quote from "Speech Sounds," says " She had been a protector, too, though only of herself. She had kept herself alive even when she had no reason to live." During this quote it can be seen the struggles that the main character, Rye ,has been through in her life. Her race has given her many challenges to face. During the time of this story , there is a world pandemic going on, so she is even more alone now, because she more "different" than before. Before the pandemic she was seen as someone of different color, but during the pandemic she is as "very different", because of her race and then because of her ability that no one else is able to do.
Citation #4

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Octavia Butler author of "Speech Sounds" analysis 

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Octavia Butler author of "Speech Sounds" analysis 

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A website about the author of "Speech Sounds" says this "OCTAVIA E. BUTLER was a renowned African American author who received a MacArthur “Genius” Grant and PEN West Lifetime Achievement Award for her body of work." She did very well with her work, and opened up opportunities for many people, mainly woman of color. Before she won anything, she had hardships, it was very difficult for her to get her work published. "Though the MacArthur Grant made life easier in later years, she struggled for decades when her dystopian novels exploring themes of Black injustice, global warming, women’s rights and political disparity were, to say the least, not in commercial demand." Through all the diversity Octavia Butler, remained strong and came out with the stories which gave her new opportunities, opening up minds of many people.

Citation #3

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Quote for "Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the city Beneath the Still Waters" about Tookie's generosity even though he does not have much. 

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Quote for "Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the city Beneath the Still Waters" about Tookie's generosity even though he does not have much. 

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“Come up on the porch,” Tookie said. The polite thing would’ve been to

invite the creature inside, but he’d never been one for letting animals in the house. “I got some Vienna sausages.”

“I ain’ hungry, and the step is fine, thank you.” The lizard rolled onto its side like a cat sunning itself, except it wasn’t a cat and the pelting rain wasn’t sun.
In this quote, it can be seen that Tookie is a generous person even when he does not have much compared to other people. Even through his struggles, he has remained an empathic person. He offers his home and his food, even though he does not have much, he offers what he does have to just help someone out during the difficult times. This shows that through the discrimination and diversity he went through, he was still a genuine and good person.
Citation #1

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Personal Observation on "Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the city Beneath the Still Waters"

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Personal Observation on "Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the city Beneath the Still Waters"

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While reading this story I noticed the references to Tookie's race and how it effected him in his life. I also noticed how hard it was for people of color during this time period. Tookie spoke about how he was never able to get a proper education because of his race and the things his teachers would say to him because of his race. Not having an education during this time has a negative effect on a  persons life, he did was not able to get a job or a house. He would do everything he could to get an income, but he wasn't able to do much because of what racism put him through. Even though he knew that he deserved more, Tookie worked very hard for what he had and never let peoples opinions of his race get in the way.

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Personal observations about "Speech Sounds"

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Personal observations about "Speech Sounds"

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Throughout "Speech Sounds", Rye is seen as an outsider and treated differently because of her ability. This could be interpreted as a way the author is showing how being a different color effects a person in their daily life. Life during the pandemic was very hard for all the people, but the story focuses on Rye because of her ability to still speak. Also while reading "Speech Sounds" I remember there being remarks regarding Rye's race, insinuating that she was of African American race.

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Quote for "Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the city Beneath the Still Waters"

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Quote for "Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the city Beneath the Still Waters"

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Why not?” asked the lizard. “You don’ look stupid.”

“Teachers thought I did.” Stupid and good for nothing, waste of time to

educate, waste of space on this earth. Maybe, Tookie thought, the hurricane

would take care of that. “I got tired of hearin’ that shit after a while.”

This is quote is regarding Tookie's experience in school, his teachers would discriminate against him because of his race. He was never taught correctly because of the racism  he went though. He would also get made fun of for his race by his teachers.
Citation #1

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" She had been a teacher. A good one. She had been a protector, too, though only of herself. She had kept herself alive even when she had no reason to live."
(Butler 12)

The author demonstrates through these quotes that Rye as a black woman, was able to accomplish some success during her life, which most people didn't expect, due to her being a black woman. She was faced with situations where she had to protect herself from the cruel world. She found a way to survive her loneliness and hopelessness, after a pandemic, that changed everything.

Citation #5

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MLA Citations for Main Sources and All Other Sources 

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MLA Citations for Main Sources and All Other Sources 

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1) Citation #1, #2, and #5 - N.K., Jemisin. Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the City Beneath the Still Waters. Orbit Books, 2021
2) Citation #3 - The Author — Octavia E. Butler (octaviabutler.com)
3) Citation #4- About - Epiphany 2.0 (nkjemisin.com)

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OCTAVIA E. BUTLER was a renowned African American author who received a MacArthur "Genius" Grant and PEN West Lifetime Achievement Award for her body of work. Born in Pasadena in 1947, she was raised by her mother and her grandmother. She was the author of several award-winning novels including PARABLE OF THE SOWER (1993), which was a New York Times Notable Book of the Year, and PARABLE OF THE TALENTS (1995) winner of the Nebula Award for the best science fiction novel published that year. She was acclaimed for her lean prose, strong protagonists, and social observations in stories that range from the distant past to the far future.

Though the MacArthur Grant made life easier in later years, she struggled for decades when her dystopian novels exploring themes of Black injustice, global warming, women's rights and political disparity were, to say the least, not in commercial demand.

During these years of obscurity Butler, always an early riser, woke at 2 a.m. every day to write, and then went to work as a telemarketer, potato chip inspector, and dishwasher, among other things.

She passed away on February 24, 2006. At the time of her death, interest in her books was beginning to rise, and in recent years, sales of her books have increased enormously as the issues she addressed in her Afro-Futuristic, feminist novels and short fiction have only become more relevant.

Her work is now taught in over 200 colleges and universities nationwide. The #1 New York Times bestselling graphic novel adaptation of her book KINDRED, created by Damian Duffy and John Jennings, received the Eisner Award for best adaptation.

In media, her novel DAWN is being developed for television by Ava DuVernay ("Selma"; "A Wrinkle In Time"). An opera by Toshi Reagon based on Butler's novel PARABLE OF THE SOWER was part of The Public Theatre "Under the Radar" festival and toured worldwide in 2018. Amazon Studios and JuVee Productions (Viola Davis and Julius Tennon's production company) are developing a drama series from Butler's PATTERNIST series, beginning with WILD SEED, and the series is being co-written by Nnedi Okorafor and Wanuri Kahiu, who will also direct.

2018, Eisner Award for Best Adaptation from Another Medium - Kindred, by Octavia Butler, adapted by Damian Duffy and John Jennings (Abrams ComicArts)

2012, Solstice Award, Science Fiction & Fantasy Writers of America

2010, Inductee Science Fiction Hall of Fame

2000, PEN American Center Lifetime Achievement Award in Writing

1999, Nebula Award for Best Novel - Parable of the Talents

1995, MacArthur Foundation "Genius" Grant

1985, Hugo Award for Best Novelette - Bloodchild

1985, Locus Award for Best Novelette - Bloodchild

1985, Science Fiction Chronicle Award for Best Novelette - Bloodchild

1984, Hugo Award for Best Short Story - Speech Sounds

1984, Nebula Award for Best Novelette - Bloodchild

1980, Creative Arts Award, L.A. YWCA

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OCTAVIA E. BUTLER was a renowned African American author who received a MacArthur "Genius" Grant and PEN West Lifetime Achievement Award for her body of work. Born in Pasadena in 1947, she was raised by her mother and her grandmother.

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Relation of the text "Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the City Beneath the Still Wasters" and "Speech Sounds"

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Relation of the text "Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the City Beneath the Still Wasters" and "Speech Sounds"

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" "Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the City Beneath the Still Wasters" and "Speech Sounds" are very related. This is so because in both stories, tragedies are going on and both of the main characters were black. This is so because the black authors that wrote these short stories are trying to demonstrate how hard times were from pandemics, natural disasters and their race. The main characters in both stories didn't have much for themselves. They both were treated unfairly and had made decisions that weren't the best because of trauma."

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About N.K. Jemisin, Author of   "Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the City Beneath the Still Wasters"

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About N.K. Jemisin, Author of   "Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the City Beneath the Still Wasters"

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" N(ora). K. Jemisin is a New York Times-bestselling author of speculative fiction short stories and novels, who lives and writes in Brooklyn, NY. In 2018, she became the first author to win three Best Novel Hugos in a row. She has also won a Nebula Award, two Locus Awards, and is a recipient of the MacArthur “Genius” Fellowship."

Citation #4

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About Octavia Butler, Author of "Speech Sound"

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About Octavia Butler, Author of "Speech Sound"

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" OCTAVIA E. BUTLER was a renowned African American author who received a MacArthur “Genius” Grant and PEN West Lifetime Achievement Award for her body of work. Born in Pasadena in 1947, she was raised by her mother and her grandmother.  She was the author of several award-winning novels including PARABLE OF THE SOWER (1993), which was a New York Times Notable Book of the Year, and PARABLE OF THE TALENTS (1995) winner of the Nebula Award for the best science fiction novel published that year. She was acclaimed for her lean prose, strong protagonists, and social observations in stories that range from the distant past to the far future."

Citation #3

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" After reading "Speech Sounds", I came to understand that Rye was treated poorly because she had the ability to speak properly. Having this ability was very challenging due to the fact that she was also a black woman. Therefore, she did not speak when around others because of the backlash that she would receive. Octavia Butler tries to portray how hard it was during those times of being a black woman. In addition to this, because of the pandemic, life has been very challenging for people. They were low on resources; things wasn't the best."

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Personal Observation of " Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the city Beneath the Still Wasters"

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Personal Observation of " Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the city Beneath the Still Wasters"

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" Whiles reading this short story, I realize that it was hard being black during those times. I am able to see this after reading certain things that Tookie, our main character said. Due to his black race, he is unable to obtain a proper education. This actually has a negative effect on him ,though he still try to make a way for himself. he does this by selling weed to the white kids. This is perhaps his only source of income to get things that he need. Though he was treated unfairly from his teachers, he still has a pure heart and tries to help people. For example, he offered his help to Miss Mary and Dre Amistad and those who accompanied him. Though he only had a little, he was still offering his Vienna sausages which was all he had at he moment during the viscous hurricane. This shows me that he is kind hearted and doesn't let his past cause him to be cold hearted."

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 Quote from Tookie in " Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the city Beneath the Still Wasters"

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 Quote from Tookie in " Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the city Beneath the Still Wasters"

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“I sell a little weed,” he said. “Get some Adam from over the bridge, sell it to the white kids over by Tulane. Don’t take much to make the rent.” (Jemisin 287)

Tookie had to sell weed and pills to the white kids in order to get money to live off. Because he did not have a proper education, he was unable to work a stable job to assist him better financially. These times were not the best for him however, he made the little that he had work to survive.

(Citation #1)

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 Quote from Tookie in" Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the city Beneath the Still Wasters"

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 Quote from Tookie in" Sinners, Saints, Dragons, and Haints, in the city Beneath the Still Wasters"

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“Why not?” asked the lizard. “You don’ look stupid.” “Teachers thought I did.” Stupid and good for nothing, waste of time to educate, waste of space on this earth. “I got tired of hearin’ that shit after a while.” (Jemisin 287)

Because Tookie was black, his professors thought that he was not worth teaching. They treated him differently by saying mean things to him, and by not providing him with a proper education. Because they verbally abused him, he got tired of it and stop attending school. These times were very hard being black because this resulted in the lack of privileges'.

( Citation #2 )

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"Of Mice and Men" suggests that racial discrimination was common back then; people of different race were treated differently.

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Personal observation about Race in "Of Mice and Men"

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Personal observation about Race in "Of Mice and Men"

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After reading "Of Mice and Men" , I've noticed a big difference between Crooks and the other workers. Crooks never seemed to have any ambition when it came to dreams like George and Lennie did. I feel like because he was black, any dreams he had would face backlash from whites. It probably happened so much until he did not think of himself as much. When he was speaking to Lennie, he said, "If I say something, why it's just a nigger sayin it" (Steinbeck 70). The segregation he has been forced to live with has made him develop the same mindsets that racists had. He did not think of himself as much and this proves that colored people were treated differently. Lennie and George were able to at least dream but, Crooks was not allowed to because of the color of his skin.

(Citation #6)

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Quotes from text showing how Crooks was addressed

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Quotes from text showing how Crooks was addressed

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"Sure. Ya see the stable buck’s a nigger" (Steinbeck 20).

Throughout the dialogue, Crooks is never addressed by his character name. All characters either refer to him as stable buck or nigger. This is significant in proving the thesis because  he was the only worker who received this treatment. All of the other were white characters and always addressed each other normally and never used derogatory terms. Because he was black, he was never given the respect he deserved and the names they called him proves this.

(Citation # 3)

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Quote from the text of Curley's wife threatening Crooks

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Quote from the text of Curley's wife threatening Crooks

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"Well, you keep your place then, Nigger. I could get you strung upon a tree so easy it ain't even funny" (Steinbeck 81).

The conversation quoted is another example of the ill treatment colored people used to receive. This quote is significant because Curley's wife says it so freely. Everyone in Crook's room was implying that Curley's wife should leave but as soon as Crooks spoke his mind, she threatened him.
From Curley's wife threatening Crooks so freely, it shows how whites could hurt or kill blacks and receive no punishment for their actions.

(Citation #1)

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Quote from the text describing Crook's room

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Quote from the text describing Crook's room

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"CROOKS, the Negro stable buck, had his bunk in the harness room; a little shed that leaned off the wall of the barn. On one side of the little room there was a square four-paned window, and on the other, a narrow plank door leading into the barn" (Steinbeck 66).

This quote speaks volumes to depict the treatment of blacks in the time period of the novella. Crooks, a worker just like everyone else, was not allowed to live in the bunkhouse like the others. Furthermore, they despised him so much that they placed him in a room close to animals. This is symbolic of the perception whites had on black people in this time period. Whites thought of blacks so poorly that they were were compared to animals. Crooks was no different from anyone else on the ranch. However, because he was black, he was automatically placed in to solitude.

(Citation #2)

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A photograph of Crooks' room to help describe his living conditions. He slept amongst the animals and on straw bedding just like them.

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(Citation #4)

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Quote from the text of Crooks describing how he feels from the treatment he receives

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Quote from the text of Crooks describing how he feels from the treatment he receives

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"A guy needs somebody -to be near him." He whined, "A guy goes nuts if he ain't got nobody. Don't make no difference who the guy is, long's he's with you. I tell ya," he cried, "I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an' he gets sick" (Steinbeck 72).

This quote shows that deep down crooks is lonely and in need of company. This was unexpected because usually he is independent and doesn't let the bad treatment he receives affect him. However, he has had enough and uses Lennie as an outlet to discuss his feelings. Any colored person in that time period received the same or worse treatment than Crooks. So, Steinbeck uses Crooks to portray how the majority of blacks felt isolated due to racism.

(Citation #5)

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In "Of Mice and Men", Crooks says "There wasn't another colored family for miles around. And now there ain't a colored man on this ranch an' there's jus' one family in Soledad."
This suggests that Crooks is lonely on the ranch, this also probably why he was somewhat okay with Lennie coming into this room to talk to him. Crooks is pushed away from all of the social interactions between the workers on the ranch because of his race. It also shows that Crooks misses his family and is truly sad and alone.
(Citation #2)

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A Quote from "Of Mice and Men" about Racism 

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A Quote from "Of Mice and Men" about Racism 

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“Maybe you can see now. You got George. You know he’s goin’ to come back. S’pose you didn’t have nobody. S’pose you couldn’t go into the bunk house and play rummy ‘cause you was black. How’d you like that?"
This quote highlights the racism again, by Crooks saying that he can not do things because of his race.
(Citation #2 ans 4)

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Quote from Crooks talking about his rights

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Quote from Crooks talking about his rights

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"Maybe you guys better go, I ain't sure I want you in here no more. A colored man got have some right even if he don't like 'em."
This quote is from " Of Mice and Men", Crooks is talking about his human rights, he is basically explaining that the rights are not the same or fair for different races. Since he is a colored male he is treated completely different and unfair, he is saying that even though slavery was abolished during this time, they were still treated like they did not mean anything.
citation #2 and 3

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Throughout the book "Of Mice and Men", it is shown that there is separation between Crooks and the other men, only because of his race. He is not allowed in the bunkhouse with the other workers, also he cannot play cards with the workers.
citation #5

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" You go get out of my room, I ain't wanted in the bunk house, and you ain't wanted in my room." "Why ain't you wanted?' Lennie asked"
"Cause I'm black."
This is a conversation between Crooks and Lennie showing that Crooks has kind of accepted it but also is sad about it. After this quote, Crooks allows Lennie to stay in the room because he doesn't want to make Lennie feel the way that everyone makes Crooks feel. It also shows how much serration is in this book.
(Citation #2)

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During the time when John Steinbeck wrote "Of Mice and Men", people of different race were treated completely different, especially in the southern states. They had very few rights and had a hard time finding jobs. Most jobs would not hire them because of their race, and if they did get hired they were not paid the same as white males. Also during this time segregation was big, colored people were not allowed to use the same facilities as others. This references to why the boos in "Of Mice and Men", made Crooks sleep and live somewhere separate from everyone else.

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A quote/example of Crooks being treated unfairly

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A quote/example of Crooks being treated unfairly

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"Well, you keep your place then, Nigger. I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it ain't even funny." "Crooks had reduced himself to nothing. There was no personality, no ego-nothing to arouse either like or dislike. He said, "Yes, ma'am," and his voice was toneless (Steinbeck 81).

These lines prove that Crooks was treated unfairly because of his race. It also shows that he is not able to fight for his rights due to him having to be humble. He is humble towards "authorities" because he wants to keep his job, and he knows that he barely has a say because he is colored.

(Citation #5)

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Video of the  scene with Crooks and Lennie 

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Video of the  scene with Crooks and Lennie 

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"In this Scene, crooks tells Lennie about how he grew up, and how he is facing racial discrimination."

(Citation #4)

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Chapter 4 Of Mice and Men: Lennie and Crooks

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"Crooks is a black crippled man who was separated from the whites, due to racial discrimination. He was also not allowed to play cards there  like the other men because of his color."

(Citation #2)

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A Quote from "Of Mice and Men" that racism was common during this time

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A Quote from "Of Mice and Men" that racism was common during this time

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"I ain't a Southern Negro," he said." I was born right bere in California. My old man had a chicken ranch, 'bout ten acres. The white kids come to play at our place, an' sometimes I event to play with them, and some of them was pretty nice. My of man didn't like that. I never knew till long later why he didn't like that. But I know now." He hesitated, and when he spoke again his voice was softer. "There wasn't another colored family for miles around. And now there ain't a colored man on this ranch an' there's jus' one family in Soledad " (Steinbeck 71).

This quote suggests that during the time of "Of Mice and Men", racism was common throughout the world. Crooks didn't see color as an issue when he played with white kids when he was younger. However, he grew to understand why his dad didn't like him playing with them. Also, this quotes demonstrate that a lot of white people resided in the area that Crooks and his dad lived in because it was more fortunate. Because of this, there weren't many black people in this area.

(Citation #3)

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A quote from Crooks in "Of Mice and Men" demonstrates that he is lonely.

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A quote from Crooks in "Of Mice and Men" demonstrates that he is lonely.

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"I remember when I was a little kid on my old man's chicken ranch. Had two brothers. They was always near me, always there. Used to sleep right in the same room, right in the same bed-all three. Had a strawberry patch. Had an alfalfa patch. Used to turn the chickens out in the alfalfa on a sunny morning. My brothers'd set on a fence rail an' watch 'em-white chickens they was" (Steinbeck 74).

This quote by Crooks really shows how lonely he is on the ranch. He doesn't have anyone around him, due to him having to be set apart from the others, because of his color. He reminisces about the old times when he actually had someone by his side. Apart from being lonely, this demonstrates that his life on the new ranch wasn't so good after all.

(Citation #1)

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Personal Observation About "Race" in " Of Mice and Men"

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Personal Observation About "Race" in " Of Mice and Men"

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"In the novel "Of Mice and Men" by John Steinbeck, I realize that racism was something that was taking place at this time. It is due to the fact that Crooks, a black man on the ranch, had to be separated from the other men who were white. This shows me that the boss was prejudice. Crooks mentions that he is wanted in the bunkhouse and that he cant play cards in there. This makes me understand that he couldn't only share a space with them, but his interaction was also limited. Because of this, Crooks is isolated and lonely, and even though in the beginning he pushed Lennie away, he later encouraged his presence because he didn't mind having someone around after all. He was perhaps a bit enlightened to have some company, someone to talk to."

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MLA citations for main source and all other sources

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MLA citations for main source and all other sources

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1) Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. Penguin Classics, 2000

2) Shmoop. "Crooks in Of Mice and Men- Charts. " "Bing Images" https://www.bing.com/images/search?view

3)Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. Penguin Classics, 2000

4) Kylie DaVault. " Chapter 4 Of Mice and Men: Lennie and Crooks." Youtube, uploaded by Kylie DaVault, 8 April 2020, https://youtu.be/wcYVb4J9OpI

5)Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. Penguin Classics, 2000

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Chapter 4 Of Mice and Men: Lennie and Crooks

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MLA citations from primary source and all other sources

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MLA citations from primary source and all other sources

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Citation #1 and #2- Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. Penguin Classics, 2000.
citation #3 - Image -http://www.paullazarus.com/of-mice-and-men
Citation #4- https://www.blackfacts.com/news/article/black-shirts-klan-like-group-formed-during-great-depression-to-keep-blacks-unemployed
citation #5-https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/of-mice-and-men-racism-11822490

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MLA citations from primary source and all other sources

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MLA citations from primary source and all other sources

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1. Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. Penguin Classics, 2000.
2. Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. Penguin Classics, 2000.
3. Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. Penguin Classics, 2000.
4. Henneman. “Crooks: character and function.” JPEG. https://henneman.uk/steinbeck/crooks-character-and-function/
5. Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. Penguin Classics, 2000.
6. Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. Penguin Classics, 2000.

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MR HENNEMAN'S ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

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Joel Aroeste, Kevin Craig West, David Bunce; photo: Joe Schuyler/Schuyler Photography

This page aims to provide more than just a summary profile of Crooks; it is a study and analysis of Steinbeck's use of form, structure and language - as well as the novel's cultural and historical contexts. The analysis should be a useful basis for an essay on how Steinbeck presents the character. I recommend looking up the quotes and examples in the text because that will enhance your understanding of their significance and enable you to develop your own response. The page numbers for the quotes refer to the pocket Penguin 2006 edition of 'Of Mice and Men'

Crooks is an important character: he is the novel's outsider - far more so than the new arrivals, George and Lennie - and his life is separate from the other ranch-hands. His bed, a 'long box' has the chilling association with a coffin and he sleeps on straw, as the animals do. His 'crooked back' (22) is a physical symbol of his personal and social impediment - as well as being the literal result of dangerous working conditions. He is isolated by his colour, being the only non-white person. Because he is, to quote from the novel, 'a stable buck and a cripple,' he has become 'more permanent than the other men' (75); one suspects the reason for this is that finding another job would be so difficult that he stays put. Knowing that Lennie 'don't understand nothing' (80), Crooks confides in him and it is through this narrative device that we discover that 'there ain't a coloured man on this ranch an' there's jus' one family in Soledad' (80). Crooks also represents the negro in his 1930s racial oppression: through dramatic irony, Steinbeck shows the reader Crooks' bitterness and resentment, which Lennie does not notice, when he says 'If I say something, why it's just a nigger saying it.' (80); this disregard is so matter-of-fact that, when Candy says earlier, 'The boss gives him hell when he's mad' (22), George expresses no surprise at the injustice. Whilst Crooks himself refers to himself as 'black', endemic racist attitudes are seen in the repeated everyday use of the word 'nigger' (22) and it remains unclear whether the view that he stinks, is a racist insult or due to the smell of the liniment, which he uses to relive his back pain. In any case, his colour is the cause of his exclusion from the bunkhouse and even when he is allowed in at Christmas, it is at the cost of having to fight one of the ranch-hands. The reader can understand the reason for Crooks' revengeful 'private victory' and 'pleasure in his torture' (81) of Lennie.

Candy, as intradiegetic narrator, is the means of introducing us to Crooks; he includes the information that Crooks 'reads a lot. Got books in his room.' (22), and Crooks himself later puts this observation into a surprising perspective when he explains, 'Books ain't no good. A guy needs somebody - to be near him.' (82); Steinbeck writes that Crooks 'whined' about this but he clearly expresses the man's loneliness later when Crooks 'gently' explains how confused a man can become when he has no human companionship: if a man 'got nothing to tell him what's so an' what ain't so' and 'he can't turn to some other guy and ast him ...He got nothing to measure by' (82/83). This is why, when Candy comes to Crooks' room, the reader understands why 'it was difficult for Crooks to conceal his pleasure with anger' (84), despite his morose mood when saying that 'Guys don't come into a coloured man's room very much.' (85). This is a sensitive portrayal of a lonely man.

Against the outside world, which demeans him, Crooks builds his own protection. He claims that visitors 'are not wanted' (78) and privately retaliates against insults: 'Well, I tell you, you all of you stink to me' (77). After Curley's wife scorns him among 'all the weak ones here' (87) and insults him as one of the 'bindle stiffs' (itinerant) (89), he overcomes his self-enforced, unnatural caution to insist that she leave his room . It is at this point that we see the powerful weight of prejudice and racial bigotry; just because she is white, a few words from her could result in the 'nigger' being 'strung up on a tree so easy it ain't even funny' (91); the night-riders in other novels set in the same period, such as 'Roll of Thunder Hear My Cry' and 'To Kill a Mockingbird', as well as the song '' are no mere literary landscape. The irony that 'a coloured man got to have some rights even if he don't like 'em.' (93) is that his rights only extend to not having the key human right, ' or, for that matter, the freedom to live.

Crooks has a world-weary cynical nature. When he first hears of Lennie's version of The American Dream, he is far too aware of the harsh realities of The Depression to be swept away by idle imaginings and he 'interrupts brutally' (85) when Candy and Lennie are talking about making rabbits pay. (The rabbit motif, a central thread of the novel, will be discussed on pages devoted to themes and dreams.) He declares:

I seen hundreds of men come by on the road an' on the ranches...an' that same damn thing in their heads ... a little piece of lan' ... never a goddam one of 'em ever gets it (85)

Despite his experience and belief that there is no joy and that 'nobody never gets to heaven, and nobody gets no land.' (85), Crooks is nevertheless drawn in, when Candy tells him of the dream ranch, to the extent that he even offers 'to work for nothing' (86). The emotional appeal of the 'guys comin' in an' settin'' (93) and the dream of self-fulfilment are too great for him to resist.

Steinbeck, however, does far more than simply present a bitter, lonely embattled man: that is his nature, yes, but Steinbeck gives him a structural function as well. Crooks has the characteristic features of a tragic hero, almost in the traditional, Aristotelian sense. He comes from an independent, self-sufficient and successful family background; his behaviour is that of 'a proud, aloof man' (76) and he explains, 'I ain't a southern negro, I was born right here in California' (79). The flaw (hamartia) which causes Crooks' downfall (peripeteia) is his pride; the wounding of which leads him to confront Curley's wife, despite the contextual reality that white supremacy is the dominant ideology of the time. He finally goes through the process of self-discovery (anagnorisis) and admits: 'What she says is true' (93) and we see his downfall as him being forced to retire 'into the terrible protective dignity of the negro' (89) and reduce himself 'to nothing' (90) with 'no personality, no ego - nothing to arouse either like or dislike.' (91). This is the total and piteous destruction of the character who had aspired to higher things. His hollow words:

''Member what I said about hoein' an' doin' odd jobs? I didn't mean it. Jus' foolin'. I wouldn' want to go to no place like that.'

are pitiful.

Furthermore, our first, intermediate and last images of Crooks are those of his physical discomfort (94), his 'lean negro head, lined with pain (56) and his 'thin, pain-tightened lips' (76). The portrayal goes full circle with our final impression of his enduring pain and whilst rubbing his back with the ever-present bottle of liniment; this creates a dramatic sense of pathos in the chapter's concluding paragraph.

-oOo-

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Joel Aroeste, Kevin Craig West, David Bunce; photo: Joe Schuyler/Schuyler Photography This page aims to provide more than just a summary profile of Crooks; it is a study and analysis of Steinbeck's use of form, structure and language - as well as the novel's cultural and historical contexts.