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FILIPINOS IN CHINA BEFORE 1500 by WILLIAM HENRY SCOTT

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FILIPINOS IN CHINA BEFORE 1500 by WILLIAM HENRY SCOTT

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TANG DYNASTY - Chinese had no knowledge of any land between Taiwan and Java - unless an undescribed place called Polo, southeast of Cambodia is to be identified with Borneo.

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Laguna Copperplate Inscriptions

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An edict of 972 indicates that Mindoro (Ma-i) was part of that trade

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SUNG DYNASTY - a luxury trade in foreign exotica coming up the Champa coast (Vietnam) from Srivijaya (Palembang) and the Strait of Malacca had become such an important part of China's economy that the first emperor of the Sung Dynasty (960-1279) took steps to control it

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Ma-i traders appeared on the Canton coast, not on a tribute mission, but with valuable merchandise for sale, presumably having sailed there direct

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Ma'I in Chinese Records—Mindoro or Bai? An Examination of a Historical Puzzle by Go Bon Juan

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Ma'I in Chinese Records—Mindoro or Bai? An Examination of a Historical Puzzle by Go Bon Juan

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The first Philippine tribute mission to China appears to have come from Butuan. Butuan (P'u-tuan) is described in the Sung Shih (Sung History) as a small country in the sea to the east of Champa, farther than Ma-i, with regular communications with Champa but only rarely with China

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KING KILING (CH'I-LING) sent missions every year. Minister Li-ihan and Assistant Minister Gaminan presented red parrots in addition to the usual native products like tortoise shell.

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The Chinese Emperor handed down an edict prohibiting their export of Chinese goods, gold, and silver, by direct market purchases, especially ceremonial flags and regimental banners to which they had taken a predilection

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KING KILING sent another envoy, I-hsu-han, with a formal memorial requesting equal status with Champa

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SRI BATA SHAJA sent one Likan-hsieh with a memorial engraved on a gold tablet, non-Butuan products like "white dragon" camphor and Moluccan cloves, and a South Sea slave presenting at the time of the imperial sacrifice to the earth god Fen-yin at the vernal equinox that year. Butuan's Likan-hsieh, together with Ali Bakti representing King Chulan of Sanmalan, received the significant honor of military titles before departing-the Cherished Transformed General and the Gracious-to-Strangers General, respectively. And a Butuan memorial was granted which exalted Butuan and requested flags, pennons, and armor "to honor a distant land.

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Visayan ( P'i-she.tya) raiders struck the Fukien coast just south of Ch'iian-chou Bay, evidently staging in the Pescadores off the coast of Taiwan.

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Cotton-producing or -exporting Mindoro, Palawan, Basilan, and San-hsu (probably the islands between Mindoro and Palawan) were known

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The Babuyanes also, and probably Lingayen, Luzon, and Lubang Island as well, and perhaps even Manila (Mali-lu)

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Chinese Emperor sought to redress an unfavorable trade balance by issuing edicts encouraging the export of porcelain and silk stuffs

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Malilu, Ma-I, Butuan, and Sulu were reported to be dependencies of Brunei.

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Maguindanao (Minto-lang) was mentioned

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•Sulu appears in Chinese records in 1368 with an attack on Borneo from which it was only driven off by Madjapahit troops from Java

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Luzon responded to the call of sending tribute missions to China when in 1368 a new dynasty came to power in China, the Ming, and its first emperor promptly dispatched emissaries to invite, or persuade, other countries and tribes to send tribute missions. Borneo responded in 1371 and Okinawa in 1372

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Arab missionaries arrived in the Southern part of Mindanao and began the spread of Islam within the archipelago.

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Luzon and Mao-Li-wu presented tribute together with envoys from Java. (Mao-li-wu, also called Ho-mao-li, was on either Mindoro or Marinduque, and its representative was a Muslim called Taonu Makaw.

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Pangasinan (Fengchia-hsi-lan) appeared five times during the next five years-Chieftain Kamayin for example, and Chieftains Taymey ("Tortoise Shell")

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Emperor tendered the Pangasinan party a state banquet

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Sulu's first tribute mission when three royal personages arrived with a retinue of 340 wives., relatives, ministers, and retainers, and presented a memorial inscribed on gold, and such tribute as pearls, precious stones, and tortoise shell. They registered with the Board of Rites on 12 September as Paduka Batara. Paduka Batara was installed as the Eastern King and superior to the other two, Marahaja Kolamating as. the Western King, and Paduka Prabhu.

•They registered with the Board of Rites on 12 September as PADUKA BATARA (PA-TU-KO-PA-TA-LA) of the east country, MAHARAJA KOLAMATING (MA-HA-LA-CH'IH-KO-LA-MATING) of the west country, and PADUKA PRABHU (PA-TU-KO-PA-LA-BU) as what translates as "the wife of him from the caves" or, literally, "the troglodyte's wife."

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The Sulu delegates took their leave, proceeding down the Grand Canal accompanied by military escorts and laden with gifts and chinaware, etc. gold and silver to cover the expenses of the trip and show a handsome profit besides, but in the government hostel in Tehchow, Shantung, PADUKA BATARA DIED.

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Paduka Batara died and was entombed on 20 November, and the Emperor's memorial tribute was set up.

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Not long after Paduka Batara's interment, the Emperor dispatched High Commissioner Chang Ch'ien to the Philippines accompanied the military escort which took the young Tumahan back to Sulu, but his real mission was to bring Kumalalang, Mindanao, into line. (Kumalalang today is a rather backwater community at the head of Dumanguilas Bay on the road between Pagadian and Malangas in the province of Zamboanga del Sur.

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Kanlai lpentun appeared at court with a large following which included his wife, children, and prime minister.

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Young King La-pi of Kumalalang sent Chief Batikisan and others with a gold-engraved memorial to the reigning Chinese Emperor

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The Spaniards appeared in our shores with Magellan on his first circumnavigation of the world.