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1. Enriched uranium is required as a fuel in a nuclear reactor, if light water is used as moderator and coolant, because light water has
2. The efficiency of a nuclear power plant in comparison to conventional and nuclear consideration is

3. The control rods in the control system of nuclear reactors are used to
4. Electron volt is the unit of

5. A moderator, in nuclear power plants, is a medium introduced into the fuel mass in order to
6. One gram of uranium will produce energy equivalent to approximately

7. Which of the following type of pump is used in liquid metal cooled reactor for circulation of liquid metal

8. Where reactor operation is designed with fast neutrons such as in reactors using highly enriched fuel, the moderator used is
9. The nuclear energy is measured as

11. A boiling water reactor uses following as fuel

12. Which of the following statement is correct regarding the features of a Breeder reactor?
13. In nuclear fission each neutron that causes fission releases

14. Artificial radioactive isotopes find application in

15. Each fission of U₂₃₅ produces on the average _________ fast neutrons as a product of reaction.

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1. Enriched uranium is required as a fuel in a nuclear reactor, if light water is used as moderator and coolant, because light water has 2. The efficiency of a nuclear power plant in comparison to conventional and nuclear consideration is 3. The control rods in the control system of nuclear reactors are used to 4.

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PPT ON COGEN & TRIGEN.

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, Assistant Professor in ME Deptt., Motivational Speaker, Business Analyst

Published on

Introduction
Need of Cogeneration
Principle and Advantages of Cogeneration
Technical Options for Cogeneration
Gas turbine Cogeneration Systems
Reciprocating Engine Cogeneration Systems
Classification of Cogeneration Systems
Topping Cycle
Bottoming Cycle
Factors Influencing Cogeneration Choice
Important Technical Parameters for Cogeneration
Typical Cogeneration Performance Parameters
Relative Merits of Cogeneration Systems
Case Study

1. 1. Cogeneration & Trigeneration By Varun Pratap Singh

2. 2. Content * Introduction * Need of Cogeneration * Principle and Advantages of Cogeneration * Technical Options for Cogeneration * Gas turbine Cogeneration Systems * Reciprocating Engine Cogeneration Systems * Classification of Cogeneration Systems * Topping Cycle * Bottoming Cycle * Factors Influencing Cogeneration Choice * Important Technical Parameters for Cogeneration * Typical Cogeneration Performance Parameters * Relative Merits of Cogeneration Systems * Case Study

3. 3. NEED FOR COGENERATION * Thermal power plants are a major source of electricity supply in India. The conventional method of power generation and supply to the customer is wasteful in the sense that only about a third of the primary energy fed into the power plant is actually made available to the user in the form of electricity . * In conventional power plant, efficiency lies between 35% to 45% and remaining amount of up to 65% of energy is lost. * The major source of loss in the conversion process is the heat rejected to the surrounding water or air due to the inherent constraints of the different thermodynamic cycles employed in power generation. Also further losses of around 10-15% are associated with the transmission and distribution of electricity in the electrical grid.

4. 4. Principle and Advantages of Cogeneration * Cogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is defined as the sequential generation of two different forms of useful energy from a single primary energy source, typically mechanical energy and thermal energy. Mechanical energy may be used either to drive an alternator for producing electricity, or rotating equipment such as motor, compressor, pump or fan for delivering various services. Thermal energy can be used either for direct process applications or for indirectly producing steam, hot water, hot air for dryer or chilled water for process cooling. * Cogeneration provides a wide range of technologies for application in various domains of * economic activities. The overall efficiency of energy use in cogeneration mode can be up to 85 per cent and above in some cases. * Along with the saving of fossil fuels, cogeneration also allows to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases (particularly CO2 emission). The production of electricity being on-site, the burden on the utility network is reduced and the transmission line losses eliminated. Cogeneration makes sense from both macro and micro perspectives. * At the macro level, it allows a part of the financial burden of the national power utility to be shared by the private sector; in addition, indigenous energy sources are conserved. * At the micro level, the overall energy bill of the users can be reduced, particularly when there is a simultaneous need for both power and heat at the site, and a rational energy tariff is practiced in the country

5. 5. Technical Options for Cogeneration * Cogeneration technologies that have been widely commercialized include extraction/back pressure steam turbines, gas turbine with heat recovery boiler (with or without bottoming steam turbine) and reciprocating engines with heat recovery boiler. 1. Steam Turbine Cogeneration systems The two types of steam turbines most widely used are the backpressure and the extraction Another variation of the steam turbine topping cycle cogeneration system is the extraction- back pressure turbine that can be employed where the end-user needs thermal energy at two different temperature levels.

6. 6. Cogeneration Power Plant (CHP) is a combined heat and power plant that uses a heat engine to generate both electricity and useful heat.

7. 7. Gas turbine Cogeneration Systems * Gas turbine cogeneration systems can produce all or a part of the energy requirement of the site, and the energy released at high temperature in the exhaust stack can be recovered for various heating and cooling applications. * Though natural gas is most commonly used, other fuels such as light fuel oil or diesel can also be employed. The typical range of gas turbines varies from a fraction of a MW to around 100 MW. * Gas turbine cogeneration has probably experienced the most rapid development in the recent years due to the greater availability of natural gas, rapid progress in the technology, significant reduction in installation costs, and better environmental performance. * Furthermore, the gestation period for developing a project is shorter and the equipment can be delivered in a modular manner. Gas turbine has a short start-up time and provides the flexibility of intermittent operation. * If more power is required at the site, it is possible to adopt a combined cycle that is a combination of gas turbine and steam turbine cogeneration. Steam generated from the exhaust gas of the gas turbine is passed through a backpressure or extraction-condensing steam turbine to generate additional power. The exhaust or the extracted steam from the steam turbine provides the required thermal energy.

8. 8. Reciprocating Engine Cogeneration Systems * Also known as internal combustion (I. C.) engines, these cogeneration systems have high power generation efficiencies in comparison with other prime movers. There are two sources of heat for recovery: exhaust gas at high temperature and engine jacket cooling water system at low temperature. * As heat recovery can be quite efficient for smaller systems, these systems are more popular with smaller energy consuming facilities, particularly those having a greater need for electricity than thermal energy and where the quality of heat required is not high, e.g. low pressure steam or hot water. * Though diesel has been the most common fuel in the past, the prime movers can also operate with heavy fuel oil or natural gas. These machines are ideal for intermittent operation and their performance is not as sensitive to the changes in ambient temperatures as the gas turbines. Though the initial investment on these machines is low, their operating and maintenance costs are high due to high wear and tear.

9. 9. Classification of Cogeneration Systems * Cogeneration systems are normally classified according to the sequence of energy use and the operating schemes adopted. A cogeneration system can be classified as either a topping or a bottoming cycle on the basis of the sequence of energy use. In a topping cycle, the fuel supplied is used to first produce power and then thermal energy, which is the by-product of the cycle and is used to satisfy process heat or other thermal requirements. Topping cycle cogeneration is widely used and is the most popular method of cogeneration. T-S Diagram Schematic Diagram of Combine Cycle System

10. 10. Topping Cycle * The four types of topping cycle cogeneration systems are briefly explained: 1. 2. 3. 4. A gas turbine or diesel engine producing electrical or mechanical power followed by a heat recovery boiler to create steam to drive a secondary steam turbine. This is called a combined-cycle topping system. The second type of system burns fuel (any type) to produce high-pressure steam that then passes through a steam turbine to produce power with the exhaust provides low-pressure process steam. This is a steam-turbine topping system. A third type employs heat recovery from an engine exhaust and/or jacket cooling system flowing to a heat recovery boiler, where it is converted to process steam / hot water for further use. The fourth type is a gas-turbine top ping system. A natural gas turbine drives a generator. The exhaust gas goes to a heat recovery boiler that makes process steam and process heat

11. 11. Bottoming Cycle * In a bottoming cycle, the primary fuel produces high temperature thermal energy and the heat rejected from the process is used to generate power through a recovery boiler and a turbine generator. * Bottoming cycles are suitable for manufacturing processes that require heat at high temperature in furnaces and kilns, and reject heat at significantly high temperatures. Typical areas of application include cement, steel, ceramic, gas and petrochemical industries. * Bottoming cycle plants are much less common than topping cycle plants. The bottoming cycle where fuel is burnt in a furnace to produce synthetic rutile. The waste gases coming out of the furnace is utilized in a boiler to generate steam, which drives the turbine to produce electricity.

12. 13. Factors Influencing Cogeneration Choice * The selection and operating scheme of a cogeneration system is very much site-specific and depends on several factors, as described below: * Base electrical load matching In this configuration, the cogeneration plant is sized to meet the minimum electricity demand of the site based on the historical demand curve. The rest of the needed power is purchased from the utility grid. The thermal energy requirement of the site could be met by the cogeneration. * Base Thermal Load Matching Here, the cogeneration system is sized to supply the minimum thermal energy requirement of the site. Stand-by boilers or burners are operated during periods when the demand for heat is higher. The prime mover installed operates at full load at all times. * Electrical Load Matching In this operating scheme, the facility is totally independent of the power utility grid. All the power requirements of the site, including the reserves needed during scheduled and unscheduled maintenance, are to be taken into account while sizing the system. This is also referred to as a "stand-alone" system. * Thermal Load Matching The cogeneration system is designed to meet the thermal energy requirement of the site at any time. The prime movers are operated following the thermal demand. During the period when the electricity demand exceeds the generation capacity, the deficit can be compensated by power purchased from the grid. Similarly, if the local legislation permits, electricity produced in excess at any time may be sold to the utility.

13. 14. Important Technical Parameters for Cogeneration * While selecting cogeneration systems, one should consider some important technical parameters that assist in defining the type and operating scheme of different alternative cogeneration systems to be selected. * Heat-to-Power Ratio Most important technical parameters influencing the selection of the type of cogeneration system. The heat-to-power ratio of a facility should match with the characteristics of the cogeneration system to be installed. It is defined as the ratio of thermal energy to electricity required by the energy consuming facility. Though it can be expressed in different units such as Btu/kWh, kCal/kWh, lb./hr/kW, etc., here it is presented on the basis of the same energy unit (kW).

14. 15. * Quality of Thermal Energy Needed The quality of thermal energy required (temperature and pressure) also determines the type of cogeneration system. For a sugar mill needing thermal energy at about 120°C, a topping cycle cogeneration system can meet the heat demand. On the other hand, for a cement plant requiring thermal energy at about 1450°C, a bottoming cycle cogeneration system can meet both high quality thermal energy and electricity demands of the plant. * Load Patterns The heat and power demand patterns of the user affect the selection (type and size) of the cogeneration system. For instance, the load patterns of two energy consuming facilities shown in Figure, would lead to two different sizes, possibly types also, of cogeneration systems. * Electricity Buy-back The technical consideration of cogeneration system must take into account whether the local regulations permit electric utilities to buy electricity from the cogenerations or not. The size and type of cogeneration system could be significantly different if one were to allow the export of electricity to the grid. * Retrofit Versus New Installation If the cogeneration system is installed as a retrofit, the system must be designed so that the existing energy conversion systems, such as boilers, can still be used. In such a circumstance, the options for cogeneration system would depend on whether the system is a retrofit or a new installation.

15. 16. * Fuels Available Depending on the availability of fuels, some potential cogeneration systems may have to be rejected. The availability of cheap fuels or waste products that can be used as fuels at a site is one of the major factors in the technical consideration because it determines the competitiveness of the cogeneration system. A rice mill needs mechanical power for milling and heat for paddy drying. If a cogeneration system were considered, the steam turbine system would be the first priority because it can use the rice husk as the fuel, which is available as waste product from the mill. * System Reliability Some energy consuming facilities require very reliable power and/or heat; for instance, a pulp and paper industry cannot operate with a prolonged unavailability of process steam. In such instances, the cogeneration system to be installed must be modular, i.e. it should consist of more than one unit so that shut down of a specific unit cannot seriously affect the energy supply. * Grid Dependent System Versus Independent System A grid-dependent system has access to the grid to buy or sell electricity. The grid-independent system is also known as a "stand-alone" system that meets all the energy demands of the site. It is obvious that for the same energy consuming facility, the technical configuration of the cogeneration system designed as a grid dependent system would be different from that of a stand-alone system. * Local Environmental Regulation The local environmental regulations can limit the choice of fuels to be used for the proposed cogeneration systems. If the local environmental regulations are stringent, some available fuels cannot be considered because of the high treatment cost of the polluted exhaust gas and in some cases, the fuel itself.

16. 17. Typical Cogeneration Performance Parameters

17. 18. Relative Merits of Cogeneration Systems

18. 19. Case Study

19. 20. Trigeneration * Introduction * Need * Applications * Advantages * Limitations

20. 21. Implementation of ANN on CCHP system to predict Trigeneration performance with consideration of various operative factors By SiminAnvariabHadiTaghavifaraRahim KhoshbakhtiSaraybShahramKhalilaryaaSamadJafarmadara

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Co-generation and trigeneration by Varun Pratap Singh

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Assistant Professor in ME Deptt., Motivational Speaker, Business Analyst Published on Introduction Need of Cogeneration Principle and Advantages of Cogeneration Technical Options for Cogeneration Gas turbine Cogeneration Systems Reciprocating Engine Cogeneration Systems Classification of Cogeneration Systems Topping Cycle Bottoming Cycle Factors Influencing Cogeneration Choice Important Technical Parameters for Cogeneration Typical Cogeneration Performance Parameters Relative Merits of Cogeneration Systems Case Study 1.

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Expt5-How to Calculate Electricity Cost for Household Application.

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Electro Static Precipator