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was the supercontinent on earth about 250 million years ago

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the centre of this landmass was so far from the sea that rain rarely fell

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the centre of this landmass was so far from the sea that rain rarely fell

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as the plates that make up the Earth's crust drifted apart, pangaea broke up

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how to state if a species was herbivorous or carnivorous: from the faeces (found as fossils, from the skeleton and teeth

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how to state if a species was herbivorous or carnivorous: from the faeces (found as fossils, from the skeleton and teeth

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inostrancevia preyed on scutosaurus, fossils of both are found in similar areas and date from the same time; we can guess they were part of the same food chain

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the branch of biology which studies the interactions among organisms and their environment

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the pond and its inhanitants interacting together make up an ecosystem (a community and its environment)

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the pond and its inhanitants interacting together make up an ecosystem (a community and its environment)

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the pond is a HABITAT;

all the organisms of one species living in the same area at the same time make up an population;

all the inhabitants make up a COMMUNITY.

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all the energy in an ecosystem originates from the sun

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each member of a community gathers food in an unique way

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the loss of energy limits the lenght of food chains

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the loss of energy limits the lenght of food chains

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many organisms feed at more than one trophic level

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is the sequence by which energy passes from a plant to an animal and to other animals

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many different food chains link to form a food web

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mostly plants

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eh no eh!!!!

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the pyramid is this shape because there is less energy available as you go up the trophic level, so there are fewer organisms at each level

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in a food chain there are more plants than animals, and each level in the pyramid is called trophic level

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as energy is passed along a food chain, some of it is lost to the environment

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sometimes the pyramid of numbers is inverted

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gives a much better idea of the actual quantity of animal or plant material at each trophic level

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the shape is due to the differences between birth rate and death rate

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for most time human populations have been kept in check by a combination of disease, famine and war

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in 2012 the world's population reached 7 billion

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in 2012 the world's population reached 7 billion

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reduction of diseases (through improvements in water supply, sewage treatment, hygienic food handling, general standards of cleanliness)

increase in food supply (more land has been brought under cultivation, agriculture has become more efficient)

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The birth rate (births/population rate) is the total number of live births per 1,000 in a population in a year 

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The birth rate (births/population rate) is the total number of live births per 1,000 in a population in a year 

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is the total number of deaths per 1,000 in a population in a year

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the human population could be brought back under control in two ways

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the human population could be brought back under control in two ways

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increasing the death rate or decreasing the birth rate

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in the developed countries the single largest factor which brought down the birth rate was the introduction of contraceptive techniques

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in the developed countries the single largest factor which brought down the birth rate was the introduction of contraceptive techniques

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but.... suspect on contraceptive methods, religion and so on limit their use

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they play an important role in maintaining the ecosystems of ponds, they eat algae and other weeds; they disturb peebbles and mud at the bottom of swallow areas in the pond; they excrete ammonia into the water, breath in oxygen and breath out carbon dioxide

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carbon and nitrogen are released, so that they can be used again by living organisms

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....vermi col ciuffo

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carbon is an essential part of carbohydrates fats and protein

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how the carbon circulates through an ecosystem

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how the carbon circulates through an ecosystem

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the growth of a population of yeast is said to be sigmoid

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the growth of a population of yeast is said to be sigmoid

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lag phase: few cells
log phase: large number of cells divide
stationary phase: the rate of death and cellular duplication is the same
death phase: not enough food, but also production of substances that are poisoning for them