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Table Bay Mall, Cape Farms, Cape Town, South Africa

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First permanent Dutch settlement at Cape of Good Hope

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First permanent Dutch settlement at Cape of Good Hope

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In 1652 a Dutch expedition of 90 Calvinist settlers under the command of Jan Van Riebeeck founded the first permanent settlement near the Cape of Good Hope.

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The citizen revolution that took place on April 25, 1974 in Portugal is known as the Carnation Revolution, which marked the end of the dictatorship of António de Oliveira Salazar in this European country, in which no democratic elections had been called since 1925. The end of this dictatorship, famously known as the New State, restored democracy in Portugal almost half a decade later and allowed almost all non-European Portuguese provinces to achieve their independence before the end of 1975.

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difficulties that arose after the collapse of communism in Europe. 

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Castro died at the age of 90, but his figure continued to arouse the same passions he had generated since January 1959, when he triumphantly entered Havana with his bearded men after the fall of Fulgencio Batista's regime. Castro's charisma, his eloquence and the effective selling of the island's image as a little David confronting the American Goliath, earned the Cuban revolution a permanent place in debates on international issues. Against all odds, once the communist bloc collapsed and in spite of the growing economic difficulties for the population, Castro was able to overcome the new situation, maintain almost intact the status quo on the island that he ruled with an iron fist and, finally, leave power in inheritance to his brother Raúl Castro.

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El-Alamein, Al Alameen City, El Alamein, Egypt

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El-Alamein, Al Alameen City, El Alamein, Egypt

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El-Alamein, Al Alameen City, El Alamein, Egypt

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Arriving in Africa in February 1941, Erwin Rommel quickly took charge of the faltering Axis campaign, scoring several quick victories against British defenses around Cyrenaica and surrounding the coastal fortress of Tobruk by mid-April.

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The Maastricht Treaty was the international agreement responsible for the creation of the European Union, it was signed in Maastricht, Netherlands on February 7, 1992 by 12 countries, including Germany, France, Italy, and the United Kingdom. This treaty came into effect on November 1, 1993 and was conceived as the political culmination of a normative and binding set for all the member states of the EU. Moreover, it led to greater cooperation by promoting a unified citizenry, along with economic, social and economic progress.

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The early 1990s were a milestone for European integration. The end of the Cold War especially marked a turning point in history, after which the 12 European member states of the time decided to push the European project to a new level.

To this end, in February 1992, they signed the Maastricht Treaty. It entered into force on November 1st, 1993, 25 years ago today, and transformed the then-called European Communities into the European Union.

Perikles Christodoulou, curator at the House of European History, says "the member states of the prosperous European communities needed to go further than a simple economic cooperation. The cooperation should have also other levels".

The Maastricht Treaty set the stage for the birth of the euro a decade later and increased the political powers of the EU. It also created European citizenship, common foreign policy and closer judicial cooperation.

But the path to ratification was not an easy one. Referendums were held in several countries. In France, the 'yes' campaign won by a very thin margin (50.8% in favour). But in Denmark, the treaty was narrowly rejected (50.7% against to 49.3% for), sending shockwaves throughout Europe.

Jacques Delors, who was the president of the European Commission from 1985 to 1995, reacted to the news by saying: "This no to the referendum must make everybody think hard, but the commission can only say that it fears this no will have consequences."

The astonishment of Delors was widely shared by other policy-makers across Europe, according to Víctor Fernández Soriano, a history researcher at the Free University of Brussels.

"For the first time they realised that the enthusiasm that had led European negotiations prior to the Maastricht referendum was not necessarily shared by societies, by public opinions."

The reasons behind this rejection were diverse. For some, it was the fear of migration and the loss of national identity. For others, it was the economic model, which they accused of being too liberal and trampling on labour and social rights.

The Maastricht Treaty also introduced the notion of budgetary limits based on national debts and national deficits, which was already criticised by many at the time.

"There are many historical links between the Maastricht Treaty debates and today's ongoing debates. Most of the issues are basically the same. So the Maastricht Treaty was really a turning for European integration, it was a milestone in European history, but it was also the moment Euroscepticism came out," added Fernandez Soriano.

Eventually, Denmark was granted four opt-outs from the treaty, clearing the way for its adoption, and giving the EU a decisive boost.

But as illustrated by Brexit, the rise of euroscepticism or the ongoing conflict between Rome and Brussels over budget, the issues that rocked the Maastricht ratification process are still very present today, a quarter of a century later.

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Maastricht Treaty 25 years on: the birth of the EU and eurosceptism

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The early 1990s were a milestone for European integration. The end of the Cold War especially marked a turning point in history, after which the 12 European member states of the time decided to push the European project to a new level. To this end, in February 1992, they signed the Maastricht Treaty.

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The Treaties of Rome were signed on March 25, 1957 by Federal Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. These are two of the treaties that gave rise to the European Union, the first established the European Economic Community and the second established the European Atomic Energy Community. Both treaties, together with the European Coal and Steel Community, created a few years earlier, formed the "Constitutive Treaties" of the European Communities.

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Argentine Jorge María Bergoglio became the first Latin American pope.

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It was unusual for a pope to resign and more so Pope Benedict XVI with a resignation date of February 11, 2013. But for reasons the pope had to face difficult problems, such as after the sexual abuse claims, financial problems within the Vatican bank and other issues of the clergy itself.

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the currency that existed was reduced to the value of the bolivar and the minimum wage below US$20.

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In 2013, in elections whose results were questioned by the opposition, Nicolás Maduro won by a narrow margin the presidency of the country. The situation worsened in early 2019 when Maduro began a new presidential term following his election in elections considered fraudulent by the United States and the European Union. Claiming that the president is illegitimate, Juan Guaidó, vice president of the National Assembly, was sworn in as "interim president" at the end of January this year and called for Maduro's ouster.

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Dutch Disaster in Indonesia. How the Netherlands tried to recolonize the archipelago following WWII

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Japanese Army administrators allowed Republican activists to declare independence shortly after the Japanese surrender to the United States. British forces took responsibility for management of the archipelago in the intermediate aftermath of the war, often in consultation with remaining Japanese troops.

The Dutch, believing that they could retake control of the archipelago, dispatched naval, ground, and air forces, and raised local levies to fight.

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China's problems in the post- war era will be an intricate blend of old and new. When the Sino-Japanese War commenced in 1937.

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The biggest conflict came in China, where Nationalist and Communist forces restarted a fight that had begun in 1927. Nationalist forces had suffered badly from the war against Japan, but nevertheless had conventional advantages against the Communists. The PLA, however, had built a secure base in rural areas, and eventually (with Soviet help) succeeded in defeating Nationalist forces and rolling up all of China. Surviving Nationalist forces escaped to Formosa (Taiwan).

In this context, it’s hardly surprising that the wounds of World War II remain so vivid in East Asia; the war lasted a very long time, and ended only recently.

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Before the construction of the wall, Berlin was already politically divided into four parts since the end of World War II, the Eastern parts remained under Soviet control and the Western parts under the control of the Americans, British and French. Was until August 13, 1961, when the East Germans build a wall to separate East and West Berlin once and for all, making the division more real than ever. This wall symbolized a world divided into rival camps.

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In June 1950, as the international community was coming to terms with the aftermath of World War II, a new conflict broke out on the Korean peninsula - and the 

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When world war II ended, Korea became a divided nation. North of the 38th parallel, Japanese troops surrendered to Soviet forces. South of this line, the Japanese surrendered to American troops. The other was the non- communist rural south, supported but the Western powers.

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The Italian invasion of Egypt, called Operation B in military terms, was an offensive in World War II, against British, Commonwealth, and Free French forces. The invasion was from September 9 to 16, 1940. And the Italians were victorious.