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The passing of the Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975

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The passing of the Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975

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President Nixon giving a speech before Congress repudiating termination policy for the first time in U.S. history.

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President Nixon giving a speech before Congress repudiating termination policy for the first time in U.S. history.

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"Persistent strain of opposition to termination" (p. 21)

In Deloria's interpretation: "Transition [away] from isolated cultural and social condition" (p. 24)

Increasing autonomy, with the caveat of increasing bureaucracy as some federal supports were provided

Ultimately progressive reduction of social supports from federal government

Ended with neoliberal ideology & economic policy (especially with Reagan, in the 1980s)

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Key laws & policies: A broad introductory outline

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Key laws & policies: A broad introductory outline

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- Indian Reorganization Act led to
Area Redevelopment Administration Act

Section 6

Section 7

- Economic Opportunity Act
- Omnibus Housing Act led to:

Indian Civil Rights Act

Indian Education Act of 1972

Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975

American Indian Policy Review Commission --> Abourezk Commission--> 11 "Task Forces"

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Law #3: American Indian Policy Review Commission

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Law #3: American Indian Policy Review Commission

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Natives made progress during post world war period; local institutions that served Indians became comparable to other American institutions; Natives became more adapted to the general American community

But then Pres. Reagan cut funding and hurt this progress

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Law #2: Indian Self-Determination and and Education Assistance Act of 1975

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Law #2: Indian Self-Determination and and Education Assistance Act of 1975

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Said that the Secretary of the Interior must contract with tribes to plan conduct and administer programs

Native tribes could decide if they wanted to participate in program

But this act was just a rehash of an act passed half a century ago

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Theoretical programmatical base for moving into Native education at the local level

Provided teachers and research into Indian education, etc.

Formalized programs that already existed, but this formality came with bureaucratic tape

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Self-determination: allowing for Native decision-making autonomy in recuperating from Native societal losses during termination policy era; supported by some degree of federal assistance

Termination: juxtaposed here as the damaging antecedent to self-determination in tribal nations; the massive withdrawal or 'termination' of federal assistance set the stage and provided impetus for mostly autonomous yet somewhat supported growth in Native tribes

Educational benefits: special educational training programs for teachers, fellowships for certain students, basic educational research in/for Native populations

Civil rights: social welfare programming such as Housing Act and prevention of states from claiming jurisdiction over Indian Country without tribal consent

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Mostly center around educational policies, social welfare, and civil rights, and three laws passed in the 1970s especially highlight how the U.S. gov. was trying to change its direction in dealing with Native Americans and move away from its policy of termination.

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We can look at laws centered around Native Americans to gain insight into the future of Native societies.

There was a period of time when the U.S. government tried to move away from its policy of termination regarding Natives by enacting laws that were supposed to help Natives out.

The U.S. government supposedly tired to help Natives transition from an isolated society through enacting laws targeting Native issues, but it is inconclusive whether these legislative actions actually helped Natives adapt to general American society.