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Sophie Geurts, Siena Rodrigues, Sofia Skaria  P4

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Sophie Geurts, Siena Rodrigues, Sofia Skaria  P4

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Anger of Parties Promised Land in exchange for fighting in WWI

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Anger of Parties Promised Land in exchange for fighting in WWI

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1. Effect of Global Depression on Brazil? Brazil was hit hard by the Global Depression when exports, specifically coffee exports, fell by 50% and foreign investment dropped to 0. Brazil also depended on the imperial powers and since they themselves were financially unstable, so was Brazil.
2. How do the steps that Vargas takes compare to those of other totalitarian rulers at the time? Vargas had pro-industrial policies that won him support and disguised his other policies of the Estado Novo that stripped away individual political freedoms including, censorship of the press, abolition of political parties, and hypernationalism. His policies were similar to those of European fascist rulers, but the difference is that the Brazilian government did not praise or rely on violence to maintain control.

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1. Nationalists? The Nationalists were the insurgents or rebels who were led by Francisco Franco and were generally right-winged conservatives. They had the support of fascist Germany and Itlay and the Nationalist forces led by General Franco defeated the Loyalists when they invaded Madrid in 1939. In the end, they basically wanted to overthrow their democratic republic and replace it with a fascist one.
2. Republicans/Loyalists? The Republicans/Loyalists were those who defended the newly elected Spanish Republic. The Republicans/Loyalists were supported by the Soviet Union and European democracies. They wanted to keep the Spanish Republic against the fascist one.
3. Some Historians argue that the Spanish Civil War is the actual beginning of WWII, to what extent do you agree or disagree and why? I agree somewhat that the Spanish Civil War was the actual beginning of WWII. I agree that the Spanish Civil War allowed the fascist German and Italian forces to "practice" for WWII and the conflict divided Europe and the U.S., however, I also believe that the start of WWII was when Germany invaded Poland. The Spanish Civil War was kind of the prep for WWII but not the actual start.

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Stalin's Growing Totalitarianism - Sophie

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Stalin's Growing Totalitarianism - Sophie

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1. Plans? Unlike other leaders, Stalin was focused on the development of Russia. He used the phrase "socialism in one country" as a way to explain his aims of perfecting a Communist state in Russia. He also wanted the expansion of Communism beyond the Soviet Union, to secure his position in world affairs, and to create a Soviet Empire. He planned on having a command economy, which is a system in which the government made all economic decisions.
2. Targeting? He targeted the kulaks (prosperous peasants) because he blamed them as the ones who started violence against the people during the implementation of agricultural collectivism. This was known as the classicide. A little bit later, the Great Purge occurred which targeted Political opponents, Trotskyists, Red Army leadership, kulaks, ethnic minorities, religious activists and leaders.
3. Effects? The government took over almost 25 million private farms, thus controlling agriculture. The government also controlled every aspect of a workers life, thus also controlling industry. Stalin also killed almost anyone who threatened his power during the Great Purge. People's minds were being molded because they were being told what to do by the government either through propaganda or indoctrination.

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Stalin's 5 Year Plans & Collectivization- Sophie 

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Stalin's 5 Year Plans & Collectivization- Sophie 

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1. What were they? They were an economic policy based on a cycle of Five-Year Plans. The first one called for the collectivization of agriculture and the expansion of heavy industries. Collectivization is a policy adopted by the Soviet government. It was used to transform traditional agriculture in the Union and to reduce the power of the prosperous peasants (kulaks).
2. What were the goals? Stalin's goals were to remove and replace any policies created under the New Economic Policy. The overall idea was to transition the Soviet Union from a weak, poorly controlled, agricultural state, into an industrial powerhouse.
3. What were the outcomes? There were a few successes that came from this plan. Capital good areas increased by 158%, consumer goods also increased by 87%, and the total industrial output increased by 118%. The biggest success was the fact that the Soviet Union was starting its journey to becoming an economic/industrial superpower. However, there were also some failures of the plan. Industrial quotas were constantly being changed because they were either not able to be met or way over the number. Unions were also being shut down so workers had no places to strike or fight for their rights. The largest failure was a large amount of famine that was caused due to collectivization.

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Rising Nationalism and Anti-Colonial Movements 

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Rising Nationalism and Anti-Colonial Movements 

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Colonies of allied powers felt betrayed that their sacrifices during the war were not acknowledged, and angered that they were not afforded the opportunity for self-determination that some European peoples were given

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Chinese Nationalist Party & Sun Yatsen-Sofia 

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Chinese Nationalist Party & Sun Yatsen-Sofia 

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1. Grievances? The Chinese Nationalist Party opposed Communist Party values and the occupation of outiside forces in China. They hoped to revive Chinese society after the fall of the Qing Dynasy.
2. Plans? The Nationalist party sought to wipe the Chinese Communist Party and Marxist Communist ideals from China in place with Confucianist Ideals. Ideas such as Chinese Independence, democracy, and the liberty of the people were fought towards. Sun Yatsen stressed Industrialization and independence.
3. Targeting? The Chinese Nationalist Party targeted Warlords and groups who had control of China in efforts to achive Chinese independence. However, the Nationalist Party mainly targeted the Chinese Communist Party
4. Effects? The Nationalist Party was corrupted and few were in support of Confucian ideals. As a result, The Nationalist party lost to the Chinese Communist Party in the Civil war. Most supporters of the Party fled to Taiwan.

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1. Grievances? Infuriated by the Alliance siding with giving Japan once German controlled land many staged anti-japanese demonstrations and rejected western-style government.
2. Plans? The Chinese Communist Party founded by Mao Zedong, inspired by Russian communism, saw hope in Chinese communism which could be started by the revolt of pesants.
3. Targeting? The Chinese Communist Party Targeted the Chinese Nationalist Party for control over Chinese territory.
4. Effects? The Chinese Communist eventually defeat the Nationalist party and win the civil war. Land is redistributed to the peasants and the soverginity of China is restored. The People's Republic of China was established aswell.

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Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere -Siena

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Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere -Siena

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1. What is it? The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere was an imperial concept that was instigated by Japan and included their newly seized/conquered territories of the Philippines, the Dutch East Indies, British Malaya, Burma, and numerous Pacific islands.
2. What are the goals? The Japanese wanted to control a group of Asian Nations economically and politically that was free of Western powers. It really became a euphemism for the Japanese attempt to control East Asia, rather than expel Western influence/colonialism.

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1. Effect of Global Depression on Japan? The Global Depression caused abrupt deflation and a severe contraction of economic activities in Japan. They also depended much on foreign trade, which declined as a result of the depression, so their trade economy faltered.
2. New Territories Seized? Japan seized the German-held islands of the Western Pacific including, the Marshall Islands, the Carolines, the Marianas, and the Palau Islands. They also gained Kiautschou/Tsingtao in China.
3. Why did they leave the League of Nations? Japan had invaded Manchuria in China and set up its own government there. China appealed to the League of Nations, saying that it was a threat to peace, and they told Japan to leave and give Manchuria sovereignty under the Chinese state. Japan refused and instead withdrew from the League of Nations in 1933.

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Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia

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Areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America that were economically dependent on Imperial powers experience severe economic consequences

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1. What is it? The New Deal was a series of programs and projects that were instated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. They aimed to restore economic prosperity to Americans in the form of reforms. The New Deal had 3 goals - relief, recovery, and reform.
2. Relief? The deal created relief by helping those in crisis by creating jobs, bread lines, and welfare.
3. Recovery? The recovery aspect of the deal was aimed at fixing the economy and ending the Depression.
4. Reform? The reform part was the President's objective to find what caused the Depression and make sure it never happened again.

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1. Starting with the US, countries begin passing tariffs intending to protect their domestic economies.
How does this help create a GLOBAL depression?

Protectionism is when a country shields its domestic industry from foreign competition by taxing imports. During the Great Depression, governments were being pressured to do something that would help to revive their economies because output was falling, prices were declining, and unemployment was rising greatly. This caused them to fall back onto Protectionism in order to protect their economies. Because of this, a lot of trade restrictions were occurring because countries were unwilling to use things like a monetary policy to help their people out of the depression. These restrictions would then affect the country that was trying to sell the imports because they would be unable to sell the goods anymore thus causing their economy to decline. All of this would cause a domino effect to happen with countries all over the world, thus making the Great Depression global.

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1. After a brief surge in the 20's people have over-invested in the stock market  --> Crash
2. Agricultural Overproduction --> low prices on goods --> farmers can't pay off debts
3. European debtors aren't paying

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France and Britain are counting on German reparations and Soviet debt repayments in order to pay their own debts, no money in = no money out

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1. Grievances? Mussolini and Italy were discontent with the results of WW1 as they did not receive the territory they were promised as a result of the Treaty of Versailles.
2. Plans? Mussolini planned on extending Italy's sphere of influence into the Mediterranean because it saw itself as a major conquesting power. Mussolini sought to dismantle the institutions of the democratic government within Italy and replace it with complete Fascism. Mussolini promised the restoration of Italy to its glory and propagandized this by bolstering the greatness of Italy. Additionally, the target was to take control of more territories.
3. Targeting? Targeting people opposing a Faciast Italy and Italy acquiring and conquering new lands and spheres of influence.
4. Effects? Mussolini and the Fascist party took over and Mussolini took control of Italy. During the scramble for Africa, Italy colonized Libya and the Italian Somalia Land in an effort to conquer territory. Under Mussolini, Italian troops conquered Abyssinia as well. As a result of the grievances of the Italians following WW1, Italy joined Germany in the Axis powers of World War 2.

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1. Grievances? Following WW1 Germany was forced under the Treaty of Versailles to pay the debt back to Great Britain and France. However, Germany went into debt and inflation occurred due to money being printed. In a serious financial crisis, Germany also experienced social unrest due to a lack of jobs. Under the War Guilt Clause, Germany was also blamed for World War I which humiliated Germany causing the rise of Hitler and the Nazis. The Weimar Republic was also greatly resented due to its failure in World War 1.
2. Plans?  Hitler declared himself Führer, the leader of the nation.  He directed resentment to the Treaty of Versailles and promised to recover the nation of Germany.
3. Targeting? The Nazis blamed the defeat of Germany in WW1 on Jews and targeted them in violent and brutal ways. The Holocaust was a result of Germans targeting the Jews.
4. Effects? Germany turned to fascism and the rise of Nazism and WW2. 18 million Jewish people died in the Holocaust as well as other minority groups. Germany occupied surrounding European territories such as Poland and the invasion of the Soviet Union. The aftermath of the Nazis is seen in Global hatred towards German control and the destroyed economy as a result of WW2.

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Germany doesn't have money to pay, so they just print more

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Growing Resentment of the Weimar Republic

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Growing Resentment of the Weimar Republic

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China wants German Colonies in East Asia

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China wants German Colonies in East Asia

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China supported the Allied Powers in the war

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(none of the other Cental Powers exist anymore)

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- France experienced devastation due to being a major front of the war
- Britain wants payback too

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- "Peace without Victory"
- Self-Determination for former Central Powers territories
- 14 Points & League of Nations

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Bolshevik Russia refused to pay their war debts to the Allied Powers  --> Allied Powers refuse to recognize the new Bolshevik government

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Italy switched alliances in 1917 with the promise of new territory if/when the Allied Powers won.