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It was Thomas Edison's work on the telegraph and the telephone that led to the development of the phonograph. Edison was working on a machine in 1877 that would transcribe telegraphic messages through indentations on paper tape, which could then be repeatedly sent to recipients. This development led Edison to speculate that a telephone message could also be recorded in a similar fashion. He experimented with a diaphragm which had an embossing point and was held against rapidly-moving paraffin paper.

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1st jan, 1894 Edison's Kinetophone, Dickson experimental sound film

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1st jan, 1894 Edison's Kinetophone, Dickson experimental sound film

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With Thomas Edison's phonograph, a projected film could play a recorded phonograph behind the projected image in 1913. However Edison stopped making sound films in 1915.

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Three German inventors patented the Tri-Ergon sound-on-film system between 1919 and 1947: Josef Engl (1893-1942), Hans Vogt (1890-1979), and Joseph Massolle (1889-1957). For sound pickup, the Tri-Ergon system utilized a dynamic microphone without mechanical moving parts (Katodophone) and a variable density recording tube with an electric discharge.

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 First condenser microphones Jan 1, 1917

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 First condenser microphones Jan 1, 1917

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Edward C. Wente designed the forerunner to the Western Electric 394-W condenser mic which only became commercially available in 1926. While working for Western Electric, he and A.L. Thuras also devised a dynamic driver/receiver that allowed for amplification in theaters up to 5,000 seats.

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The audion tube was invented by Lee DeForest and was likely derived from the German Tri Ergon system. In 1919, DeForest Phonofilm, a variable density film system, was developed by Case Labs of Auburn, NY. After years of legal troubles with Case and others, DeForest left the business.

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1, Apr , 1927 Fox Movietone News launched

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1, Apr , 1927 Fox Movietone News launched

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It was Fox's single-system camera they used for their feature films until 1931 (after which they switched to RCA photophones), but it was Fox Movietone news they continued to use until 1939 because of the convenience it provided for news gathering. There was only one cameraman and one soundman on crew, and all of the gear could be hauled in the same recognizable news truck, just like modern ENG newsgathering.

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Sam Warner strongly believed in sound films, and used the Vitaphone recorded disc system. Among the greatest early sound artists was George Groves, who recorded this film. Up to fifty discs were recorded for one reel of film, then in an elaborate electrical synching system they were remixed together to run in synch with the film when played on the single release disc for the movie theaters. The Jazz Singer was the first feature film w/synch dialogue

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1  Jan 1929 Omni-directional dynamic mic

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1  Jan 1929 Omni-directional dynamic mic

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A new microphone type was again launched in the late 1920's by E.C. Western Electric's Wentes and Thuras launched a new microphone type, the omni-directional dynamic microphone (Western Electric 618-A). This microphone later became one of the standard tools for the news media (Shure, etc.) and would be recognizable to most audiences as the handheld version used by man on the street or interviewers.

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Aug 1, 1929 Mitchell Cameras for sync sound

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Aug 1, 1929 Mitchell Cameras for sync sound

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The Mitchell Camera Corportation developed several cameras for studio set as well as location work, One adaptation released as early as 1929, developed in conjunction with C.R. Hanna of Western Labs, had a sound recording attacment built in, The sound adaptor was for variable area (Photophone) recording but a separate Kerr cell adaptor could be switched in for variable density recording.

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Jan 1, 1932 Dynamic microphones and Cardiod microphones.

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Jan 1, 1932 Dynamic microphones and Cardiod microphones.

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Western Electric 618 and 633 are introduced, later followed by the cardiod 639-B and RCA 77.

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The first Nagra recorder appears on a film set. Although the Nagra debuted in the US ten years earlier, much work was done to make the recorders run synch with film, which was finally achieved with the Nagra III. (a compact, 11-pound mono 3.75/7.5/15 ips reel-to-reel deck with neopilot sync). Nagra means "will record" in Polish. Stefan Kudelski was the very young inventor, born in Poland.

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Monaural, featuring two microphone inputs and a built in audio limiter.

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The 4.2 was similar to the IV-L, but added phantom power for microphones and built-in equalizers. The first stereo Nagra field recorder (pictured) was the IV-S, It had dual level pots, limiters, and equalizer presets. It was introduced in 1971. Originally it was available with a pilottone crystal, and then in 1984, with timecode capacity. With timecode support an IV-S became a Nagra IV-STC.

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The addition of time code changed the job of the sound person somewhat, as she now needed to be always connected with the slate. This version of the Nagra kept a time code signal running, and so when the sound rolled, then the camera rolled, it saw the numbers racing on the slate and there was no need to record a clap of the slate. In post production the numbers from the time code on the auxilliary audio track were matched with the numbers on the slate frames, and wallah you have synch.

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Jan 1, 1999 Digital (hard drive) recorders: Aaton Cantar

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Jan 1, 1999 Digital (hard drive) recorders: Aaton Cantar

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As of 2009, the two most popular current location film recording devices are the Aaton Cantar and the Fostex PD6. Both machines record sound files and also generate time code that can be used to keep film and audio in synch.