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- Lord Durham was sent by London to investigate the cause of conflict in the colony and give suggestions on how to resolve them.

- In his proposal (the Durham Report), he wanted to: extinguish the hatred between the French and the British, stop the political defects in the system to make a more responsible government, have immigration increase in the english populations, to assimilate french Canadians in the colony and to form a legislative union.

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- In may 1839, the British House of Commons was introduced with the legislation that would unite upper and lower Canada.

- Charles Edward Poulett Thompson was the first governor of Canada, and he was sent to the colonies to tell the population what the Act of Union was.

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- In July 1840 Queen Victoria approved the 4th constitution - The Act Of Union, which united upper and lower Canada into one colony.

- This act also made the government more responsible, making one government control East and Western Canada. However there were still 43 chairs in the British part of the assembly, making it dominate the topics talked about the decisions made, and then later approved by the governor general. The laws are still unchanged: Canada West has British laws and Canada East has French laws. Lower Canada also assumes the large dept Upper Canada had accumilated.

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Women's Religious Orders were religious communities lead by catholic women, but created by a man called Ignace Bourget. The number of the orders grew from 6 orders in 1840 to over 60 in 1900.

These communities had primary schools developed in rural areas. They also had hospital care, and founded charity work.

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- Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine and Robert Baldwin, both Lower/Upper Canada Reformers join together and demand change, compromise, and a fully responsible government. An alliance was formed between the French and English. The reformers dominate the Legislative assembly from 1842 to 1851.

- In 1848, the Rebellion Losses Bill was passed. Now there were 42 Candidates from Upper Canada and 42 from Lower Canada. There was no majority between the two sides, so that caused political instability

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- In the second half of 19th century, QC farming developed greatly due to improved production techniques and a shift towards crops other than wheat.

Crop diversion:

- More oats, barley and buckwheat was planted
- Potatoes & other varieties of veggies were planted.
- Dairy production like milk, butter, cheese and cream

Mechanization

- New machine use in fields and farms. Does farming job quicker and it is more reliable.

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- Liberal minded people did not want the Church to interfere in political or social aspects of life (specifically not education).

- The Anticlerical people did also encourage reforms and change for women in Canada.

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1850s - First Phase of Industrialization 

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1850s - First Phase of Industrialization 

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Capitalisation

- Industrialization was driven by capitalists, in the hopes of increasing productivity and to manufacture more products at a less expensive cost.

- The money (the capital) for this first stage of industrialization came from the United Kingdom and Montreal’s Anglo-Scottish industrial bourgeoisie.

- This phase of industrialization opened many factories with the money received from capitals, where the workers there were very poorly treated.

- The goal of inserting factories and increasing industrialization into Canada was to grow the economy/capitalism, to help fund transportation networks and increase the population.

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1850s - First Phase of Industrialization

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1850s - First Phase of Industrialization

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Living and working conditions.

- The factories were usually built in urban areas and waters, because the water helps fuel the steam engine in the machinery used by these factories.

- The work skills needed to work in factories was called Taylorism which is used to promote economic efficiency, and labor productivity. The factory workers were underpaid because their repetitive small jobs did not require much skill.

- The factories were poorly lit, unsafe, cold, and men and women faced violence from their bosses because there was no government law against it. It takes 9$ a week just for the working class families to live sufficiently, but male factory workers were paid 8$- and women & children even less.

- High population, deficiency of municipal services, and pollution lead to epidemics and health conditions within poor working class neighbourhoods.

- It wasn’t uncommon for families to live in small expensive homes that were unsanitary and often didn’t have running water.

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Worker's Movement

- Unions were made to demand better working and living wages for the factory workers, but they were unorganized and illegal at the start.

- The 1872 Trade Unions act allowed these unions to be legal.

- In 1881, The Knights of Labor demanded less work hours and workdays, higher wages for both men and women! As well as restrictions on child labour.

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The seigneurial system was outdated so, In 1854 the Province of Canada passed the Act for the Abolition of Feudal right and Duties in Lower Canada with abolished the seigneurial system and allowed farmer tenants to purchase their own section of land from the seigneur and become property owners.

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- The Reciprocity Treaty was a mutual agreement made by Canada and the US. The Canadian government gets fed up with the British government because their ongoing trading has now become too expensive for the Canadians. So, Canada instead traded with the U.S because it was less expensive.

- This treaty made it so that raw materials can go back and forth between Canada and the U.S. without any customs or duties.

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1864,1864,1866 - 3 Conferences leading to BNA Act

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1864,1864,1866 - 3 Conferences leading to BNA Act

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1-1864 Charlottetown Conf.

This conference gathered representatives from PEI, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Additionally, delegates like John. A Macdonald were invited to observe. In this conference the reps. discussed a federal union uniting all British north American colonies, and the delegates agreed to a centralized federation.

2-1864 Quebec Conference

In this conference, the representatives came from the Province of Canada, Newfoundland, New-Brunswick, Nova Scotia and P.E.I. The reps all agreed to several aspects that were summarized by The 72 Resolutions. The most important aspects made were; to divide the legislative power into two parts, the house of commons and the senate. The delegates also agreed to centralized federation, where the federal government holds the most power. The construction of the intercolonial railway was demanded by the four Atlantic Colonies, to strengthen the economy and transportation.

3-1866 London Conference

The London Conference took place to finalize the series of conferences, leading to the BNA Act being put into place as the new constitution. The attendees were from the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia.

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- The British want to create a union with all the colonies in Canada & expand West. They're scared of U.S attacking them. They also wanted the construction of the intercolonial railway, plus its financing. The politics we're facing instability, and the economy was facing problems.

- All this led to a coalition government being formed. The three leaders were John. A. Macdonald (Upper Ca. conservatives), George-Étienne Cartier (Lower Ca. conservatives), George Brown (Upper Ca. Clear Grits), they each wanted different changes to be made to the constitution, and they got what they wanted.

- Brown wanted the elected representatives to be proportional to the population: "Rep by pop".

- Macdonald wanted the federal government to have the most power, and for the provincial govs. to have less important power: "central government".

- Cartier wanted a provincial government that would protect the language culture, and religion of French Canadians.

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Rural Exodus

- High birth rates cause pop. to rise = shortage of agricultural land.

- Agriculture became mechanized = less need of labourers, forcing them to move to urban areas for work.

Emigration To U.S
- US was paying people more than in Quebec. Because of a better pay, families moved there for a better life.

New Settlement Areas
- Land given to farmers was not useful because of the location & climate. Lack of communication between farmers & towns stopped farmers from selling their product. Some farmed and worked at a local logging company to make more profit.

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- Irish made up most of the British immigrants bc of Irish potato famine, from 1845-1847.

- In 1847, Irish came to Canada and had to quarantine on Grosse-Ile. They just came from a country where they were malnourished and crowded into unsanitary ships so many died.

- 1840-1867 most immigrants came to Upper Canada so their population surpassed the lower.

- In 1867-1896 Canadian government encouraged large scale immigration to populate western Canada.

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- In 1869, the Canadian Government took over many indigenous territories, mainly the Métis territories south of Lake Winnipeg, without consulting the Métis.

- Louis Riel and the Métis rallied together to rebel and defend their land. They demanded territorial, linguistic, and religious rights. The Manitoba Act was passed by the Canadian Parliament, but was revoked when Louis Riel ordered an execution of an english settler.

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- French ideology that states the pope's supremacy over the state's authority & encouraged strict religious practice.

- The catholic church wanted to have presence in all aspects of society; at home, in politics, and in education.

- Ultramontanism people believed that a perfect catholic family should live on a farm with a lot of children.

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Anglophone women's organizations

- Bourgeois anglophone women who were wealthy, educated and numerous set up organizations aimed at giving women a more equitable place in society.

- In 1874, the first young women Christian association was founded in MTL. These associations advocated for the greater well being of women by providing them with access to a public library and evening classes.

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- 1876 Canadian government adopts "Indian act". Rights of indigenous people. This Act says how reserves and municipality can operate and define who is or isn't "Indian".

- Under this Act "Indians" were treated as minors, couldn't vote and couldn't own property.

- The goal was to get rid of their cultures and territorial rights, and to assimilate them into Canadian society. They made cultural practices illegal.

The Fed. government pushed them to enfranchise (give up their Indian status)

- If an indigenous woman married a non-indigenous man, her descendants would loose their Indian status.

- If an indigenous man received a university degree, he would be enfranchised.

- Reserves were managed by federal representatives called Indian Agents. They oversaw all aspects of indigenous peoples lives and could issue or deny their passes required to leave the reserves.

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- The Canadian market was flooded with US goods. Many Canada manufacturers were unable to compete with the American market.

- 1878 = custom tariffs on imported goods. Canadian consumers buy local goods that cost less than imported goods, which gave Canadian consumers a reason to buy local instead. This stimulated the Canadian economy.

These were the 3 main objectives of national policy:

- Increase protectionist tariff (protect Canadian industry).
- Expansion of railway network (industrialize, immigrants).
- Stimulate immigration.

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1880 - Canadian Pacific Transcontinental Railway

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1880 - Canadian Pacific Transcontinental Railway

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- One of the three aspects of the National Policy by John. A. Macdonald was the construction of a transcontinental railway linking the entire country.

- In 1880, the CPR company build railway lines from BC to Montreal. The construction continued from 1881-1885 because they had financial challenges. They subsidized the financing of the railway to protect the project. It was built!

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- New regions developed: Outaouais, Mauricie & Saguenay that had lots of timber available & major waterways that helped with transportation of lumber.

- Pulp and paper industries start to develop but not a major force until after 1900.

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- In 1884, McGill university in Montreal opened for women to study there.

- Many of the women who wanted change to be done, weren't only wanting higher education, but a series of changes that needed to be made. Since women could not run for elected office, the women spoke out and wanted to be part of these legislative assemblies. They also wanted to have the option to be politicians, doctors, reporters, lawyers, and have the right to vote, instead of being domestic servants, nuns, and textile workers.

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- The federation did not uphold the promises they made for the Métis people. They continued to exploit their lands for resources, and colonize it.

- In 1885, Louis riel organized a second rebellion which was quickly cut short by the federal soldiers. Riel was then publicly hanged for treason, to show the population to not rebel against the government or else public humiliation will be the punishment.