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Museo Egizio di Torino - Superquark 10/07/2019

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The white lie we've been told about Roman statues

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The earth was formed 5 billion years ago, and is divided into Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and metal ages. In the Paleolithic the prehistoric men were nomads, they moved from one place to another to hunt and to do so they used the Lancia, that is, a tool made with a triangular stone and wood, also they made graffiti inside the caves, designed worthy animals large in size as promising rite, that is, wish for hunting. The colors used were: black, brown, red, yellow and white. They used to paint these graffiti. Various techniques: either they used their hands to spread the color, or they used brushes made with animal fur or the third technique was to lay the colors in their mouths and then they would stick them on the wall and remove the excess of color with the finger.

THE VENUS OF WILLENDORF

The venus of willendorf is a 11 cm high statuette, carved in limestone and painted in red ocher, and dating back to 23,000- 19,000 BC. The work, depicting a steatopigous female physique, is one of the most famous Paleolithic statuettes, called Paleolithic venus, the face was not depicted because it was not important, but was depicted with a large breast and large belly that represented the pregnant woman, and it was also given to the newlyweds as a wish.

ALESSIA ARMENIO

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The tombs of the rulers of the early dynasties imitated the structure of palaces or temples;  the large number of pottery and objects in stone, ivory and carved bone that have been found there attest to the high level of artistic and artisan development in Egypt of the Old Kingdom. During the III dynasty, an entire funeral complex was built consisting of a group of temples and annexed buildings, and the large stepped pyramid in which the body of the king was deposited. The pyramids of Giza testify to the engineering expertise of the Egyptian architects, capable of building monuments that are still considered among the wonders of the world today.  In addition to the pyramid, each funeral facility was made up of a temple downstream, an access road and a small temple where religious rites were celebrated in honor of the spirit of the pharaoh. Around Giza a necropolis developed consisting of numerous mastabe (ancient term meaning "clay brick benches"), that is, pyramid-shaped tombs, with flat roofs and escarpment walls.  Today, the pyramids of Giza are considered one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. The mastabe were reserved for members of the royal family.  In later periods, another typology took over, that of burial dug directly into the rock. since the time of Zoser, the great statues of the pharaohs, which were believed to house the spirit, were typical.  The recurring technique foresaw that the block of stone was first squared up to assume the shape of a parallelepiped, then roughed out on the front and on the two sides according to the human figure to be represented: the resulting sculpture was thought to be observed from the front.  to create a timeless and eternal image of the person portrayed, the artist was not interested in a naturalistic description of his physiognomy: he also represented the figure mostly standing, stuck in a static position, even when the evoked situation had to be in movement.  Human anatomy was known, but was translated into abstract form;  the images of the rulers were idealized and loaded with great dignity. The ceramics gave way in the Old Kingdom to end-of-the-art artifacts without ornamentation, often with a burnished surface, elaborated in a great variety of shapes.  Ceramic was a material used for all types of containers, both for those used for eating and drinking, and for large ones intended for storing food or drinks. The jewels were made of gold and hard stones.

CONCETTA

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Stone Age (Paleolithic Age) - CBSE NCERT Social Science

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The Column of Marcus Aurelius was erected between 180 and 192 AD  to celebrate the victories of Marcus Aurelius against two Germanic populations, the quadi and the marcomanni.  The monument is inspired by the Trajan's Column, but, compared to the model, the frieze is slightly higher;  moreover, the narration proceeds in a more simplified way and accentuates the pàthos of the scenes.  The scene of the Miracle of the rain, depicts an episode of the war between the Romans and the Marcomanni, when a providential storm quenched the exhausted Roman army and overwhelmed the barbarians.  The supernatural intervention is rendered through a large character (the personification of the storm) with his arms spread out, from which streams of water descend.

RAFFAELLA

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THE PANTHEON

The Pantheon was built in 27dc by Agrippa this is clear from the writing that we find on the outside depicted on the entablature was burned by a strong fire in the 80 and 110. Between 120 and 124dc a young emperor lover of art was rebuilt by Hadrian culture that tried to create new works of art without expanding. The Pantheon is a temple that recalls Greek art an experiment of illusionist architecture in that from the outside we find the rectangular structure while inside we find a strong innovation in its circularity. It is considered an octastic temple with the presence of 8 imposing columns in the pronaos, a Corinthian order colonnade more than twelve meters high. Inside we find a circular plan cell with a diameter of 43.3 meters equal to its height, above we have the development of the dome built with very light materials to not weigh down the structure, at its center there is an opening that gives off the light of the outside inside with a twilight effect. Finally we must remember that this temple was not built for a single divinity although more than the gods.

THE TRAJAN'S COLUMN
The Trajan column was dedicated to the emperor Trajan who reached the maximum expansion of the Roman Empire. This column was built in 113dc and is recognized for its height of 40 meters, 10 for the base and 30 for the development of the column. The base has small reliefs with decorations representing weapons, above which we find the development of the column which has a layout of 200 meters of frieze with a continuous sculptural representation, the events are outlined by a cord that does not break their continuity. Every single metope represents a different war, among the most important won by Trajan we find that of Dacia. The column also represents a sort of dynamism that is given by the succession of episodes but also by the strong expressiveness present above each gesture which is evident despite the small size and makes cruelty perceived in the faces. With the end of the development of the column we have the Doric capital that highlights the workmanship of the column, finally we have the statue representing Trajan replaced due to its erosion in 1500 by a secoda statue (S. Pietro).

GELSOMINA

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By Roman art we mean the art of the civilization of Rome, from its foundation to the fall of the Western Empire, both in the city and in the rest of Italy and in the eastern and western provinces. It is often referred to as Byzantine art.

Byzantine artists underlined the spiritual nature of religious people depicting scenes and people from Christianity on wooden panels (icons) and decorating the walls with multi- coloured bright mosaics . Gold was widely used to represent the presence of God or a social status.

Roman sculpture was in continuous progress in imperial times, in fact the faces are represented with realism. Roman sculpture represents not only ideal beauty, but also moral virtues. In the Middle Ages architects achieved great mastery in both religious, civil and military architecture. The churches were built in the shape of a Latin cross with thick walls, low vaults, a central nave, low side aisles and round arches for windows and doors.

THE COLOSSEUM

The Flavian amphitheater is the best known and most famous monument of ancient Rome, still its symbol today. It is called the Colosseum because of the huge 35-meter bronze colossus dedicated to Nero, located next to it. The Colosseum was built starting in 71 AD and is part of the world heritage site. The plan of the Colosseum is elliptical, that is, slightly flattened on the sides, to offer the best view of the games with a large central arena and a staircase that can accommodate about 73,000 spectators. It is about 50m high and has a diameter of 188m. The Flavian amphitheater was inaugurated in 80 AD. with 100 days of consecutive games, where it was also possible to carry out naval battles, thanks to the side channels from which the water entered, while the gladiators could easily alternate thanks to the corridors that were located north and south of the structure while the entrances were east and west. The Colosseum has a powerful structure made up of round arches that rest on the pillars flanked by half-columns: on the ground floor there are Doric columns that have the function of supporting the entire weight, on the second floor Ionic columns to make the entire structure more slender and on the third Corinthian to embellish it all and finally there is a full masonry. Since in ancient times it was unattended today it has a missing structure on the upper right. In addition, this very important monument is made of tuff (material of our territory) and brick. To date, many restorations have been carried out.

ALESSIA MALVONE

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The Roman Forum is an archaeological area of Rome enclosed between the Palatine Hill, the Capitol, Via dei Fori Imperiali and the Colosseum. The valley of the Forum was the scene of events and the seat of institutions of such importance as to have repeatedly determined the historical course of western civilization. After a phase of decline, the Forum was the subject of frequent changes of intended use, until it found itself, almost completely buried and permanently used as a pasture for cattle. At the end of the 19th century, the area of the Forum was gradually brought to light, studied and museumized, becoming with the Colosseum and the Palatine one of the most illustrious and visited archaeological sites in the world. The valley of the Forum was used as a necropolis for the first villages on the surrounding hills. Shortly after the foundation of Rome, a great battle between the Romans and the Sabines was fought in the area of the future Roman forum: the Battle of Lake Curzio. The occupation of the Sabines of the fortress led the two armies to line up at the foot of the two hills. The battlefield was surrounded by many hills, not offering the two armies sufficient escape routes or limited areas to chase the enemy. During the battle, Romulus, seeing his retreat, invoked Jupiter and promised him in case of victory a temple dedicated to him, then launched himself in the middle of the battle managing to counterattack, the Sabine women, who had been kidnapped by the Romans, they launched under a shower of spears between the opposing factions to appease the anger. With this gesture, both sides convinced themselves to enter into a peace treaty, launching the union between the two peoples, associating the two kingdoms and transferring decision-making power to Rome.

SALVIO

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The Ara Pacis Agustae (altar of Peace of Augustus) is an altar dedicated to Augustus in 9 BC. Alla Pace, in the meaning of divinità, and originally placed in an area of Campo Marzio dedicated to the celebration of the victories, an emblematic place because it is locate one Roman Milen (1,472 m) from the pomerium, the limit of the city where the consulate return from military expedition it post its powers (imperium militiae) and returning to its civile powers (imperium domi). This monument represents one of the most significant testimonies received from the Augustan art and intends to symbolize the peace and prosperity achieved as a result of the Roman Pax.

The Ara Pacis consists of an almost square marine enclosure, raised on a low podium , on the smaller sides of which two doors open, the front one is accessed by a ramp of nine steps; inside,above a staircase, the actual altar stands, external and internal. In the scenes, the depth of the space is obtained through different thicknesses of the figures. Four Corinthian corner pillars, plus four more on the slide of the doors, are decorated on the outside They support the architrave (entirely rebuilt, without ancient parts) which,a according to the monetary representations, had to be’ crowned with lateral akroteri.

THE ARA PACIS is a key monument in Augustan public art, with motifs of different origin: classical Greek art (in the friezes of the processions), Hellenistic art( in the friezes and in the panels),art more strictly “Roman" (in the frieze of the altar). The political-propagandistic aspect is remarkable, as in many works of the time with the evident links between Augustus and pax, expressed as a flourishing of the earth under Universal Roman rule. Furthermore, the connection between Aeneas,the mythical ancestor of genus Iulia,and Augustus himself is explicit, according to that propaganda of historical continuity that wanted to frame the emperor's taking of power as a providential link between the history of Rome and the history of the world then known. It is no coincidence that the Caesars Gaius and Lucius are dressed as Trojan Young men , just as the combination between the triumph of Rome and Saturnia .

ALEX

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Prehistory is the period of time that elapses from the appearance of man, until the invention of writing. It is a period without written sources, documentation and testimonies, in which a reconstruction of events is impossible. The study of prehistory is entrusted to archeology through the study of tools, paintings and the method of fossil finds.  Prehistory is divided into 3 periods:
-PALEOLITHIC or stone age and is the longest and oldest period of prehistory, where man lives by hunting, gathering, begins to light the fire and affect the walls of the caves.
-MESOLITHIC where for lack of food and vegetation man began to grow and breed animals.
-NEOLITHIC where man becomes sedentary, founds the first villages and starts working new techniques with clay and metal.

DONATO

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Egyptian art has ancient origins, prior to the fourth millennium BC, its influence reaches the nineteenth century and beyond and can be divided into two major periods: predynastic or prehistoric art, and dynastic art.
Dynastic art, with three main periods, follows a non-linear evolution, characterized by some phases of great development interspersed with dark periods.
Predynastic art developed from the 6th millennium BC.  to 3150 BC  around, manifesting itself with the creation of rock engravings spread along the course of the upper Nile, which mainly represented animals of the savannah, propitiatory scenes for hunting, scenes of daily life and herding.  In this historical phase the first musical instruments were introduced, such as sticks, tablets and rattles, used in totemic rituals.

Tutankhamun's tomb
Tutankhamon is remembered above all for his tomb, found in 1922 by an English archaeologist. One of the most precious objects is the funerary mask from the young pharaoh who died at 18, the mask is made of gold and shows the name, the cylindrical tomb and the typical  of Egyptian sculpture.

ANTONIETTA

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2,5 million years ago there was prehistory which was divided into three periods:

-Paleolithic

-Mesolithic

-Neolithic

Into Paleolithic, the age of Stone when the humans built objects.

And they took refuge  in the caves where they painted: animals figures  for propitiatory hunting Rites and they used these colors  black, brown, red and yellow.

Later we Have the  Mesolithic which is called  the age of the new stone.

In that period painted  stories of everyday life. The last period is the Neolithic  this period was the age of the metal such  as the Bronze, iron, etc .

The Venus of Willendorf

The Venus is a statue  this statue woman with a large breast symbol  of fertility and another particularity of this statue  is the Face is not well depicted Because at the time the women   were not considered important in that society.

ARIANNA

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The tombs of the rulers of the early dynasties imitated the structure of palaces or temples;  the large number of pottery and objects in stone, ivory and carved bone that have been found there attest to the high level of artistic and artisan development in Egypt of the Old Kingdom. During the III dynasty, an entire funeral complex was built consisting of a group of temples and annexed buildings, and the large stepped pyramid in which the body of the king was deposited. The pyramids of Giza testify to the engineering expertise of the Egyptian architects, capable of building monuments that are still considered among the wonders of the world today.  In addition to the pyramid, each funeral facility was made up of a temple downstream, an access road and a small temple where religious rites were celebrated in honor of the spirit of the pharaoh. Around Giza a necropolis developed consisting of numerous mastabe (ancient term meaning "clay brick benches"), that is, pyramid-shaped tombs, with flat roofs and escarpment walls.  Today, the pyramids of Giza are considered one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. The mastabe were reserved for members of the royal family.  In later periods, another typology took over, that of burial dug directly into the rock. since the time of Zoser, the great statues of the pharaohs, which were believed to house the spirit, were typical.  The recurring technique foresaw that the block of stone was first squared up to assume the shape of a parallelepiped, then roughed out on the front and on the two sides according to the human figure to be represented: the resulting sculpture was thought to be observed from the front.  to create a timeless and eternal image of the person portrayed, the artist was not interested in a naturalistic description of his physiognomy: he also represented the figure mostly standing, stuck in a static position, even when the evoked situation had to be in movement.  Human anatomy was known, but was translated into abstract form;  the images of the rulers were idealized and loaded with great dignity. The ceramics gave way in the Old Kingdom to end-of-the-art artifacts without ornamentation, often with a burnished surface, elaborated in a great variety of shapes.  Ceramic was a material used for all types of containers, both for those used for eating and drinking, and for large ones intended for storing food or drinks. The jewels were made of gold and hard stones.

SALVATORE

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The first form of Egyptian architecture is the “mastaba”, they are quadrangular and very small, these then trasnformed in “pyramids” that is a structure higher than the mastaba, triangular and dedicated to the “Pharaoh” . one of the most important Pyramids is that of Giza,  for its four faces are perfectly inclinated to the four  cardinals points and its amazing height. Another example of egyptian architecture are the templs, what were gods’ earthly houses. One of teh most important temple is that of Luxor, for its position neat the river Nile and for its wonderful giant statues. They did all this because the religion was the first interest of all the people and they considred the Pharaoh like a divine creature like God and the only master.

THE EGYPTIAN HISTORY
The egyptian history it’s very particular because he kept its prints for about 3 milleniums. It includes paintings, sculptures, drawings on papyrus, The artworks of ancient Egypt have fascinated people for thousands of years. The early Greek and later Roman artists were influenced by Egyptian techniques and their art would inspire those of other cultures up to the present day.  All Egyptian art served a practical purpose: a statue held the spirit of the god or the deceased; a tomb painting showed scenes from one's life on earth so one's spirit could remember it.

LUISA

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GREEK COLUMNS
In Greek we have three orders of columns:Greek art was born between XII and VIII century BC with new innovations.
Founding Mycenaean and Minoan art with oriental art.
There was the construction of the polis, or cities built on heights. There were also places of worship with the agora at its center, which was a market where social gatherings were held.

•Doric column
• Ionic column
• Corinthian column

THE GREEK TEMPLE
The temples were built to house the statue of the cult on a platform where the Greek column was present. There are several types of times:
• In antis and voiceover in antis;
• Prostil and amphiprostilo;
• Periptero and diptero;
• When we find the circular temple.

NIKE ATHENA’S TEMPLE
This temple was built in 430 BC , is amphiprostil that is composed with a pronaos, two pillars that introduce to the cell, wide and deep. The structure is perfectly in
harmony, starting from the frieze that surrounds the building with the personifications of the goddess Nike, sign of Victory.

THE NIKE OF SAMOTHRACE
The Nike of Samothrace has become a true cultural icon. Nike was made of marble and limestone, it is 2 meters and 45 cm high. Today it is located in the
Louvre museum in Paris. The Nike statue depicts a female character without a head and arms. The body is wrapped in a veil whose drapery is moved by the wind. The wings covered with soft feathers instead are spread behind the back. Nike finally stands forward moving forward with her right leg. it has been idealized to be positioned at the bow of a ship.

FINAL CONCLUSIONS
Examples of Greek art are still present today and can be viewed by the public. We can find Greek
works either in some museums around the world or in ancient Greece. Nowadays these works are very precious and have an inestimated value and are preserved with great care.

ROBERTA & ALESSIA SABBATO

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Paleolithic: Old stone age
Neolithic: new stone age
Mesolithic: new age
Earth was formed 5 million years ago while man 15 million years ago in Africa, with the first hominids that induced writing. In the Paleolithic, men lived in caves and went hunting to feed themselves. They began to make stone weapons such as the chopper which could also be used to cut meat or scrape the skin. After which the stones were chipped on 2 sides creating the amygdala which is an ax by hand, carving the signs above to affirm possession. The most basic form of prehistoric painting consists of handprints, obtaining this result they put their hands in the paint and pressed their hand on the wall. Many belong to women but there are also men.

Colors and painting techniques
Black: made from cardboard and from the flust obtained by burning wood
Brown: obtained from minerals rich in magnese
Red: made with red ocher
Yellow: made with yellow ocher
White: obtained from the clayey ground ground
With hands: they spread the color on the wall with their fingers after mixing it
With the brushes: they distributed the color on the rock and spread it with the brush made tufts of animal fur or twigs with the frayed tip
With the mouth: they mixed color in the mouth and then sprayed it directly on the stone.

Venus of  Willendorf

In the Paleolithic, human figures are rare: the only exception is the figures of Venus or Great Mother. These are not real representations but only Amulets. These processes are made of stone, bone, and ivory and are 10-25 cm wide. Female attributes are enhanced such as the breast to breastfeed the baby and the belly to make the baby comfortable in the womb. After a while the nomadic men become stationary and dedicate themselves to agriculture and breeding thanks to the mild climate. The first villages of huts and stilts were born, they learned how to smoothen stones better and how to manufacture fabrics and ceramic objects.

FEDERICA

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The history of Egypt has many points in common with those of Mesopotamia.  In the first half of the first millennium Egypt fell into the hands of dynasties of foreign origin and also had to undergo the domination of Assyrians and Persians, finally the Ptolomies.

In Egypt the all-round sculpture was of great importance because the statues were believed to be double the person depicted.

A dual front and side function was conceived for the body.  The idea was that the image should always correspond to its model.  As an example of sculpture we can remember the portrait of Nefertiti where the Queen wears a large Egyptian collar and is represented harmonious and expressive.

Finally, there is another maximum representation which is the tomb of Tutankhammon, a pharaoh belonging to the dynasty.  There is also a funeral mask that he wore precisely at the funeral.

PAINTING
The greater rappresentation.

come from temples and tombs, consist of cycles of mural paintings along the walls accompanied by hieroglyphics.  The fresco became established starting from the Middle Kingdom by replacing the painting.

The painter tried to render details with drawing, but he avoided perspective.

The peculiarity was that the head and limbs were always in profile.

An example of painting is the depiction of Nebamun hunting in the swamp.

In this painting he is represented as he hunts for swamp birds in the company of his wife and daughter

ROMINA