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A burst of uncontrolled electrical activity between the neurons in the brain, causing temporary abnormalities in muscle tone or movements. Seizures are commonly associated with epilepsy however other causes may include high fever, infection or head injury. The 3 main types of seizure are:

Focal onset

Generalised onset

Unknown onset

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Air enters the lungs via the windpipe, which is, medically known as the trachea. When choking occurs the foreign object which can be food or small object enters in to the trachea instead of the food pipe, known as the oesophagus. If the foreign object is at the epiglottis which is the entrance to the trachea, a cough often clears it by pushing it up and out, however if the foreign object makes its past the epiglottis, coughing may not prevent it from going further down the trachea. If the foreign object goes down the trachea and completely blocks the airway, oxygen cannot be delivered to the body and this may lead to oxygen deprivation, this is when fast action is required.

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A diagnosis of anaphylactic reaction is likely if a patient who is exposed to a trigger(allergen) develops a sudden illness (usually within minutes of exposure) with rapidly progressing skin changes and life-threatening airway and/or breathing and/or circulation problems.

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Wounds are injuries that break out from the skin or other parts of body. Wounds are usually cuts scrapes or puncture to any part of the body. Minor wounds are not usually serous but it is very important to clean them. It is very important if the wound is very deep please seek for attention as the wound can get infected.

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-Airway swelling, i.e. throat and tongue swelling
-Difficulty in breathing and swallowing
-Sensation that throat is 'closing up'
-Hoarse voice
-Stridor

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Stress

Excitement

Lack of sleep

Poor medication management

Alcohol

Malformed brains from birth defects, genetic disorders and trauma such as strokes, tumours or lack of oxygen.

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Choking is the physiological response to the obstruction of the upper airway. This is when the airway is blocked, constricted or obstructed by a piece of food, a foreign object or swelling of the airway tissues, this in turn prevents a person from breathing effectively. The severity of chocking can range from a simple coughing fit to a complete blockage of the airways which can be life threating. This then becomes a medical emergency which requires fast action. This is because breathing is an essential part of life.
https://youtu.be/prb8ThluARQ

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Describe the immediate management of the emergency

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Describe the immediate management of the emergency

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The basic principle to manage wound  are as follows:
1, Haemostasis : Which is the process of causing the bleeding to stop and for most wound it is spontaneous and for others it requires pressure to be applied ,elevation, tourniquet or suturing.
2, Cleaning the wound  is very important to reduce infection and promote healing. Skin around the wound need to be disinfected and foreign bodies removed. Antibiotics given for high risk wounds.
3, Analgesia This makes possible humane and easy closure for the wound. Infiltration with local anaesthetic is the most common one used and paracetamol can be used as an adjunct.
4,For skin closure and to aid healing, skin adhesive strips, tissue adhesive glue, sutures and staples can be used.
Dressing the wound and follow up is very essential as correct dressing will reduce infection. Advice needs to be given to patient to seek medical attention if any signs of infection is noticed. Also wound needs to be kept dry as much as possible.

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-Shortness of breath
-Increased respiratory rate
-Wheeze
-Patient becoming tired
-Confusion caused by hypoxia
-Cyanosis (appears blue)-late sign
-Respiratory arrest

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Choking in children is often caused by attempting to eat large pieces of food that hasn’t been chewed properly, too much food at one time, eating hard boiled sweets and swelling of the airways due to an anaphylactic reaction causing the airway tissues to swell. Other hazards of choking in children is the when they small objects such as marbles, Legos and coins in their mouths, which may become lodged in their throat. It is easier to notice choking in an adult because in most cases they are able to exhibit noticeable behaviours of choking which may include coughing or gagging, hand signals and panic and the sudden inability to talk. However its not that easy in a child and attention must be paid, therefore it is important to look for the following signs. When a child begins to cough, gag, has a high pitched voice or noisy breathing and a change in lip or skin colour this is a sign of choking. A older child may hold their neck with both hands.

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-Signs of chock - pale, clammy
-Increased pulse rate (tachycardia)
-Low blood pressure (hypotension)
-Decreased conscious level
-Myocardial ischaemia / angina
-Cardiac arrest

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-Sense of 'impending doom'
-Anxiety, panic
-Decreased conscious level caused by airway, breathing or circulation problem

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-Skin changes often the first feature
-Present in over 80% of anaphylactic reaction
-Skin, mucosal, or both skin and mucosal changes
-Erythema, a patchy, or generalised, red rash
-Urticaria anywhere in the body(hives, nettle rash, weals or welts)
-Angioedema, similar to urticaria but involves swelling of deeper tissues (eyelids and lips)

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Burns and scalds occur due to heat and at times pain felt might not be related to the seriousness of the burn. If it is a mild burn or scald  treat at home and it will heal without need for further treatment but if it involves shock, heat exhaustion, infection and scarring that can lead to further problems then there is need to seek medical assistance as soon as possible.
The procedure for healing need to be adhered to religiously and one needs to take measures to reduce or prevent serious accident at home involving children.
If you require advice about a burn or scald or  that you are not sure of  what  to  do call the NHS line for help.

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Table 1. Suspected triggers for fatal anaphylactic reactions in the UK
between 1992-2001

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The most common  causes of having a wound is cuts and bruises, stepping on sharp objects such as nails, getting bitten and fallen onto something sharp.
Wounds are commonly caused by something sudden which cannot be controlled. If wounds are not treated the right way this can lead to infection. Wounds can also cause infections such as being immobilises which leads to pressure injuries and bed sores.

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Convulsions

Repetitive movements

Absences

Temporary confusion

Loss of consciousness or awareness

Pupils dilate

Stiff muscles

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The brain has millions of neurons which pass messages to each other via electrical signals. These neurons are excitatory or inhibitory.

During normal brain function there is an equal balance between the two. During a seizure, there is an imbalance; causing electrical signals to become disrupted leading to behaviour, feelings and movement changes.

Presentation of seizures depends on which part of the brain is affected

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What To Do When Someone Is Choking - First Aid Training - St John Ambulance

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What to do if Your Baby is Choking - First Aid Training - St John Ambulance

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How To Clean And Care For A Wound | First-Aid Training

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There are six types of wounds, which are:

Laceration – A messy looking wound caused by a tearing or crushing force. Doesn’t tend to bleed as much as incised wounds but often causes more damage to surrounding tissues.

Abrasion – A wound caused by a scraping force or friction. Tends not to be very deep but can often contain many foreign bodies such as dirt (e.g after a fall on loose ground).

Puncture – A deep wound caused by a sharp, stabbing object (e.g a nail). May appear small from the outside but may damage deep tissues. Particularly dangerous on the chest, abdomen or head where major organs are at risk.

Incised wound – A clean, straight cut caused by a sharp edge (e.g a knife). Tends to bleed heavily as multiple vessels may be cut directly across. Connecting structures such as ligaments and tendons may also be involved.

Avulsion – A wound caused by a tearing force in which tissue is torn away from its normal position. May bleed profusely depending on the size and location. The tissue is often completely detached.

Amputation – The loss of a distinct body part such as a limb, finger, toe or ear. Often very severe with profuse bleeding. In the cases of limb loss this is a medical emergency.

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Describe the immediate magament of emergency of burns

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Describe the immediate magament of emergency of burns

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It is really important to attend immediately to a child that has any burns, and first aid must be used to to limit the amount of damage to your skin. The first step to follow when a child presents a burn is to stop the burning process as soon as possible. By removing the child from the area of fire and moving to a safe place, making sure that you are not putting yourself in Denver is really important for a positive outcome of the situation.

The second step to follow is to Remove any clothing or jewellery near the burnt area of skin, including babies' nappies. But is very important to not remove anything that is stock in the skin of the person , as this may aggravate the damage of the patient.

The third step to follow is to cool the burn with cool or lukewarm running water for 20 minutes as soon as possible after the injury. Is important to not apply any other product on the burn.

The next step to follow is to make sure that the person is kept in a warm place by using a blanket or anything available in the situation. It is also very important to make sure to cover the burn with cling film. Put the cling film in a layer over the burn, rather than wrapping it around a limb. To help the patient with the pain paracetamol or ibuprofen can be helpful and efficient. If the burn is in a sensitive area as your eyes sit upright as much as possible, is impotent to avoid lying down for as long as possible, as this will help reduce swelling.

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Pathophysiology of the wound is referring to as the processes that damage the normal healing of wounds, such as infection or a certain type of scarring, and the damage that leads to complications such as chronic wounds.

The skin is the body's first line of defense, the surface of which is protected by a thin, acid mantle. This acid mantle is a dynamic barrier that regulates the skin's pH and maintains microorganisms called the normal flora that helps prevent pathogens from entering the body.
However, if the immune system becomes compromised or the skin is broken,  the microorganisms colonizing the skin can cause an infection. Also the microorganisms likely to infect a wound depend on what microorganisms are present on the skin, as well as the depth and location of the wound.

Wound healing is a complex process but can be broken down into four basic phases of wound healing:
1 Hemostasis where the wound is closed by the process of clotting of blood in the area of that wound.

2 Inflammatory starts just after the injury and the wound blood vessels secrete transudate (composed of protein, salt, and water) that causes swelling in the local area.

3 Proliferative is when the wound is replaced with new tissue that is composed up of extracellular matrix and collagen formation.

4 Maturation phase that might belong, the collagen is remodeled to type I from type III and the wound completely closes.
These phases generally occur in order with some overlap.
If a wound is on a normal healing trajectory, it will generally heal in four to six weeks.
Alternately, chronic wounds are wounds that fail to heal in the normal four to six-week of standard healing time.
Risk Factors that affect wound healing.
There are multiple factors that affect how a wound heals as it passes through the healing process.

Chronic diseases or traumas: such as diabetes mellitus or radiation decreased tissue perfusion and oxygen release to tissues
Nutritional status,  good nutrients help repair the Tissue and serve as infection resistance.
Obesity can lead to inadequate vascularization will decrease the delivery of nutrients and cellular elements required for healing.
Age. Vascular changes occur with increasing age, the skin is less pliable, and scar tissue is tighter.
Infection: An infected wound is a localized defect of the skin in which pathogenic organisms have invaded into viable tissue surrounding the wound.
Infection of the wound triggers the body's immune response, causing inflammation and tissue damage, as well as slowing the healing process.

Most wounds are infected by Bacterial colonization, initiating from either the normal flora on the skin or bacterial from other parts of the body or the outside environment which are commonly caused by the bacterial, STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS and other STAPHYLOCOCCI.

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Wound occurs because of skin injury . Wound comes in different categories and  each each type of wound has different risk of infections  and complication.   which means all form of wound either clean, contaminated or dirty wound can be said that required emergency attention and should be well manage, clean and use the appropriate procedure to prevent the tendency of the wound becoming chronic or non- healing wound.

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Understanding the pathophysiology of a burn is important for effective management. Different causes lead to different injury patterns, which require different management. It is therefore important to understand how a burn has occurred and what sort of physiological response it will induce.

When a burn occurs on the skin, it ultimately causes changes within the skin, that could be divided into sort of three regions. These zones of a burn were described by Jackson (1947) and called the Jackson Model. The first zone is the zone of coagulation. The zone of stasis on the outside, and then the furthest part is the zone of hyperaemia. So, zone of coagulation is essentially the point of maximum damage. In this zone, there is irreversible tissue loss due to coagulation of proteins. Thus you get coagulative necrosis. Surrounding the coagulation zone of necrosis, is the zone of stasis. Now in this zone, it is essentially characterised by decreased perfusion. This ischemic zone may progress to full necrosis, unless the ischemia is reversed. At the very outside, is the zone of hyperaemia.

In this outermost zone, tissue perfusion is increased. The tissue here is invariably recovered unless there is severe sepsis or prolonged hypoperfusion. Again, the stasis zone is characterized by ischemia and may progress to full necrosis unless the ischemia is reversed. Therefore, the main aim of burns resuscitation is to increase tissue perfusion here and prevent any further damage, any damage becoming irreversible. So that is a general pathophysiology concept of burns. When a burned is  assessed, it is important to know the cause of the burn as we have learned, such as if it's a thermal or radiation burn. The other important aspect of a burn assessment is to know the depth of the burn.

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Jackon's burns zones and the effects of adequate and inadequate resuscitation

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A burn is a damage to our body's tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight, or radiation. The most common burns are those caused by hot liquid or steam, building fires, and flammable liquids and gases. Burns are defined by how deep they are and how large.

There are three primary types of burns: first, second and third-degree. Each degree is based on the severity of damage to the skin, with first-degree being the most minor and third-degree being the most severe. Damage includes:
·       First degree burns red, nonblistered skin
·       second-degree burns: blisters and some thickening of the skin
·       third-degree burns: widespread thickness with a white, leathery appearance

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Make sure the person is safe:
- Is there any danger around?
- Is their head protected?

How long is the seizure?
- timing is essential, the NHS recommends calling 999 for any seizure lasting in 5minutes

Do they need an ambulance?
- Is this their first seizure?
- Is the seizure lasting over 5minutes?
- Is there any injury?
IF IN DOUBT CALL 999

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Focal - affects one side of the brain, usually short and lasts up to 2minutes, person can retain consciousness but have no control of body

Tonic-Clonic - Also known and Grand Mal seizure, causes loss of consciousness and involuntary movement,

Absence - Short losses of awareness, can have hundreds a day,

Myoclonic - movement seizure, generally keep consciousness

Tonic - A seizure that causes a stiffening of the body, movements can force air out the body

Atonic - Sometimes referred to as a 'drop seizure' , the body goes limp and the person may fall to the ground,

Other seizures

Febrile - seizure in children caused by raised temperatures, convulsions

Dissociative - Difficult to diagnose, can present as change in behaviours/movement

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When it is safe to do so, after the seizure it is best to use the recovery position to make sure the airway is protected.

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Epilepsy is a medical emergency that can prove life threatening without proper management. If in doubt at any time call 999.

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Do you know what to do if someone has a seizure? Complete this short online learning module to find out more.

It covers: absence, atonic, focal, myoclonic, tonic and tonic-clonic seizures.

This training is free as part of our commitment to improving life for all those affected by epilepsy.

If you have valued using this training consider a donation to Epilepsy Action - thank you.

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You can find out more about different types of seizure by visiting the advice and information pages on the Epilepsy Action website.

Other first aid products from Epilepsy Action

There is more information about first aid for seizures available from our online shop:

Epilepsy Action is the working name of British Epilepsy Association, a registered charity in England and Wales (No. 234343) and a company limited by guarantee (No. 797997) in England.

Registered Office: New Anstey House, Gate Way Drive, Yeadon, Leeds LS19 7XY, United Kingdom

Main office: +44 (0)113 210 8800

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What to do when someone has a seizure | Epilepsy Action Learning

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Do you know what to do if someone has a seizure? Find out in our quick e-learning module.

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Give 5 back blows. Stand to the side and just behind a choking adult. For a child, kneel down behind. Place one arm across the person's chest for support. Bend the person over at the waist so that the upper body is parallel with the ground. Deliver five separate back blows between the person's shoulder blades with the heel of your hand.

Give 5 abdominal thrusts. Perform five abdominal thrusts (also known as the Heimlich maneuver).

Alternate between 5 blows and 5 thrusts until the blockage is dislodged.

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Inability to talk

Difficulty breathing or noisy breathing

Squeaky sounds when trying to breathe

Cough, which may either be weak or forceful

Skin, lips and nails turning blue or dusky

Skin that is flushed, then turns pale or bluish in color

Loss of consciousness