# data[].attributes.body
By: Emma Bebermeyer, Charlotte DeVos, and Molly Gaschen

# data[].attributes.body
1) Estrogen- Stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics.  It matures female reproductive organs, promotes breast development, and regulates the menstrual cycle.

2) Progesterone- Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle, helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus, and helps prepare breasts for lactation.

# data[].attributes.body
Click on it for full view

# data[].attributes.body
Estrogen:

An increase in urinary tract infections (UTIs) due to a thinning of the urethra

Irregular or absent periods

Mood swings

Hot flashes

Breast tenderness

Headaches or accentuation of pre-existing migraines

Depression

Trouble concentrating

Fatigue

Progesterone:

Hot flashes

Migraine or headache

Depression, anxiety, and mood changes

Menstrual cycle irregularity or absence

# data[].attributes.body
Estrogen:

Bloating

Mood swings

Cold hands or feet

Memory problems

Headaches

Weight gain

Anxiety and panic attacks

Trouble Sleeping

Progesterone:

Dizziness

Weight gain

Water retention

Changes in menstrual cycle

Adrenal related issues

Excessive happiness

# data[].attributes.body
The Anterior Pituitary Gland produces the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) which directly stimulates the follicle (egg) development in ovaries.

# data[].attributes.headline
Case Study: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

# data[].attributes.subject
Case Study: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

# data[].attributes.body
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with cysts. Causes are still unknown, but symptoms are clear and treatments are available.
Symptoms:

Irregular periods- Infrequent, irregular, or extra long menstrual cycles are the most common sign of PCOS.

Excess androgen- Elevated levels of male hormones and less estrogen may result in physical signs, such as excess facial and body hair, severe acne, and male-pattern baldness.

Polycystic ovaries- Your ovaries might be enlarged and contain follicles that surround the eggs. As a result, the ovaries might fail to function regularly.

Pelvic pain - This pain is common in PCOS patients, and it can range from a dull ache to throbbing pain and anything in between. It can come and go throughout a day as well. However, this symptom is not found in all patients.

Diagnosis:

Diagnosed if an individual experiences two or more of the symptoms listed.

Scans (ultrasound) will identify polycystic ovaries, as they differ in appearance.

Possible Treatments:

Most treatments just treat individual symptoms, such as acne or infertility.

Lifestyle changes are the most effective treatments, so losing weight and exercising are used.

Research and Complications Physicians Face:

The causes of this disorder are still fairly unknown, so PCOS is hard to prevent, diagnose, and treat appropriately.

Scientists are researching the effects of different medical treatment options like birth control or hormone inhibitors on pregnancy, as some may cause difficulty getting pregnant or infertility.

# data[].attributes.headline
Case Study of a Hypersecretion Disease: Osteoporosis 

# data[].attributes.subject
Case Study of a Hypersecretion Disease: Osteoporosis 

# data[].attributes.body
Osteoporosis: a lack of estrogen is related to and can increase the chances of osteoporosis. The lack of estrogen during menopause is a major risk as it weakens the bones, increasing the chances of osteoporosis.
Symptoms:
- Lower bone density

- Mild falls cause fractures

- Back pain

- Loss of height

- Stooped posture
How is this diagnosed?
- Bone density scan

-  Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) or bone densitometry
Possible Treatments:
- Medications called bisphosphonates that include Ibandronate and Alendronate

- Raloxifene medication mimics the effects of estrogen to strengthen bones without the side effects such as blood clots from estrogen.
Research Being Conducted and Obstacles Physicians Face:

There is research being conducted questioning if the bisphosphonate drugs are proficient and credible enough to truly build up bone mass and strength. Some scientists are finding that only about 1% of bones are greatly increasing in bone density. These drugs are proven to greatly increase the risk of fractures though.

Additionally, many scientists are beginning to take into consideration the importance of bone remodeling and are creating biomarkers to mark the amount of bone remodeling through chemicals in the blood or urine. There are many biomarkers that work but are not yet accessible to doctor's offices or on an individual level, and they are working on creating more reliable biomarkers.

The DEXA is expensive.

# data[].attributes.body
Healthline. “What Are the Symptoms of Low Estrogen in Women and How are they Treated?” Healthline, Healthline, 3 January 2017, https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/low-estrogen-symptoms#outlook. Accessed 28 February 2021.

De Pietro, MaryAnn. “Low Estrogen: Causes, Effects, and Treatment Options.” Medical News Today, MediLexicon International, 27 Feb. 2018, www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321064#diagnosis.

Brazier, Yvette. “Hormone Replacement Therapy: Uses, Types, and Alternatives.” Medical News Today, MediLexicon International, 13 Apr. 2020, www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181726.

Holland, Kimberly. “Signs and Symptoms of High Estrogen: Diagnosis, Treatment, and More.” Healthline, Healthline Media, 19 Apr. 2018, www.healthline.com/health/high-estrogen#symptoms-in-women.

Childs, Dr. Westin. “High Progesterone Symptoms in Women (The Complete List).” Dr. Westin Childs | Thyroid &amp; Health Supplements That Work, 2 Feb. 2021, www.restartmed.com/high-progesterone-symptoms/.

“Osteoporosis.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 19 June 2019, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoporosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351968.