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We're in the middle of a teen mental health crisis - and girls are at its epicenter. Since 2010, depression, self-harm and suicide rates have increased among teen boys. But rates of major depression among teen girls in the US increased even more - from 12% in 2011 to 20% in 2017. In 2015, three times as many 10- to 14-year-old girls were admitted to the emergency room after deliberately harming themselves than in 2010. Meanwhile, the suicide rate for adolescent girls has doubled since 2007.

Rates of depression started to tick up just as smartphones became popular, so digital media could be playing a role. The generation of teens born after 1995 - known as iGen or Gen Z - were the first to spend their entire adolescence in the age of the smartphone. They're also the first group of teens to experience social media as an indispensable part of social life.

Of course, both boys and girls started using smartphones around the same time. So why are girls experiencing more mental health issues? Mining three surveys of more than 200,000 teens in the US and UK, my colleagues and I were able to find some answers.

Screen time

We found that teen boys and girls spend their digital media time in different ways: Boys spend more time gaming, while girls spend more time on their smartphones, texting and using social media.

Gaming involves different forms of communication. Gamers often interact with each other in real time, talking to each other via their headsets. In contrast, social media often involves messaging via images or text. Yet, even something as simple as a brief pause before receiving a response can elicit anxiety.

Then of course, there's the way social media creates a hierarchy, with the number of likes and followers wielding social power. Images are curated, personas cultivated, texts crafted, deleted and rewritten. All of this can be stressful, and one study found that simply comparing yourself with others on social media made you more likely to be depressed.

And unlike many gaming systems, smartphones are portable. They can interfere with face-to-face social interaction or be brought into bed, two actions that have been found to undermine mental health and sleep.

Who is more susceptible?

It's not just that girls and boys spend their digital media time on different activities. It may also be that social media use has a stronger effect on girls than boys.

Previous research revealed that teens who spend more time on digital media are more likely to be depressed and unhappy. In our new paper, we found that this link was stronger for girls than for boys.

Both girls and boys experience an increase in unhappiness the more time they spend on their devices. But for girls, that increase is larger.

Only 15% of girls who spent about 30 minutes a day on social media were unhappy, but 26% of girls who spent six hours a day or more on social media reported being unhappy. For boys, the difference in unhappiness was less noticeable: 11% of those who spent 30 minutes a day on social media said they were unhappy, which ticked up to 18% for those who spent six-plus hours per day doing the same.

Why might girls be more prone to unhappiness when using social media? Popularity and positive social interactions tend to have a more pronounced effect on teen girls' happiness than boys' happiness. Social media can be both a cold arbiter of popularity and a platform for bullying, shaming and disputes.

In addition, girls continue to face more pressure about their appearance, which could be exacerbated by social media. For these reasons and more, social media is a more fraught experience for girls than for boys.

From this data on digital media use and unhappiness, we can't tell which causes which, although several experiments suggest that digital media use does cause unhappiness.

If so, digital media use - especially social media - might have a more negative effect on girls' mental health than on boys'.

Looking ahead

What can we do? First, parents can help children and teens postpone their entry into social media. It's actually the law that children can't have a social media account in their own name until they are 13. This law is rarely enforced, but parents can insist that their children stay off social media until they are 13.

Among older teens, the situation is more complex, because social media use is so pervasive.

Still, groups of friends can talk about these challenges. Many are probably aware, on some level, that social media can make them feel anxious or sad. They might agree to call each other more, take breaks or let others know that they're not always going to respond instantly - and that this doesn't mean they are angry or upset.

We're learning more about the ways social media has been designed to be addictive, with companies making more money the more time users spend on their platforms.

That profit may be at the expense of teen mental health - especially that of girls.
Jean Twenge, Professor of Psychology, San Diego State University. This article first appeared on The Conversation.

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Teen suicide rates are higher among girls - and it has to do with how they use social media

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We're in the middle of a teen mental health crisis - and girls are at its epicenter. Since 2010, depression, self-harm and suicide rates have increased among teen boys. But rates of major depression among teen girls in the US increased even more - from 12% in 2011 to 20% in 2017.

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Video for Ed Psyc - Vicarious Reinforcement and Punishment

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THE TUBE OF TERROR CHALLENGE | 13 MILLION SCOVILLES | WORLD'S HOTTEST PEANUTS | BeardMeatsFood

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1. Learning is a social process.
2. Learning occurs through observation and modeling.
3. There are four stages: attention, retention, production, and motivation.
4. Motivation occurs by way of reinforcement and that reinforcement can be direct, vicarious, or internal (self).
5. Social Cognitive Theory elevates the role of cognitive factors such as self-regulation and self-efficacy in the learning process.

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Vicarious reinforcement can occur when an individual observes the behavior of a model and the subsequent consequences of that behavior. These observations can motivate one to carry out the action  themselves or be deterred from carrying out a behavior in the event of vicarious punishment.

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A student observes his classmates laugh at the inappropriate jokes of the popular kid; the student begins to tell inappropriate jokes too.

A sprinter observes her teammate positioning her arms and hands in a particular way for the duration of the 100m race. The teammate's race times improve. The sprinter begins to imitate the behavior herself.

A man receives multiple dirty looks for walking through the grocery store with his face mask under his nose. His son, who's with him at the store, checks to ensure his mask is worn correctly and continues to wear it that way.

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WHAT I EAT IN A DAY – A full day of eating with Men’s Health Cover Guy Weston Boucher