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San Marcos is located inside a federal state so that means texas is in control of many things inside like some laws. Texas' sovereignty can be challenged by the U.S. For example, during the start of covid when masks were mandated, many states did not want this to become a law for them.

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Nigeria's people are divided into many ethnolinguistic regions like Arewa and Yorubas. They also differentiate in religions, for example, Christianity and the other native religions they have there. The different regions in Nigeria are pretty independant meaning that its a federal state.

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The devolution is federal because in 1999 Nunavut split from the rest of the northern regions in Canada, and now is the largest region in Canada.

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Belgium is a federal country because of the country two regions, Wallonia and Flanders are mostly independent. After the independence of Belgium from the Netherlands 2 linguistically and culturally regions came to be.

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Spain is federal and places like Basque inside of Spain are able to have their own police force and more but they are still under the rule of Spain. The case study talks about Basque, Catalonia, and Galicia and how they are a part of Spain but are separate societies, It also talks about how much they have been mistreated by Spain.