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This week’s lecture was about Virtual, Mixed, and Augmented Realities. From this lecture, I learned about what augmented realties is. Augmented reality is an interactive experience of a real-world environment where computers enhance the objects that live in the real world. I find this concept to be very cool. I also learned about virtual policing and how VR, AR, MR are impacting law enforcement training. For example, an advantage of VR in law enforcement is that it is completely immersive since the only reality you see is what is provided in your headset training and can provide particular environments. On the other hand, augmented reality allows for AR offers complete freedom of movement, and because the experience takes place in the real world, there will likely be more of an emotional response to the experience. Mixed reality combines the best of both worlds and allows the user to experience the real world while interacting with virtual objects.

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This week’s lecture on drones, automation and crime was very interesting. We learned about how criminals use drones and how police use them. For example, police drones to searching large tracts of area for lost or missing individuals, carrying out collision reconstruction, monitoring public events and conducting surveillance on blockades and public. Also, I learned about a concept that I was not too familiar with, robotics. Robotics is considered a branch of computer science and engineering, and it involves things like the design, construction, operation, and use of robots. Also, the goal of robotics is to design machines that can help and assist humans. For example, according to the article, the inevitable rise of the Robocop’s, the Dubai police are essentially creating Robocop’s to assist them in fighting and preventing crimes.

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The Week 9 lecture is about smart and safe cities. I found the lecture intriguing about the slide on the benefits and challenges of crime and policing in a smart city. Some of the befits include community policing and targeted response—utilization of resources and increased coordination of Police, Fire, EMS, city works and transit. The challenges are adoption at all levels of policing (paradigm shift), officers as data entry tools, and false positives decrease confidence in the system.

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This week's lecture was on Big Data, Advanced Analytics, and Crime. From this lecture, I learned about machine learning. ML is about coded programs to learn from examples, experiences, and outcomes (represented by data) without needing any human involvement. Instead, data is fed into an algorithm, and the program builds its logic (it programs itself). Also, I learned about predictive policing. Predictive policing can positively impact policing as it could lead to more objective decision-making, discouraging police officers from making arbitrary decisions based on bias rather than evidence.

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I learned a lot from the week seven lecture on the Internet of Things (IoT). For example, I learned about the rewards of IoT. Some rewards would be eliminating human errors or ignorance, convenience, and coordination of services. In addition, to this lecture were three articles that caught my attention. The first article is Investigating IoT Crime in the Age of Connected Devices. This article talks about IoT, the risks that come with it, and the challenge of combatting these risks. It talks about how cybercriminals have more power than ever since everything such as TVs, refrigerators, light controls, security systems, and baby monitors are connected to the internet without security enabled. Therefore, it makes it easier for criminals to commit crimes and more difficult for police to catch them. The second article discusses how manufacturers of IoT products should secure their devices, and if they do not, it opens more pathways for criminals to commit serious crimes. The third article discusses what the internet of things is and a system of interrelated, internet-connected objects that can collect and transfer data over a wireless network without human intervention. Therefore, I believe that IoT makes our lives easier and more convenient but, with this, there are many risks, such as cybercriminals finding new and easier ways to commit crimes.

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The week 6 lecture on video surveillance in the technological society was the most fascinating lecture in this course as it included many information that I did not know about. For example, I learned about the history of video surveillance and how the British police first used video surveillance during the British Royal Parade and the Learned about more about different types of cameras that are used such as Infra-red and Purpose-Based. This lecture also included a reading Video Surveillance in the Technological Society. This reading allowed me to further my understanding of video surveillance. For example, in this reading I learned about augmented reality being a future trend and it will automatically detect human and vehicles from multiple video streams and then extract and place the selected frames on a map which will make it easier for the operator.

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This week's lecture was about social media, OSINT, and online privacy, and I found it very interesting. I am very cautious about what information I let out on social media when it comes to privacy. I learned from this lecture that I did not know about Open-source Intelligence, which refers to intelligence collected from publicly available sources (internet, newspapers, magazines, any other public medium). Also, three articles were a part of this lecture, and I found them very interesting. The Toronto Sun article on Toronto Police's increasing social media use stood out the most. I think it is excellent that police are starting to use social media more as it is a great tool that can assist them in solving crimes and building relationships within the community. Also included in this lecture was reading on Crime, Terrorism, and Security: The Dark Side of social media. It was alarming to learn that terrorist groups are using social media to post crimes they commit, and they send messages across on these sites that teens and children use and can be easily influenced.

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For this week’s POR, I thought it would be best to note down some information that I found interesting and I did not know about. I did not know about was federated identity, and it is a situation where all of your online identities are linked together, usually by an authoritative source. Also, I learned that it is challenging to know if your online identity has been compromised. From this lecture, I learned about What IAM and what ICAM are? IAM is a framework of policies and technologies to ensure that the right users have the appropriate access to technology resources. ICAM is a framework of policies built into an organization’s information technology infrastructure that allows system owners to ensure that the right person is accessing the correct information at the right time for the right reason.

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This week’s lecture was very interesting. It had much new information which I did not know about, and I learned a lot from it. From this lecture, I learned about the CIA TRIAD, and the overall goal of Information Security is to maintain confidentiality, integrity, and availability. I also learned about INFOSEC, which is s a crucial part of cybersecurity, but it refers exclusively to the processes designed for data security. Cybersecurity is a more general term that includes InfoSec. In this lecture, we did a POR exercise where we discussed if “People are the weakest link in the information security chain.” I agreed with this as in the end, we are all human, and we all make mistakes which, and we also often lack knowledge about digital safety and privacy. Due to this, there will always be people trying to take advantage of our mistakes and our lack of knowledge for their benefit. Here is an article that displays how humans are the weakest link by human error.
https://globalnews.ca/news/7386270/human-error-gate-opening-cleveland-dam/

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I found the week two lecture very interesting, and I learned a lot from it. I learned from the class that I previously did not know about was Moore’s law. I learned that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles every two years, though the cost of computers is halved. My main takeaway from Moore’s law is that we can expect that the capability and speed will increase significantly over the next couple of years and cost less. An example of this would be a simple smartphone being much more capable and powerful than a supercomputer from the 1980s while also costing less.

After watching Marc Goodman’s short video, some things stood out to me. The first point that stood out to me was that Goodman mentioned that most criminals better understand your technology than you do, and they can use it against you, which is pretty scary. This is important to my group as we heavily rely on technology and always use it for essential activities. With this, there is much danger associated with technology, and most of us do not know how to protect ourselves against it, which can lead to personal information or identity being stolen. This brings me to the second point, where he mentioned that it has become so easy for cybercriminals and hackers just to send a text to us or an email, and just by opening/clicking it, these cybercriminals and hackers can get all of our private information. This is also relevant to my group as most of us have not been educated on digital safety, making us vulnerable to these attacks. The third point I find interesting is that during the case mentioned in the video, the girl whose computer was hacked, and the hacker held her photos against her in favor of sexual acts, reported it to authorities, and they were able to track him and bring him down. What I find interesting about this is that from my previous cybercrimes course, I learned that cybercrimes such as this are often underreported due to the fear of embarrassment and learning that she stood up to him and contacted authorities is interesting. Also, if she had ignored it, the hacker could have negatively impacted her life as these hackers, in my opinion, are very powerful and can gain access to all of your info which a few clicks. Overall, I agree with Marc Goodman’s points as society has gotten really at using tech, we use it all the time, but we do not understand the risks associated with them and cannot protect ourselves from the risks. Also, I agree that criminals are much more advanced than us at using technology, which easily allows them to prey on those who are not tech-savvy or those who do not understand digital privacy/safety.

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During the first POR in Crime and Technological Society, I thought it would be best to start off with a few terms/definitions that I learned about in class that I did not know of. There are only a few as I am pretty tech-savvy, and I have taken a cybercrime course in my undergraduate program. The terms/definitions are Identity and Access Management (IAM) and Smart City.

· Identity and Access Management (IAM): this is the process used in businesses and organizations to grant or deny employees and others authorization to secure systems. IAM verifies user access requests and either grant or denies permission to protected company materials.

· Smart City is a designation given to a city that incorporates information and communication technologies (ICT) to enhance the quality and performance of urban services such as energy, transportation, and utilities in order to reduce resource consumption, wastage, and overall smart City