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1540 BC to 1075 BC, 18th to 20th dynasties Egypt became a dominate force because of its Nubian gold p. 376 Thoughts about life after death resulted in mummification. P. 376 After the New Kingdom ended, it splintered off into different states. By the third millennium BC onward, the statehood included: government, religion, cities, buildings and structures, and writing. P. 376

"Holocene Africa." In The Human Past World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies, edited by Chris Scarre, 355-383. 3rd ed. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2013.

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From 2575 to 2150 BC, included the 4th – 8th
dynasties p. 374

It was believed that the pharaohs of this time were in touch
with the gods. There were many royal tombs and temples. P. 374

Most of the pyramids that were created, were started during
this time period. Khufu is the largest of the pyramids. Numerous people went
into the construction of these infrastructures. P. 374

One of the world’s oldest boats is from this time period. P.
374

"Holocene Africa." In The Human Past World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies, edited by Chris Scarre, 355-383. 3rd ed. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2013.

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The Predynastic
Period – 4500 to 3000 BC

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The Predynastic
Period – 4500 to 3000 BC

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The increasing trade with Southwest Asia brought copper,
gold, and silver. In turn, villages started to group along the Nile. P. 371

In late 4000 BC, there were a number of centers of power. P.
372

State formation was also in progress. P. 372

Writing from Mesopotamia played a major role in the Egyptian
state. P. 373

"Holocene Africa." In The Human Past World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies, edited by Chris Scarre, 355-383. 3rd ed. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2013.

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The Oakhurst Complex contained tools made of bone and large scrapers. Microliths were few and far between, however.  P.355 At sites like Melkhoutboom Cave, there is an array of archaeological evidence. Wood was used for bows, arrows, digging-sticks, pegs, and wedges. Bark for trays, leather for clothing, and plants for food. P. 355 Seasonal movement, depending on when resources were available. P.355 The deceased were buried with personal belongings and painted stones, symbolizing a belief in life after death 9.356 Abundance of rock art p.357 Starting in 9000 BC, the climate in North Africa and the Sahara had become moister, but there was still several dry periods. Hunter gatherers had to come up with different ways of adjusting to the ever changing climate. P.360 Cattle herding spread around Africa p. 359

"Holocene Africa." In The Human Past World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies, edited by Chris Scarre, 355-383. 3rd ed. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2013.

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This Padlet timeline was created for an assignment at Cascadia Community College.

…the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright.

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Cities along Indian Ocean coast. The growth was a result of the Indian Ocean Trade. P. 383   The sea provided exotic imports and a means for communication.     Trade brought ceramics, Islamic faith, and stone buildings.    Lots of importing and exporting.  The Elite had certain privileges, these included literacy, Islamic faith and coinage

"Holocene Africa." In The Human Past World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies, edited by Chris Scarre, 355-383. 3rd ed. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2013.

http://www.bu.edu/africa/outreach/resources/indian/

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Jennë-jeno
                          

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Jennë-jeno
                          

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Founded late 1000 BC   Urban center  Used the river to export food for trade. Received iron, copper, and stone.   Herding, fishing, and cultivating of rice, sorghum, and millet   Huge wall surrounding the city

Phillipson, David. "Iron Using Peoples Before AD 1000." In African Archaeology, 241. 3rd ed. New York: Cambridge University, 2005.

http://www.worldwideexpeditions.com/getpage.php?pg=trip&tid=141

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Aksum p. 380
                      

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Aksum p. 380
                      

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1000 BC-700 AD   Took over Meroë   Cattle, sheep, and goats were Aksum’s economy     Traded ivory and gold Monumental stone architecture   Created its own coins from gold, silver, and bronze. Aksum was the first to do so. Had its own writing   Adopted Christianity and was one of the first states in the world to do so.

"Holocene Africa." In The Human Past World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies, edited by Chris Scarre, 355-383. 3rd ed. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2013.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B1%E1%88%9D#mediaviewer/File:Ruins_in_Aksum,_Ethiopia.jpg

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Kerma
                                  

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Kerma
                                  

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Founded in the middle of the 3rd millennium and ended because of the New Kingdom   Houses were made of wood or mud-brick p. 378   Barley, cattle, sheep, goats, hunting, and fishing all comprised Kerma’s mixed agriculture.   Kerma was the center of Africa’s first known state p. 378

"Holocene Africa." In The Human Past World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies, edited by Chris Scarre, 355-383. 3rd ed. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2013.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kerma#mediaviewer/File:Kerma_city.JPG

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The Egyptian state survived 3000 years.  The first, second, and third dynasties occurred between 2950-2575 BC  Increase in writing   The Step Pyramid at Saqqara was built for the first king of the third dynasty, and was an innovative piece of architecture compared to the pyramids that were around.  P. 373

"Holocene Africa." In The Human Past World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies, edited by Chris Scarre, 355-383. 3rd ed. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2013.

http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/dsteppyramid2.htm

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Farming Between 9000
BC and 1000 BC
                                             

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Farming Between 9000
BC and 1000 BC
                                             

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Nabta Playa – 7000 BC: people who crafted pottery, hunted, harvested plants, and even domesticated cattle by 5000 BC At Bir Kiseiba, cattle had been kept since the 9th millennium BC p. 361  By the first millennium BC emmer wheat, barley, date, grape, and fig were grown at Zinchecra p. 362   At Merimde, people were making pottery, cultivating food, and keep an array of animals for domestication by 5000 BC p. 362

"Holocene Africa." In The Human Past World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies, edited by Chris Scarre, 355-383. 3rd ed. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2013.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabta_Playa