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The Union Nationale is a Quebec political party. The Union Nationale is a Quebec political party. The Union Nationale is a Quebec political party. The Union Nationale is a very conservative party, provincial autonomy, economic liberalism, and rural life. The leader of the Union Nationale party was Maurice Duplessis. The party was elected from 1936 - 1966. During this time, Quebec was very traditional; divorce, abortion, etc, were illegal/outlawed. This party was important to Quebec because it opened the doors for a new generation to go against these acts. After the death of Maurice Duplessis, many political groups/parties will raise to go against the Union Nationale.

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Conscription, also known as a draft, is when the government enforces enlistment of men in the army or national/military service. The French-Canadians never responded well to conscription. There have been two Conscription Crisis's, one for World War 1 and the other for World War 2. The 1944 Conscription Crisis was during World War 2. The 1944 Conscription sat better of the French-Canadians than the 1917 Conscription Crisis. The 1944 Conscription Crisis was not met with as much violence, rioting, and madness because Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King paid more interest in the French-Canadians opinion. The Conscription Crisis was important because it showed who was loyal to Canada (English-Canadians) and who wasn’t (French-Canadians), it also showed what Canada had to do to get the trust of the French-Canadians.

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The Quebec flag also called “Fleurdelisé”. The flag of Quebec is reminiscent of the King’s regiment (Le régiment du Roi). The symbolism of the Quebec flag is very bias towards Roman Catholics eg. the fleur-de-lis (Virgin Mary) and blue surrounding (Heaven). The New flag was made because the French-Canadians wanted it to represent French culture. After New France was defeated by the British, Quebec was left with the British flag. However, later rebellions started forming from French-Canadians to adapt to a new Quebec flag. In the year 1948, Maurice Duplessis announced that the Fleurdelisé was Quebec's new flag. I think this event marked the change in all French-Canadian lives. I think this was a social change by making a flag that represented French culture and not copy the English (British) flag, it made French-Canadians more connected/part of the Canadian community.

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The Quiet Revolution was during 1960-1970. After the Great Depression Quebec and Canada changed in many ways. Quebec/Quebecois started siding towards a more traditional/reactionary political view point. Quebecois people elected Maurice Duplessis, leader of the Union Nationale party. Maurice Duplessis was in office for 15 years because of his intense traditionalist values. However, after Duplessis's passing, Jean Lesage leader of the Liberal party is elected as the new Premier of Quebec. Lesage's reign as Premier was very important to the Quebec identity. Under Lesage's power, Quebec hits a spike in nationalism. The quick change in political, economic, social, and cultural perspectives in Quebec is known as The Quiet Revolution. This event was historically significant because it was the spark into violence/terrorism from the FLQ and the start of separatist.

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1963 - FLQ (Front de libération du Québec)

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1963 - FLQ (Front de libération du Québec)

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The FLQ (Front de libération du Québec) is a movement/group that believed in the separation of Quebec from Canada. The FLQ wanted the freedom of Quebec because they thought that English culture was dominating over French culture. The FLQ's ultimate goal was sovereignty/authority. The FLQ tried achieving independence from Canada by terrorism. They set off more than 200 bombs, dozens of robberies, and left 6 people dead. This was very important for French-English Canadian's because it opened the eyes of political figures, the Quebec community, and Canadian community.  I think the FLQ did help the culture of French Quebecois, in both good and bad ways. Although the FLQ used violence as a way to separate from Canada, I'm sure it helped some French-Canadians realize the discrimination in Canada, and I'm sure it made the Quebecois people realize that they should involve more cultures in their community. However. I wonder if the FLQ did damage to the French-Canadian identity? Did English-Canadian start shunning French-Canadian? The consequences of the creation of the FLQ are huge. Without them there would have been no October Crisis; no kidnapping, no murder, no War Measures Act during peacetime, etc. This is because the FLQ felt like they had to do bigger and more dangerous acts to "persuade" Canada into taking the FLQ seriously.

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1964 - Le Samedi de la Matraque (Saturday of the Truncheon)

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1964 - Le Samedi de la Matraque (Saturday of the Truncheon)

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Le Samedi de la Matraque or Saturday of the Truncheon was a very historical day/days for French separatist. On October 10th, 1964, Queen Elizabeth visited Canada. However, French-Canadians seen her as a symbol of English sovereignty. Queen Elizabeth was meet with crowds of rioting people. The separatist shouted and booing for her to go back to England. Police took action by entering the crowds and attacking them with night-sticks.  This was important because it showed how powerful the French community can be and what they can achieve by standing together.

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1968 - Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day parade in Montreal

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1968 - Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day parade in Montreal

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Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day is an annual celebration in Quebec (French Canadian areas). However, June 24, 1968 was one of the most famous/memorable Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day. On the 1968 celebration of Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day, Prime Minister Elliott Trudeau was rioted against. On the days leading up to the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day separatist warned the media, etc, that they were going to stage a large protest against PM Trudeau. On the day of  Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day bottles/rocks were thrown at Prime Minister Trudeau, the seats on the stands emptied but, Prime Minister Trudeau didn't move. The separatist did this because the election was close and they wanted to show their dismay towards PM Trudeau. Even in the face of separatist, booing, treats, etc Prime Minister Trudeau refuses to leave. This was important because it made more people vote for him, wining him the election.

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The Parti Québécois was formed on October 13th, 1968. René Lévesque was the first Parti Quebecois leader to be Premier, Levesque was Premier from 1976-1985.  Parti Quebecois was a nationalist party who believed in the independence of Quebec. This group was liked by many Quebecois, it "became the rallying point for almost all Québec nationalist movements and associations." The Parti Quebecois main champagne goal was the separation of Quebec (referendum), and the exclusion/relocation of anglophone Montrealers. I think the Parti Quebecois was important because it spoke for the French-Canadians who couldn't. This group was a separatist group who did not use terrorism to "persuade/enforce" their view points.

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The Official Languages Act was originally published on September 9th, 1969. The Official Languages Act is the law that makes English and French Canada's official languages. This law is enforced all around Canada. The work of Andre Laurendeau and A. Davidson Dunton were what made Canada an official language country. The Official Languages Act means that "all federal institutions need to provide services in English or French on request." There have always been a disconnect between English and French Canadians, in all forms of social, linguistic, religious, political, etc. These differences created a barrier between both parties. The Official Languages Act was the starting point to seeing French and English as equal.

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On October 7th, 1969 the police and firefighters department in Montreal went on strike. They did this for many reasons but,  the main reason was their working conditions (due to the FLQ). On Oct 7th, 1969 over 4,000 first-responders walked off. Chaos spread all over Montreal. People began to board up store windows, and doors. At night, large groups of taxi drivers started protesting. The pack of taxi drivers rioted from city hall to the main garage of the Murray-Hill limousine service.  The taxi drivers and the Murray-Hill limousine service had an ongoing feud about exclusive rights to airport picks ups. The taxi drivers were determent to destroy Murray-Hill garage. The crowd was out of control when a fire started spread to buses, limousines, stores, and buildings. This event was infamous because it showed how important first-responders were and how affected they were by the FLQ terrorism.

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James Cross was kidnapped on October 5th, 1970. By kidnapping James Cross the FLQ stepped up their terrorism and the FLQ created a bigger threat to everyone. James cross, a British Trade Commissioner, got kidnapped by two armed FLQ members in Montreal. James Cross was in captivity for almost 2 months. They did this to use James Cross as a ransom. This event was important because it showed how powerful the FLQ can/could be.

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Pierre Laporte was kidnapped on October 10th, 1970, Pierre Laporte, the Minister of Labour, was kidnapped by two armed, masked men in Montreal. Unlike James Cross, Pierre Laporte was never released. Pierre Laporte was found died in the trunk of a car on October 7th, 1970. The FLQ claimed they killed Pierre Laporte by accident during a struggle. The FLQ kidnapped Pierre Laporte so they can use him to release 23 political prisoners. This event was important because it not only showed that the FLQ were powerful but, that they have the power to murder someone.

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The War Measures Act is a federal law made by Parliament in August 22, 1914. The War Measures Act was adopted after World War 1. This law was made to give the government the power to make quick decision in wartime, it gives the government the power to take away your civil liberates. The government has the power to control transportation, manufacturing, trades, arrest, etc. From October 16, 1970 - December 28, 1970, Prime Minister Elliott Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act after the FLQ kidnapped James Cross. This was the first time the War Measures Act was called during peacetime. The War Measures Act got enforced all over Quebec. The invocation of the War Measures Act was an important event in Quebec because you can see the bias towards French-Canadians. When the War Measures Act was invoked, the police began to abuse their power. It made French-Canadians very aware of their statue in Canada.

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On January 5th, 1971 Paul Rose, Jacques Rose, Bernard Lortie and Francis Simard were charged for the kidnapping of James Cross and Pierre Laporte, and murder of Pierre Laporte in Quebec. More FLQ member started getting arrested and charged. This was significant because it gave justice for the Quebecois people, the families of James Cross and Pierre Laporte, and all diplomats. The government did not go easy on these people. These members of the FLQ terrorized many people and "carelessly" hurt the French-Canadian identity. The FLQ has done many bad things and some good. However, I think the FLQ members getting punished, was a momentous moment for all.

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The Canadian Multicultural Policy was enacted on October 8th, 1971.  The Canadian Multicultural Policy was made by Pierre Trudeau in the House of Commons. One of the main causes for enacting the Canadian Multicultural Policy, was the Official Languages Act. The Canadian Multicultural Policy acknowledges that Canada is accepting of all cultures and backgrounds. “The Government will support and encourage the various cultures and ethnic groups that give structure and vitality to our society.”This was/is very important to not only the French-Canadians but all Canadians; in fact this policy was considered because of the response of the growing French-Canadian protesting in Canada.

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The 1980 Quebec referendum was promised by Parti Quebecois. Parti Quebecois government's plan was the sovereignty of Canada. The promise of the Parti Quebecois made the party very popular, the government asked the Quebecois people to “negotiate a new constitutional agreement with the rest of Canada, based on the equality of nations.” The vote was close however, 60% of the Quebecois people voted against it. This was important because this could have marked the end of Quebec being a province of Canada. It showed how much Quebecois wanted the split from Canada. I wonder how people felt after the polls were counted?

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Prime Minister Brian Mulroney wanted to revise the Canadian Constitution. Every province was on board accept for Quebec. This resulted in the Meech Lake Accord. The Meech Lake accord said all provinces will have “juridical equality" and a veto; this was liked by all the province and agreed upon all. However, The Meech Lake Accord also stated Quebec will because a "distinct society". Quebec being a "distinct society" caused an uproar around Canada. Many thought it was unfair that Quebec became a "distinct society" and that Quebec should stay Canadian. All provinces must agree to the Meech Accord. After 3 years of discussion, the Accord was not passed due to Elijah Harper and the rights of Aboriginal peoples. This is important because was suppose to make Quebec more comfortable in Canada but, it made a lot of discussions about if Quebec is better than the rest of Canada. I think the failing of the Meech Lake Accord taught everybody about were Quebec stands in all of Canada. It also brought in Aboriginal rights. The Bloc Quebecois and Quebec referendum also resulted because of the Meech Lake Accord. When the accord failed Lucien Bounard came from the Cabinet of Brian Mulroney. The debating about Quebec becoming a "distinct society" made more Quebecois vote for Parti Quebecois, leading to another Quebec referendum.

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In July of 1988, the War Measures Act was replaced with the Emergencies Act. The Emergencies Act is the power to take temporary measures during a national emergency to ensure the safety of everyone. Unlike the War Measures Act, the Emergencies Act has more limits on civil rights/liberties, and specific power the federal government can use for security emergencies. There are five types of security emergencies the federal government can preform: national emergencies; public welfare emergencies; public order emergencies; international emergencies; and war emergencies. Another difference is that the Cabinet need to be reviewed by the Parliament first. In conclusion the new War Measures Act, now called, the Emergencies Act, take account for the Canadian Bill of Rights, and Canadian Charted of Rights and Freedoms. I think this is important because, Canada is recognizing the discrimination in the past years when the War Measures Act was invoked, but now, the actions during the Emergency Act must follow the guide line of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Canadian Bill of Rights.

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On June 15, 1991 the political party Bloc Québécois was formed. After the failure of the Meech Lake Accord, Lucien Bounard the founder of the Bloc Québécois party, had been a cabinet member to Brian Mulroney. Lucien Bounard left the Prime Minister at the time taking with him MP's to form the Bloc Québécois party. The Bloc Québécois parties purpose is to spread the Quebec culture, promote/speak for Quebecois, and get the independence of Quebec to Canada. The Meech Lake Accord was/is a failure but it resulted in the Bloc Quebecois party. The Bloc Québécois is important because they speak for the minorities of Quebec. A continuity is this party. The Bloc Quebecois party is still a federal party, that advocates the importance of Quebec, and their people (Quebecois). They are still supporting the  sovereignty of Quebec. "The idea of sovereignty, to aid full narrative, I believe that our main partner is and will remain Canada, but, we might make our own choices and we might sit at the table as two equal people and nations, writing a very different deal between themselves but would have to serve the best interests between both nations and countries" ( Yves-Francois Blanchet, 2019)

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1995 - Quebec referendum (Référendum Québécois de 1995)

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1995 - Quebec referendum (Référendum Québécois de 1995)

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The next Quebec referendum happened on October 30, 1995.  The failure of the Meech Lake Accord, mostly the "distinct society" brought back Parti Quebecois. In the 1989 election Parti Quebecois won. Jacques Parizeau was the leader of this group during this time, and he promised a referendum would be held some time during 1995. The importance of having a referendum is that allows the community (in this case the Quebecois people) the opportunity to have a say in what kind of culture of community they want to live in. Their are still political parties that advocate for the independence of Quebec, and still Quebecois who still think that Canada should separate. However, Quebec has now slowed down their "want" to leave Canada. In a new poll by Angus Reid, 84% of respondents said Quebec should stay in Canada, while 69% said that the issue of sovereignty in Canada was settled.This was a change in more Quebecois wanting to stay apart of Canada and not moving away.

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