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Napoleon I, French in full Napoléon Bonaparte, original Italian Napoleone Buonaparte, byname the Corsican or the Little Corporal, French byname Le Corse or Le Petit Caporal, (born August 15, 1769, Ajaccio, Corsica—died May 5, 1821, St. Helena Island), French general, first consul (1799–1804), and emperor of the French (1804–1814/15), one of the most celebrated personages in the history of the West. He revolutionized military organization and training; sponsored the Napoleonic Code, the prototype of later civil-law codes; reorganized education; and established the long-lived Concordat with the papacy.

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Sans-culotte, French sans-culotte means without knee breeches, in the French Revolution, a label for the more militant supporters of that movement, especially in the years 1792 to 1795. Sans Culottes presented themselves as members of the poorer classes or leaders of the common people, but during the Reign of Terror public functionaries and educated men also adopted the label to demonstrate their patriotism.

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Jacobin Club, formally (1789–92) Society of the Friends of the Constitution or (1792–94) Society of the Jacobins, Friends of Liberty and Equality, French Club des Jacobins, Société des Amis de la Constitution, or Société des Jacobins, Amis de la Liberté et de l’Égalité, the most famous political group of the French Revolution, which became identified with extreme egalitarianism and violence and which led the Revolutionary government from mid-1793 to mid-1794.

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Jacques Necker, (born September 30, 1732, Geneva died April 9, 1804, Coppet, Switzerland), Swiss banker and director general of finance (1771–81, 1788–89, 1789–90) under Louis XVI of France. He was overpraised in his lifetime for his somewhat dubious skill with public finances and unduly deprecated by historians for his alleged vacillation and lack of statesmanship in the opening phases of the French Revolution.

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Maximilian Robespierre, in full Maximilian Robespierre, born May 6, 1758, Arras, France, died July 28, 1794, Paris, radical Jacobin leader and one of the principal figures in the French Revolution. In the latter months of 1793 he came to dominate the Committee of Public Safety, the principal organ of the Revolutionary government during the Reign of Terror, but in 1794 he was overthrown and executed in the Thermionic Reaction.

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Marquis de Lafayette, born September 6, 1757, Chavaniac, France. Died May 20, 1834, Paris, French aristocrat who fought in the Continental Army with the American colonists against the British in the American Revolution. Later, as a leading advocate for Constitutional monarchy, he became one of the most powerful men in France during the first few years of the French Revolution and during the July Revolution of 1830.

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Marie Antoinette, born November 2, 1755, Vienna, Austria. Died October 16, 1793, Paris, France), Austrian queen consort of King Louis XVI of France 1774–93. Her rejection of reform provoked unrest, and her policy of court resistance to the progress of the French Revaluation finally led to the overthrow of the monarchy in August 1792.

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Louis XVI, also called until 1774 Louis Auguste, duc de Berry, born August 23, 1754, Versailles, France. Died January 21, 1793, Paris, the last king of France 1774–92 in the line of Bourbon monarchs preceding the French Revaluation of 1789. The monarchy was abolished on September 21, 1792; later Louis and his queen consort, Marie Antoinette, were guillotined on charges of counterrevolution.