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Freedmen’s Bureau-works to smooth the transition from slavery, providing former slaves with immediate shelter and medical services.

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Abraham Lincoln is assassinated-In Lincoln's last speech, he mentions black suffrage for soldiers and some others. The Civil War ends when Confederate general Robert E. Lee surrenders to Union general. Six days later he is assassinated.

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Andrew Johnson becomes president-his plan of Presidential Reconstruction. It calls for general amnesty and restoration of property -- except for slaves -- to all Southerners who will swear loyalty to the Union.

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Black Codes- to re-establish white supremacy. The laws impose restrictions on black citizens, especially in attempts to control labor: freedmen are prohibited from work except as field hands, blacks refusing to sign labor contracts can be punished.

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13th Amendment is ratified-Abolishes slavery in the United States.

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KKK is formed-A white hate group, acted violently towards African Americans along with other minorities.

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Civil Rights Act of 1866-grants citizenship and the same rights enjoyed by white citizens to all male persons in the United States "without distinction of race or color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude."

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Memphis Race Riot- for three days as whites assault blacks on the streets. In the aftermath, 48 people, nearly all black, are dead, and hundreds of black homes, churches, and schools have been pillaged or burned.

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Reconstruction Acts of 1867- Known as Radical Reconstruction, the new policies divide the South into military districts and require the states to adopt new constitutions, introduce black suffrage, and ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.

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14th Amendment is ratified-Guarantees due process and equal protection under the law to African Americans

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Southern Constitutional Conventions-Black and white lawmakers begin to work side by side in the Southern states' constitutional conventions, the first political meetings in American history to include substantial numbers of black men.

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15th Amendment is ratified-prohibits the federal government and each state from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

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Mississippi Plan or “Shotgun Policy”-called for the bribery or intimidation of black voters. Financial enticements were given to blacks who supported the Democrats, and violence was waged on others in order to convince them to join a Democratic club for protection.

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Compromise of 1877-an unwritten deal, informally arranged among U.S. Congressmen, that settled the intensely disputed 1876 presidential election. It resulted in the United States federal government pulling the last troops out of the South, and formally ending the Reconstruction Era.