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JOEL KINYANJUI'S LEARNING  JOURNEY

I was born in the year 2003 in Kajiado county to be specific  Ongata Rongai ward. Iam born in a family of three siblings of which I boast to be the first born. Iam also glad to be brought  up by both parents. To my learning  journey,  I joined pre-school  in the year two thousand and six when I was about three years  old in a nearby school known as The pinnacle  school.I schooled there for about three years when my parents  decided that It was better for me to join a public school since they were prioritised when it came to secondary school  education. My father then seeked  admission  to Milimani primary  school in Nairobi  where  I only studied for one year since we relocated  to Nyeri county.  In Nyeri county my parents again decided  that I should join a private  school  since their performance  was higher compared to public schools at the time. In this school  in Nyeri county known as Mary Immaculate things were really tough but in all in all I managed to accomplish  my primary  school education. In 2018 I was admitted  as a form one at the Mpesa Foundation  academy since I had attained all that was required  in order to attain the scholarship. Iam currently  at the school  pursuing  a btec course known as creative  media  level 3.

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ASSIGNMENT:DEFINATION OF QUALITATIVE  AND QUANTITIVE RESEARCH  WITH EXAMPLES

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: This is a systematic investigation  of phenomena by gathering  quantifiable data by performing  statistical mathematical and even computational techniques This type of research collects information  from potential  interviewees and valid resources using sampling  methods and also sending out online surveys.The result can be depicted in the form of numerical figures as the name says quantitive from the word "quantity".

Examples of quantitive research  include:
.Online surveys
.Online polls
.Questionnaires

QUALITATIVE  RESEARCH:  This is a type of research  that involves analysing and collecting non-numerical data to give more understanding on concepts,experience and even opinions.This is a type of research  that mainly used in the humanities and even social sciences. Further more, this method of research is used to understand  how people in general  experience  the world. It tends to be flexible and focus on retaining  rich meaning when interpreting data.

Examples of qualitative research  include:
.One on one interview
.Focus groups
.Ethnographic research
.Case study research
.Record  keeping
.Process of observation

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ADVERTISING for TV
Introduction workbook

NAME ___JOEL__KINYANJUI______________________

1.What do you think makes a good TV commercial? What elements should the commercial have?

A good commercial TV should look attractive and also advertise their product in a manner that makes sense to the people who are viewing the particular  advert.

2.What do you think is the role of Advertising Standards Body of Kenya (ASBK)?

--This body makes sure that the advert which is created can be viewed by any age.
__It also ensures that the companies advert should not mention its competitor in any diguising manner

3.what’s the role of The Competition Authority of Kenya established under section 7 of the Competition Act No. 12 of 2010 (Act)

It makes sure that the advertising company should not dirtify the brand of its competitor

4. Which laws do you think are there in Kenya surrounding advertising?

The advert made should be of general viewing and should not contain any form of nudity
The brand should stick into its own limits and should not mention its competitor negatively.

5. Other than TV and radio which other mediums of advertising exist?
.Social media platforms
.Posters
.Salespersons

-6.Why do you think companies use TV as an advertising medium over other mediums?

Since televisions  are the ones which are viewed  by the majority and also people are not that interested  in social media platforms  hence having less audience  compared  to TV's

7.Think about a product that you own, for example a mobile phone, computer, beauty product etc. Answer the questions below in as much detail as possible.

Question Response
What prompted you to but this product?

The cellphone  had renowned  features  such as a reliable storage and a high quality camera.

Did you see an advert for this product?
Where when ?

Yes I saw the advertisement  on an online  store known as kilimall and i really liked it

Did you see somebody else
use it? Who
When?
Earlier  this month I saw someone using the cellphone  and she also liked its features and it also came with a cheaper and affordable  price.

Did you feel that without owning this product you were missing out or you were inferior in some way?
Why? Why not?

I felt that without having the possession  of this product then I could have missed out on a number of good features  that everybody  who has a smartphone  would love to have.

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Narration for faiba advert:  In the advert, there is the  main character known as Mbugua who happens to be running a lot of businesses  at once such as a hardware, cyber , car washing shopkeeping and many many more not to mention. In order to run all these businesses  efficiently  he needs a proper networking  company. The other man known as musyoka who happens to be his employee asks him for some money in order to refuel the vehicle so Mbugua gives him one thousand kenya shillings which is only enough for going to his destination  and cannot  come back. Therefore  Mbugua tells him since going the destination  ones needs to climb when he comes down he will only need to put the vehicle on free gear and it shall come back on its self since he will be coming down. The advert tries to explain  that faiba is the most reliable networking  company since it is efficient  when it comes to data handling and also money transactions.

good narration(story ) of the advert ,important to note is that when talking of the narrative , mention the story and the drama in it
keep up the good work

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Things that carry the viewers attention  in the advert: The body size of Mbugua is really huge and also the clothes that he wears are really small compared to what he is supposed to be wearing.Therefore when the viewer sees all these its attracts his/her attention and wants to hear what Mbugua says in the advert.
VERBAL CUES IN THE ADVERT
This is  a prompt that is conveyed in spoken language from one person to another or a group of people e.g something that is stressed out in the particular  advert.
The accent of mbugua's employee  in the advert Musyoka talks in a Kamba accent  which appears to be really attractive  to the people who are viewing  the advert

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WHAT DOES THE SFX TELL US ABOUT THE ADVERT

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WHAT DOES THE SFX TELL US ABOUT THE ADVERT

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This are illusions or visual tricks used in the theatre film,  television video game and simulator industries to simulate the imagined effects in a story or visual world. There are also mechanical effects and optical effects
For the advert they have used optical illusions in form of animations to popularise their advert instead of real people. Since animation  seems to be more attractive  and funnier and we all know that in realism cartoons do not really exist since they are made from computers

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Have some introduction to what are camera techniques
CAMERA SHOT
Medium shot:-. A typical medium shot shows the subject from their head to their waist. It is close enough that you can still see their face, while also including some of their body language and also what they may be doing. In the advert  you can see the doctor rushing  the main character's mother to hospital therefore we can see what the doctor  is doing. In addition  to that the camera is taking the shot from the head way down to the waist therefore it qualifies to be a medium shot.( what are the effects to this type of shot? to the audience, to the product?)
Point of view shot:-This is used when you want the viewer to see what the character is seeing or feel what they’re feeling. It can be a static shot or you can combine it with another type of camera angle. In the advert you can see the camera is pointing at the main character's cellphone. This makes the audience watching the advert feel like they are the ones using that cellphone since it is the main subject in that particular  type of shot.
Long shot:-A long shot is some how the opposite of a close-up. It shows the character’s entire body in frame, from their head to their toes. This gives the viewer a better understanding on the subject’s surroundings, and gives some additional information that would be otherwise not been given in a close-up shot. When the subject is approaching the stage in order to board the bus, you can see the camera is pointing  at the whole subject's body and also some bit of information  on the location. This shot is meant  to give the audience some topographical  information, the location and where she is heading to give them a clearer understanding of the advert.
CAMERA ANGLES:-
eye level:-The camera points straight ahead at about the same level as the subject’s face. The main aim is to let the viewer follow the action without any form of disruptions. It doesn’t have to be a shot of the character’s face it can also be an eye level shot of an object by maintaining the  camera angle properly.This camera angle is also used to make the main character  more dominating it can either be below/above the camera. In the advert when the main character is travelling  with her mother inside a vehicle you can see the camera is below the main subject pointing  on her. This portrays the mother's character importance since the main character is doing  all she can to seek money for medication of her sick mother hence portraying some dominance.
Top angle:-This shot looks down on the character from above and can be used indoors or outdoors and also when you want to show the topography of the location. In the advert still when the main character  is travelling  with her mother inside the vehicle we are shown the vehicle travelling  on a dusty road. This shows the camera was pointing  at the subject while it was above the ground to show the subject  and its topographical location.
CAMERA MOVEMENT:-
pan or tilt- The simplest camera movement is a pan or tilt. A pan is when you keep the camera in one place and turn it to the side, and a tilt is when you turn it up or down. In this scenario the advert  has used the pan camera movement. When the subject is using her cellphone on her bed you can see the camera moving horizontally  but still making her the main subject. Therefore  it qualifies  to be a pan camera movement.
feedback
you have explaind the techniques but you fail to give examples from the video adverts you were investigating

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Video editing is the manipulation and arrangement of video shots.It is used to structure and present all video information, films, shows and even advertisements.
Techniques that are in video editing
Standard cuts:- This is when you are filming a scene with a jump forward in time,one uses the jump cut because it creates a forward motion within the story
Montage:- This is a series of quick  cuts that are perfect for showing a story's progression without having to go into too much detail  for each stage of that progression.
Match cuts:- This makes it possible for one to make giant leaps in geographical detail e.g blowing out of a match and the smoke develops to shift the scene from a crowded bar to the blowing sands of the desert.
Apps that can be used for video editing include:-
.Adobe premier
.Kinematic pro
.iMovie
.lumafusion
.filmora pro
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VIDEO EDITING AND LONG VIDEO EDITING
Video editing:- manipulation and arrangement of video shots used to structure and present all video information including  films and television shows
Long video editing:- this is when several video clips from different  tapes are recorded to one single tape in the order of which they should appear. It is mostly applicable in movies,documentaries e.t.c
EXAMPLES OF VIDEO EDITINGS THAT HAVE BEEN DONE ON THE SAFARICOM ADVERT
In the beginning  of the advert you can see a woman being rushed to the casualty for emergency treatment. This is known as baiting which hooks the audience since they would want to know what shall happen after that.
In the advert you can still see that there are more actions compared to speaking since actions make the advert to appear more catchy with actions compared to speaking. In addition  to that, actions give the audience more understanding since you can see what the character  is doing practically in the advert compared to explaining  it theoretically  where the advert can even be misinterpreted since people have different levels of understanding.
The conclusion  of the advert must be correctly edited in order to remain in the memories of the audiece e.g (for example) you can see how well the advert ends since the character ends up achieving her goals which were to raise funds for the treatment of her sick mother.
avoid the use of pronoun" you " instead use "we"
you are telling me I can see , yet theres no advert explanation

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This is the stage design and arrangement  of actors in scenes for a theatre or a film production both in visual arts through  storyboading,cinematography e,t.c.This is what film makers consider  in their creative  process guided by their director.
SETTING:-The setting of a scene – that is, the literal physical space in which something has been shot at and it has a huge impact on the visuals. In the advert you can see a doctor rushing the woman to the casualty and also many patients  lining up for medical attention this clearly tells us that that film was shot in a hospital
DECOR:- This is analyzed as symbolic of something, the production design and the colours that are used or even the colour of the clothes that the audiece might be wearing e.g the advert uses some green colour which also represents the background colours of the company which is green hence representing safaricom.
LIGHTING:- It is a key contributor on how the film feels e.g darkness represents some form of fear. In the advert when the character  is on her bed using her cellphone you can see some form of darkness. In my opinion I think it represents  fear since the character is worried alot on whether her plans will yield fruit of raising money to pay her mother's huge bill.
use of the image above is cool
good analysis  and use of examples

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Sunday     Going through all the advertisements from the files.

Monday   Start doing the assignment on persuasive  techniques e.t.c.

Tuesday  Continue doing the assignments  which have been indicated
on the task

Wednesday Start preparing  a questionnaire regarding on the adverts.

Thursday  Sending out the questionnaire and also noting down some of    the feedbacks given.

Friday    Proofreading  through the assignment making sure everything     is okay then finally submit it.

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In This is a language used in many reasons to help sell products, to convince people to accept a certain view or an idea or even to reduce your opposition's strengths. E.g, politicians use persuasive techniques to get their audience to agree with their views on a particular topic.
Examples:
Flattery- This is when you are complimenting your audience on something  good about them e.g, "A person of your intelligence deserves more than this"

Opinions- this is a personal viewpoint often presented as if it were a fact e.g "  in my view, this is the best thing that has ever happened  to me"

Emotive language- This is to make the audience or the reader feel a particular emotion on something. e.g - "there are thousands of animals at the mercy of our selfishness and disregard for kindness.

In the advert, several persuasive techniques have been used e.g, one of the adverts has used animation where the man is praising the woman to the fullest in order to acquire some bundles from her. We can see that the man flirted her therefore that is an example of a flattery persuasive technique
Another technique used is the advert on "richard mutua wa chapo" we can see the advertiser is using Richards opinions to advertise on their money transfer services. Since mutua is talking about the advantages of using the mpesa money transfer services to persuade the audience,that is an example of an opinion persuasive technique.

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Advertisement structure- the organizational structure  of an advertising  agency consists of the basic elements regardless of the firms size. An account services team manages client relationships, the creative team develops the advertisements and media specialists select the media outlets that will run the ads. A senior management team takes responsibility for the agency's business and financial operations
The senior management team may consist of a chief executive and a finance director if it is a small agency
The account services team deals with the clients and coordinates the work of the agency's management team supervises the work of account executives and take responsibility for a group of accounts. The account executives and assistant account  manage day to day advertising in the firm.
Forms and style of advertising
As a business, some forms of advertising promotions will be more suitable to your business than others, depending on the audience you’re targeting with your promotions as well as what is most cost effective for you and will allow you to reach the largest number of people at once without driving you to bankruptcy. The option should also reflect the environment in which your service or product exists. For example, if your target market spends most of its time on social media, then your promotion should run on social media.
Television form of advertisements
Television is an extremely powerful medium for advertising, in that it can provide reach to a diverse range of people, and it can target very well for certain demographics or interests. Television advertising promotions aren’t simply about the medium. Instead, TV promotion covers a broad spectrum of media at once. You’ve got audio, video, color, text, and pretty much everything else. Therefore, TV promotion has a greater capacity than radio, newspaper, and magazine, to persuade your audience to buy your product and to subscribe to your service.
Safaricom oftenly use  television as a style of advertising  since they are able to reach a larger audience at once and we are all guaranteed that all the fifteen adverts were made in order to be showcased in the television for the audience to view them. The advertisement  also has to be catchy to attract the attention for the audience.

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NARRATION OF THE ADVERTS WHILE COMPARING THEIR OPENING DEVELOPMENT AND CLOSING STRUCTURE 

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NARRATION OF THE ADVERTS WHILE COMPARING THEIR OPENING DEVELOPMENT AND CLOSING STRUCTURE 

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Narrative advertising conveys the core message by telling a story. The present study investigates the persuasion effects and mediation process for narrative ads, as well as how the presentation format of the story (verbal versus visual) may influence consumers' information processing. The results show that argument strength has a positive effect on attitudes when the ad does not contain a narrative story but the effect diminishes for narrative ads.
Firstly we will start by analysing the advert  known as safaricom friends 2002 where we can only see people using cellphones, embracing each other jovial to show their happiness while using the new telecommunication service since safaricom was new at the time. You can see the advertisation method is not that complex and may appear a bit boring to the audiene.
The next advert in the picture is the one titled sambaza Internet  where animation has been fully used. The opening manner is quite attractive  where you can see the huge muscled guy flirting with the young woman. The advertisement continues developing where the muscled guy keeps showing  off his huge muscles in order to acquire some internet bundles from the lady. The advert concludes when another guy steps in to show her the easier way of acquiring internet bundles. The huge bodied guy is left there really disappointed .The advert ends in a nice way which is good enough to remain the minds of the audience.
The third advert is about Richard's Hotel where they are advertising on the money transfer services known as "mpesa where they start by showing Richard and his business this attracts the viewers attention they develop the advert by now showcasing has helped richards restaurant grow despite the challenges he was facing during the covid 19 period. This makes the audience like what the telecommunications company is doing during the tough times.The adverts now concludes by richard now sharing his opinions on how the  money transfer services has helped him during the pandemic's tough times. We can see how the advertisement structure has grew over time and now they are using realistic methods and ways which are really associated with their audiences  lives. This makes the audiences feel at least they are being cared about by the advertiser

ADVERTS TIME
The evolution of advertising has experienced some major milestones over the years, as it’s had to adapt and change to suit new mediums and audiences constantly. Most significantly, it’s become much more personalized throughout history. The one medium that’s had the biggest impact on the history of advertising and huge populations the internet,  television industry and also radio due to their ability  to collect billions of data points on users.
In order to ganner a reasonable number of viewers who will watch and like your content one needs to produce an advert which is kinder related  to the day to day lives or in simpler terms with what is trending.
In the advertisement on safaricom friends, we can see that they are mostly using cellphones since this was what everyone wanted during that time and most of the people looked up to it to be a very big matter to move on you can see in the animations advert where they are advertising data bundles. This is what was trending at the times hence attracting the viewers attention.
To move on we can see the richards  restaurant  been used to advertise the money transfer servives since people are  using cashless services to prevent contamination during this pandemic. In general the advert's timelines keep on changing as peoples lifestyle keep on changing time to time. This can be also been proven on the adverts being showcased on the televisions. We can see brands changing their styles of advertisement  time to time.
ADVERTS MOOD/TONE
To communicate a tone and feel that convinces customers to buy products or services, it is crucial that a company accurately targets a certain demographic of consumers. For example, a company targeting teen-agers may purposely use slang and communicate a sense of coolness or indifference to authority. That approach would not work well, however, if a company targets young mothers; in that case, the company may use a tone of voice that suggests competence and caring.
Still in the safaricom friends 2002 advert they have used  a certain tone to express joy in their advert. We can see the people in the advert are very happy while communicating with their counterparts which also gives the audience a sense of joy while watching  the ad.

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Mise-en-scene
This is the stage design and arrangement  of actors in scenes for a theatre or a film production both in visual arts through  storyboading,cinematography e,t.c.This is what film makers consider  in their creative  process guided by their director.
Colour This is analyzed as symbolic of something, the production design and the colours that are used or even the colour of the clothes that the audiece might be wearing e.g the advert uses some green colour of the Highlands in the maasai land since it also represents their background colour.
Costumes Since the advert is shot at the national park it is linked to tourism therefore the people in the advert are dressed like tourist including the driver and tourists themselves. We can also see the maasai who is exactly dressed with the maasai costumes to represent their culture and heritage
Written codes

Written codes are the formal written language used in a media product. Just like technical and symbolic codes, written codes can be used to advance a narrative, communicate information about a character or issues and themes in the media product.

Written codes include printed language which is text you can see within the frame and how it is presented, and also spoken language, which includes dialogue and song lyrics
They are different spoken codes potrayed in the advertisement. The language style used in the advertisement must be linked to the content of the advert and the audience watching the ad. For instance,the advert titled sambaza Internet has used sheng since then advert is mostly linked to teenagers and teenagers mostly deal with Internet issues compared to any other age group
Technical codes
Camera shots:-
Eye level shot

An Eye Level shot is where the camera is positioned as though it is a human actually observing a scene, so that eg actors' heads are on a level with the focus and the camera will be placed approximately five to six feet from the ground
The eye-level angle is the most common shot. The camera is positioned so the subject can look directly into the lens without moving his eyes up or down -- whether or not the subject actually looks into the lens. It is considered to be emotionally neutral and is best used for straight, factual presentation.
This type of shot has been used when Richard wa chapo restaurant where the camera only points at his face in general but the camera is mainly focused on his eyed. This is used to show that may be the subject is really thinking hard on something or showcase some high levels of concentration on something by the subject.
Camera angle:-
High angle shot
A high-angle shot is a cinematography technique where the camera points down on the subject from above.  High-angle shots are used to make the subject or object seem vulnerable, powerless, or weak.
As the definition  explains, this type of camera shot is when subject is pointed by the camera being high above. In the advertisement known as safaricom  maasai we can see that the camera is pointing  the subject who is the maasai while its high above. In this case this is used to show the subject to be dominating since he is giving a hand of help to fixing the vehicle's tourist
Camera movement:-
Panning is when you move your camera horizontally; either left to right or right to left, while its base is fixated on a certain point. You are not moving the position of the camera itself, just the direction it faces. These types of shots are great for establishing a sense of location within your story.
This movement is mainly potrayed when we want to see the topographical place, what the subject is doing and where he/she is heading to. This type of shot is mainly used when livestreaming football matches.
In the advert titled safaricom maasai this is type of camera movement is used when the driver goes to seek help after the car breaks down.

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A QUESTIONNAIRE THAT WAS CREATED REGARDING  THE ADVERTS

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A QUESTIONNAIRE THAT WAS CREATED REGARDING  THE ADVERTS

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My questionnaire had a total of 16 respondents who really responded well in answering the questions that I asked them in my questionnaire.Indeed, it was not easy to find such a huge number of respondents since they were not that familiar in terms of deeply analysing the adverts. Another challenge that I encountered is some a few respondents did not really answer the questions in terms of how the questions really asked. Some other respondents were even not able to watch all the 15 adverts due to a limited amount of time. Immediately the respondents gave me their feedbacks I really thanked them since it is not really easy for someone to spare his/her time to answer a questionnaire that is not linked to him/her in any way.The respondents who answered the questionnaire some of them are my classmates from the other subjects and others come from my village.
Below is a sample of the questions that I asked and the feedback that I received from them:-

Hello this is Joel kinyanjui carrying out a survey on the safaricoms advers in order to gather some important information. Please remember to be as integral as possible  and your feedbacks shall be highly appreciated

1:which one do you think was the best advert?

2.Please explain why you chose the advert in the previous question to be your best advert.

3.Name on thing that stood out in all those adverts including the one that you said was your best advertisement.

4.On the several adverts you have watched you might have seen something that might have needed some improvement. In which of at least three adverts might needed some improvements? Please explain on your area of improvement.
Question 1:
Most people chose the safaricom maasai advert
Question 2:
In the first question, most people( at least three quaters) preferred to choose the first advertisement known as the safaricom maasai advert since it uses nature to explain its content and also the humour in it.
Question 3:
In this section most people had their own views but five or six people said that the major things that stood out in the advert was humour which appears to be true.
Question 4
Most people said that they could have majored on the use of celebrities. Since their use of words are attractive in addition to that celebrities with huge accounts can be paid to feature the advert on the account hence alot of people end up viewing the advertisement.

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This is the process of planning of elements of video production  e.g script, casting and location on a product especially a film or a broadcasting program before the actual production begins.The shot list also happen during the pre-production scene.

In simpler terms the above article means the tasks that are undertaken before the production begins.

There are three parts in production; Pre-production  which we will be mainly focusing on, production  and lastly post-production.
This type of production formally begins once the film has been given the green light to continue. Keypersons such as the sound editors, videographers, cast, cinematographers, e.t.c are usually set to be ready for the full production.

In pre production , things such as the storyboading and script producing are very vital.A script is a written version play or a movie and it must be there before the actual film is produced since it acts as a guide in the actual production. A script is usually broken into several scenarios with storyboard. (Storyboard) is a sequence of drawings with some directions and dialogues representing the shots planned for a film or a television production.

In the storyboard, the casts, costumes, visual effects  and special effects are usually identified. Finance is normally confirmed during the pre-production to avoid financial constraints during the take of the film.The cast members, director and cinematographers are also usually set.
( ref: https.wikipedia.org)

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STAGES THAT ARE TAKEN DURING THE PRE-PRODUCTION 

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STAGES THAT ARE TAKEN DURING THE PRE-PRODUCTION 

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Stage 1:
Conclusion of the script to be shot
An idea is always needed, one which is used by the film director,  cinematographer, camera crew and the actors.The shooting script should always be ready to shoot by the director calls for the first take of action.
Stage 2:
Creation of storyboards and shot lists:
Storyboards and shots normally go in hand to create a virtual interpretation of the screenplay of the director and cinematographer to reference and also prepare for it. This gives the entire crew a concentration vision and actually can create a view of the film even before the film is created
Stage 3 :
Scouting of the crew
Crew positions might have already been attached or recommended for a project e.g a writer and the storyboard artist should be higher education very early in the process.The production team should work to get the entire team rounded well off in order to avoid the pre-production part to be too much involved when the actual production starts. The earlier the crew gets involved in the production the more valuable their input in the film will be hence the quality of the final production.
Stage 4:
Finding of a suitable shooting location:
In this situation, the directors prefer to do this themselves so inclusion of a director in this should be very key. In most cases it is advised that the entire crew should be involved in this in order to give their opinions on the shooting location. Finding real world locations is important since you'll  want ample time to process necessary permissions and  paper work.
Stage 5:
Creation of a proper budget
This is to make sure that you find the gear that you can afford and also the locations that you intend to use. This is the most serious and important part when it comes to pre-production since your sponsors are oftenly not willing to give any more than they already promised therefore it is advised to put everything into budget in order to avoid financial constraints when it comes to the actual production.It is also always important to stick to the budget throughout the production.
Stage 6:
Gear/costumes:
This also entire on the budget you have arranged. You may choose to shoot may be in Old school form, a classy cellphone or even high quality cameras.When it comes to the background you may either use rental houses of which you can negotiate with the owner properly and you can even negotiate with discounts to be on the safer side.
Stage 7:
Clearance:
Immediately you have accomplished the search on your locations, gear e.t.c, you have to go into paper work. The likes of permits and insurance are the once to be  included in the paper work. Permits are required from municipal governments in order to shoot on public property and location agreements are typically needed  for use of private property. Finally insurance permits are greatly required during the film production to cover the crew and cast..it is always better to be safer than sorry!
Stage 8:
Organise and find the right cast:
One of the most difficult tasks also since one needs a specific type of character which might be hard or even impossible for the director to bet.In other cases you might  find two characters who are even equally the same in terms of what the director  needs and you only need one.This becomes a very hard scenario to be in. This is where other traits now come in when it comes to choosing the best candidate.
Stage 9:
Rehearsals
After putting everything in order now the pre-production should conclude. Actors need their director just as much as the crew does and working with them one on one as an ensemble which will also be a vital part during the pre-production. This is very vital since it enables everyone to become perfectly prepared during the actual production.

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This is a group of people identified as being likely or potential customers to a business. Target audiences share similar demographic traits including,
.Age.
.Gender
.Location
.Education
Target Audience categorisation :

• Demography

Socio-economic data that describe a user. This group includes attributes, such as age, income, education, gender or geographic location. Using demographic data you can target your campaign for example at old people (eg. age 60-74), both genders  female and male from towns with a population larger than for example a million people.

• Interests

This is data about users’ hobbies, passions, things that they are looking for and read about. It can be,  books, movies, music, cars, marketing, parenting or dance. By knowing your customers’ likes and interest you gain meaningful and important information since you know how to sustainably engaged your clients, what product will capture their interests.  For example, you can offer a novel or a storybook for book lovers or newly released song of their favorite artist.

• Purchase intentions

Data that can be crucial especially for e-commerce. Audiences are divided into groups of users who recently looked for a specific product, e.g. laptop, refrigerator or car and did not look for it previously. It means that they want to buy a new thing, but first need to gain more knowledge about the demanded product. Examples of audience types in this groups are Women’s clothing, Skiing, Televisions, Tablets or Vehicles.

In this circumstance I would place my audience using their interest e.g safaricom is using artist whom they make their own  "skiza tunes" and sell them to the community.This make several people to subscribe to Safaricom simply because of their interest which is listening to Music from the favourite artist.

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Market Research is a continuous process for collecting, investigating and interpreting information about a particular market a company operates in or a product/service the company offers for selling in that market, and also about potential and existing competitors and the past, present and potential customers who purchase and consume the offered.

The Importance of Market Research

There is no doubt about the importance of market research. To prove this statement, let’s view why you should research markets. Market research is important for your business because it provides you with the following opportunities:

Increased Sales. Through researching your market you gain valuable information that helps you identify how successful your product/service is likely to be, what the best price you can set for the product/service, and which customers are interested in purchasing and consuming the product/service. Having investigated this information helps you increase sales.

Better Customer Management. The importance of market research is that you can use tools of marketing campaigns (questionnaires, meetings, discussions, messaging) to reach a wide audience of customers, reduce the timeframe within which your product/service reaches the customers, investigate current and future needs and expectations of the customers, and achieve higher customer satisfaction.

Business Growth. As due to market researching your sales tends to an increase and your customer management gets better, your company gains an opportunity for further business growth and development

In our case we intend to do market research in order to understand what the consumers love about our particular product and what they don't like about it  in order to improve it. Market research also makes the consumer feel associated with the making of the product hence even yearn to use it more and more. This is one of the strategies that make a product sale more and also seal its consumers for them not to go supporting other competitors by buying their products.

UNIQUE SELLING POINT (USP)
Also known as unique selling proposal is the essence or something in additional,which makes your product or service better than your competitors products.It is advised that e.g in online marketing, it is important to communicate your USP earlier and quickly to lure your consumers to convert to your website.
In safaricoms products they normally have good unique selling points which are considerable by the consumers e.g the the "MPESA" services which safaricom subscribers can use to transfer money and also paying for goods and services without having any contact with money. This makes many people become interested in this mobile network since they need to transfer money from one place to another at an affordable cost.

Reference https://business.tutsplus.com/articles/why-is-marketing-research-important--cms-31593

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The purpose of the Advertising Standards Code (Code) is to ensure that every advertisement is a responsible advertisement.All advertising must be legal, decent, honest and truthful and respect the principles of fair competition, so that the public can have confidence in advertising.The Principles and Rules set out in this Code are the standards expected in all advertising. Other ASA Codes may also be applicable and many sectors have their own specific advertising requirements – these must also be taken into account.

Definition of Advertisement This means any message, the content of which is controlled directly or indirectly by the advertiser, expressed in any language and communicated in any medium with the intent to influence the choice, opinion or behaviour of those to whom it is addressed.

Application of the CodeThis Code applies to all advertisements placed in any media.Ultimately, the responsibility to be aware of and comply with all aspects of advertising regulation is shared between all the parties to an advertisement, including the advertiser, agencies and media organisations.The Code does not apply to content not controlled by the advertiser or to product labels or packaging. However, when a label or packaging appears in an advertisement it forms part of the advertisement and therefore any visible aspects are covered by the Code.
The Code is made up of two parts:
Principles: The standards expected in advertising.

Rules: Examples, by no means exhaustive, of how the principles are to be interpreted
ADVERTISING CODES IN KENYA
The advertising  society of kenya (ASK) and the Association of Practitioners in Advertising (APA) ,have initiated a review process that is intended to lead to an adoption of a comprehensive and
up-to-date Advertising Code of Practice and Guiding Principles for the Kenyan Market and later for the entire East African Market.
Thus this Kenyan Code of Advertising Practice covers the following aspects of
advertising:-
• General rules in Advertising Practice that include moral issued amidst the three
markets.
• All media and communication channels.
• Guiding principles and recommended complaints procedures.
In this regard, the code establishes an Advertising Standards Body for Kenya (ASBK)
whose principal organ shall be he Advertising Standards Board (ASB).

In advertisement we shall consider the above aspects in terms of consumers contribution and other competitive organisations. For instance, Safaricom when advertising their services they should not mention the names of their competitors or even use their brand colours to diss their competitors since it violates the rules of the advertisement organisations in the country.

Before any advert is released must be verified by this various bodies at an affordable fee before it is officially released for the audienceto watch. Failure to which tough measures are normally taken against the company and the advertisement withdrawn from the public to view.

Reference (https://www.apakenya.co.ke/)

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Technical requirements in a TV production 

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Technical requirements in a TV production 

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Camera
Video camera is the centerpiece of your filmmaking gear package. What camera you choose depends on your budget, the type of shooting you're doing (static, stealth, run-and-gun, etc.) and where you plan to showcase your film (web-only, theater, broadcast, etc). You can shoot a documentary on anything from your iPhone to a DSLR to a top of line digital cinema camera such as the red. Whatever camera you choose, make sure you capture excellent audio and pictures.

Tripod

A necessary piece of equipment to keep your footage looking steady and professional.

Camera Light

Sometimes a nice pop of light from the camera can help fill in ugly shadows. A camera light is a nice accessory to have especially in a documentary/news style shoot where you might not have time for a full 3-point lighting set-up.

Three-Point Lighting Kit

You only really need a lighting kit if you're planning to do a lot of shooting inside. Creating a well lit scene usually involves a 3-way lighting set-up.

Shotgun Microphone

Great audio often separates the pros from the amateurs. Having a shotgun mic prepares you for almost every situation. It's perfect for setting on top of your camera or a boom pole.

Boom Pole

A boom mic set-up comes in handy to capture audio from a group interview, crowd scenes or any situation where you need to gather professional audio quickly.

Shock Mount

Here's the simple gadget needed to turn your shotgun mic into a boom pole mic. A shock mount keeps the mic steady on top of the pole and prevents the mic from picking up "bumping" sounds when the pole is moving around.
Ref: https://www.desktop-documentaries.com/video-production-equipment.html