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How to give directions

To understand street instructions and give directions in English, you have to learn a set of useful words and expressions.

Here are some examples. Click on the pictures below to hear the sounds.

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Asking for and giving directions | English lessons for kids

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To understand street instructions and give directions in English, you have to learn a set of useful words and expressions. Here are some examples. Click on the pictures below to hear the sounds.

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Present Perfect Tense - English grammar tutorial video lesson

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We use the Present Perfect to talk about actions or events in the past that still have an effect on the present moment. The focus is on the result.

https://alfaschool.ru/articles/present-perfect-razobratsya-raz-i-navsegda/

Some more examples:

The taxi has arrived (and it is here).

I have broken that cup (it is broken now).

Where is Ann? She's gone to the mall (she is still there).

How to form Present Perfect

To make the Present Perfect, we use:

have / has + the Past Participle form of the verb

Note: In everyday speech and informal writing we usually use the short form of ' have'/'has'.

- I have no cash, I've spent it on DVDs.
- My team's just won and I'm very happy.

The Past Participle forms of regular verbs end in '-ed ':

But many common verbs have irregular past participle forms, like in the examples below:

When to use Present Perfect

The Present Perfect tense is used to express actions that started in the past but continue to the present. The time of the action or event is not specific.

via https://writingexplained.org/grammar-dictionary/present-perfect-tense

Actions started in the past but stopped recently

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about a recent event or action. Use the adverbs ' just' and ' already ' to emphasize that the event or action is recent and happened before now:

Present Perfect is often used with the words like ' just', ' already', recently', lately', ' still', ' this week/month/year', today', etc. to denote a recent activity or event.

Actions that started in the past but continue to the present

We also use the Present Perfect when we think about the past and present together. We use it for past actions or events that are linked to the present (started in the past and are still happening now):

I've lived in this house for 20 years (I started to live in this house 20 years ago and still live here now).

Jack's lost his hat (he lost his hat recently and still can't find it now).

She's been a famous singer since 2010 (and she still is).

In statements showing an event or situation which began in the past and continues now, we often use time expressions with since and for, e.g. for a week, since yesterday, for a long time, since 2010:

I love my new office, I've worked there for five months already.

Today we celebrate our anniversary, we've been married since 2007.﻿

Lasting actions that occurred in the past but have an effect on the present

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about actions repeated in an unspecified period between the past and now. These actions occurred before the present and occurred over a period of time rather than a single moment in time:

Let's summarize the usages of Present Perfect:

via https://infourok.ru/metodicheskaya-razrabotka-po-teme-nastoyaschee-sovershennoe-vremya-v-angliyskom-yazike-2431137.html

Here's a good video from GoEnglish explaining how to use Present Perfect correctly:

Read more about Present Perfect:
Present Perfect Tense for Experience Present Perfect Tense with 'Just' and 'Yet' Present Perfect for Unfinished Past Present Perfect: Negative & Questions

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We use the Present Perfect to talk about actions or events in the past that still have an effect on the present moment. The focus is on the result. Some more examples: The taxi has arrived (and it is here). I have broken that cup (it is broken now).

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Present Perfect in Negative and Positive Form 

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Present Perfect in Negative and Positive Form 

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Present Perfect in Negative and Question form

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We use the Present Perfect to talk about actions or events in the past that still have an effect on the present moment. The focus is on the result.

Negative sentences

To talk about actions that haven't happened in recent past, we use negative sentences in Present Perfect.

To make negative statements in the Present Perfect, we use:
have / has + not + Past Participle
We often use ' yet ' in negative Present Perfect sentences.

Questions in Present Perfect

We use Present Perfect tense to ask and answer questions about actions or events in the past that still have an effect on the present moment.

via http://begin-english.ru/article/kogda-upotreblyaetsya-present-perfect-tense/

To make questions in the Present Perfect, we should use the following structure:

Yes/No questions

To create a question that will be answered with a 'yes' or 'no', use ' has' / ' have' (or ' hasn't' / ' haven't' for a negative question) + Past Participle form of the verb.

Note: In short positive answers to the Present Perfect questions we use only full forms of 'have'/'has'. In short negative answers we can also use short forms.

We often use the adverb ' ever' when asking questions about events in people's lives. In such questions we put ' ever ' before the past participle:

We often use the adverb ' yet ' when asking questions about actions or events that could have just happened:

Special questions

Special questions (also known as wh-questions) are questions that require more information in their answers. They are made using wh- words such as what, where, when, why, which, who, how, how many, how much.

To make a special question, use the same word order as with yes-no questions but put a wh-word before the verb 'have' or 'has'. The structure is:
wh-word + have / has + [subject] + Past Participle
Use ' How long ...?' to ask for how much time a situation has continued:

See also:
Present Perfect: Statements
Present Perfect for Unfinished Past
Present Perfect with 'Just' and 'Yet'
Present Perfect for Experience

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We use the Present Perfect to talk about actions or events in the past that still have an effect on the present moment. The focus is on the result. To talk about actions that haven't happened in recent past, we use negative sentences in Present Perfect.

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Present Perfect Tense form and structure

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Present Perfect Tense form and structure