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genre shapes the style and expectation, ex. weddings, landscape, portrait, fashion

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describes a common type of image sensor format that's used in film photography.

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The camera uses two lenses of equal focal length, one for viewing and focusing and the other for taking the photograph

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a darkened box with a convex lens or aperture for projecting the image of an external object onto a screen inside.

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The gelatin silver print or gelatin developing out paper (DOP) is a monochrome imaging process based on the light sensitivity of silver halides

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Photo curators collect, exhibit, research and maintain the photo collection at a museum.

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an opportunity, either preplanned or accidental, for the press to photograph a politician, celebrity, or event.

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a gallery, either in a building or on the internet, where photographs are on display.

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Museum photographers take pictures of people, objets d'art, landscapes and other items that a gallery may have on display. They may also take pictures during gallery events, such art show openings. Photographers develop negatives or use the computer to edit photos and produce finished prints.

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The studio proper is the primary artistic work space in a photographic studio. This is where the subject is, the photographer works and the lighting and other necessary equipment is situated.

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An element of art defined by a point moving in space. Line may be two-or three-dimensional, descriptive, implied, or abstract.

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An element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or limited to height and width.

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An element of art that is three-dimensional and encloses volume; includes height, width AND depth (as in a cube, a sphere, a pyramid, or a cylinder). Form may also be free flowing.

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The lightness or darkness of tones or colors. White is the lightest value; black is the darkest. The value halfway between these extremes is called middle gray.

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An element of art by which positive and negative areas are defined or a sense of depth achieved in a work of art .

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An element of art made up of three properties: hue, value, and intensity.

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An element of art that refers to the way things feel, or look as if they might feel if touched.

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In photography symmetry appears when parts of your composition mirror other parts. It is created when two halves of your scene look the same and balance each other out.

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When a photo is asymmetrical, it has unequal visual weight on either side. But those visual elements balance out each other.

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Radial balance is a form of symmetrical balance where elements within an image radiate outwards from a central point.

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The definition of juxtaposition is placing two things together to show contrast or similarities.

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abstraction takes place when a photographer focuses in on a fragment of a natural scene, isolating it from its context. By zeroing in on the color, texture, line, shape, geometry, symmetry, or reflection of a scene, that photographer warps our perception of the real world and familiar objects.

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a directional change in the intensity or color in an image.

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more subdued and gentle.  Cool colors—green, blue and purple—evoke relaxation and calm.

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These colors are called warm colors since they evoke warm feelings in people. Yellow, red, orange and different shades of these colors are warm colors.

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Neutral tones are often earth-colored tones that relate to the natural elements of an outdoor environment. Neutral tones can be the color of sand, the color of water, or the color of dust, for example

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Complementary colors—that is, colors opposite one another on the color wheel—can be used very effectively in visual art, including photography. When juxtaposed, complementary colors make each seem brighter and more vivid, creating a powerful visual effect.

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photos that have only a single colour, with variations of that hue in different tints and shades.

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Constructive criticism focuses on providing constructive feedback, supported by specific examples, to help you improve in some area. Constructive criticism should be offered in a friendly manner with good intentions.

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the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.

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relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these.

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The difference between these two styles is that objective photography tries to show the world as it really is, while subjective photography tries to show the world as the photographer herself sees it. Specific aspects of a picture that can make it objective or subjective are angle, tone, color and intent

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Copyright protects original work, whereas a trademark protects items that distinguish or identify a particular business from another. Copyright is generated automatically upon the creation of original work, whereas a trademark is established through common use of a mark in the course of business.

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The rule of thirds is a composition guideline that places your subject in the left or right third of an image, leaving the other two thirds more open

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Leading lines are lines that appear in a photograph that have been framed and positioned by the photographer to draw the viewer's eye towards a specific point of interest. These lines often draw the viewer's eye in a specific direction or towards a designated portion of the photograph.

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What is the Golden Ratio in Photography? The golden ratio is a ratio of approximately 1.618 to 1. Artists have used this ratio for centuries to create works of art from paintings to architecture.

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Negative space photography is the area surrounding the main subject in a photo that is left unoccupied. Put simply, it is the space around the object itself that helps define the positive space (or main focus).

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Positive space is any part of the photo that jumps out from its surroundings. That includes your subject, for example, along with other noteworthy areas of detail. Negative space is just the opposite — parts of an image that don't attract as much attention, surrounding the positive space and giving it a buffer.

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In lighting design, backlighting is the process of illuminating the subject from the back.

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Diffused light, or soft light, is light that's filtered by something. Sunlight through a sheer curtain is diffused. Light from behind a lampshade is diffused compared to the direct light of a bare bulb.

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Ambient light can be defined as any form of light that you didn't add to your photo. ... Natural ambient light can include things like sunlight, moonlight or fireflies. On the other hand, examples of artificial ambient light include: fireplaces, candles, string lights or lamps.

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an effect of contrasted light and shadow created by light falling unevenly or from a particular direction on something.

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What is silhouette photography? A silhouette is a solid, dark image of a subject against a brighter background.

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two images combined into a single frame or presented together

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type of three-fold art that is typically hinged together as carved panels side by side. ... Triptych photography might involve taking one picture and splitting it into three different parts or shooting three separate photos that are related.

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The word “pixel” means a picture element. Every photograph, in digital form, is made up of pixels. They are the smallest unit of information that makes up a picture. Usually round or square, they are typically arranged in a 2-dimensional grid

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a way of representing a three-dimensional object in two dimensions. It uses different two-dimensional views of the object instead of a single three-dimensional view.

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type of distortion wherein lines that are straight in real life appear to curve inwards (like the walls of a barrel). A good way to check for barrel distortion is to look for parallel lines in the area you are shooting and see if the lines appear parallel in your image.

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Pincushion distortion produces the opposite effect from barrel distortion. Instead of an image curving in, pincushion distortion causes straight lines to curve outwards from the center of the image.

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ISO refers to the sensitivity—the signal gain—of the camera's sensor.

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scale is an arbitrary rating of film speed; that is, the sensitivity of the film to light.

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An image sensor or imager is a sensor that detects and conveys information used to make an image.

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Film grain or granularity is the random optical texture of processed photographic film due to the presence of small particles of a metallic silver, or dye clouds, developed from silver halide that have received enough photons.

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Just like with sound, where noise refers to auditory disruptions, in photography, the term digital noise refers to visual distortion. Noise looks like tiny colored pixels or specks in your photograph, and sometimes resembles the grain that you may see in film photography.

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Aperture refers to the opening of a lens's diaphragm through which light passes. ... Lower f/stops give more exposure because they represent the larger apertures, while the higher f/stops give less exposure because they represent smaller apertures.

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F-stop is the term used to denote aperture measurements on your camera. The aperture controls the amount of light that enters the camera lens, and it's measured in f-stops.

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Focal length, usually represented in millimeters (mm), is the basic description of a photographic lens. ... Lens focal length tells us the angle of view—how much of the scene will be captured—and the magnification—how large individual elements will be.

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Depth of field refers to how much is in focus in front of and behind the subject that is focused upon. “More” depth of field means that more is in focus. “Shallow” depth of field means that very little is in focus other than the subject.

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Bokeh effect is a popular photographic technique which uses blur to focus the viewer's attention on a specific area of an image.

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Automatic Exposure is when the camera chooses the optimum shutter speed, aperture, ISO and flash settings for your shot.

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a full manual control of Aperture and Shutter Speed. In this mode, you can manually set both the aperture and the shutter speed to any value you want – the camera lets you fully take over the exposure controls.

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The Aperture Priority shooting mode allows you to take control of the aperture, whereas the shutter speed and ISO (if you are set on Auto-ISO) are still controlled by your camera. This means that you can adjust the amount of light entering into the camera through the lens.

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refers to a setting on some cameras that allows the user to choose a specific shutter speed while the camera adjusts the aperture to ensure correct exposure.

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the fact that you can fiddle with the shutter speed and aperture combo. Whether you choose Auto or Program, the camera chooses an aperture and shutter speed combination that will give you a good exposure.

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It's the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes. A fast shutter speed creates a shorter exposure — the amount of light the camera takes in — and a slow shutter speed gives the photographer a longer exposure.

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Bulb Mode is an exposure setting that is used when seeking to use a shutter speed of more than 30 seconds. Generally, this would be used in extremely low light situations, such as taking photos of the night sky.

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motion blur is the purposeful streaking or blurring of an object in motion in a photo for visual effect. It's a great technique for capturing movement in a still image, and is often used in both nature photography and sports photography.

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A monopod is a device for camera stabilization that has a single leg. Monopods are similar to tripods, albeit with 1/3 the leg in that they usually use a quick release plate to affix the camera to a head that is screwed into the leg.

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Camera shake is a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images. This generally occurs more often if you're shooting on a low shutter speed or with a heavy lens, and can be avoided by using a tripod and cable release setup.

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Long-exposure, time-exposure, or slow-shutter photography involves using a long-duration shutter speed to sharply capture the stationary elements of images while blurring, smearing, or obscuring the moving elements.

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denoting the photographic technique of taking a sequence of frames at set intervals to record changes that take place slowly over time. When the frames are shown at normal speed, or in quick succession, the action seems much faster.

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Light painting, painting with light, light drawing, or light art performance photography are terms that describe photographic techniques of moving a light source while taking a long exposure photograph, either to illuminate a subject or space, or to shine light at the camera to 'draw', or by moving the camera itself

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Panning photography freezes objects in motion in a still frame. Explore ways to pan your camera, what shutter speed to use, and other ways to add action to your shots.

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A high-speed camera mode that is often used for shooting sports and other action events. Also called "continuous still recording," it allows still images to be taken in rapid succession so that the best photo can be selected later.

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Spot metering allows the camera to measure the light reflected from the person's face and expose properly for that, instead of adjusting exposure for the much brighter light around the hairline. With the face properly exposed, the area around the back and hairline will become over-exposed.

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Partial Metering is a camera-metering mode in which the metering is weighted at the center of the viewfinder

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Center weighted metering is a camera metering mode. ... For example, if you are shooting a natural light portrait and have placed your subject in the center of the frame, the camera will determine the correct exposure for their face while placing a significantly lesser importance on the background.

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Evaluative metering is the default metering mode on most cameras. It ensures that the camera will automatically adjust to the right exposure setting even when the ambient lighting shows greater contrast.

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18% grey comes from the world of print,m and is based on reflection. An 18% grey card reflects back 18% of the light that hits it. And it is actually the geometric mean between white paper

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exposure of the shadow to add or remove darkness from the image, and the increased dramatic depth of a photo.

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all luminance values that are not dark or light are considered to be mid-tones. Most of the time our camera meter will attempt to expose for this average brightness when in 'Automatic Mode. '

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the lightest elements in an image, whereas shadows are the darkest areas. Dynamic range is the ratio between those vivid highlights and dark shadows, from bright white to pure black.

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a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos. It can be an intentional effect to highlight certain aspects of the image or as a result of using the wrong settings, equipment or lens when taking a photo.

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a specialized treatment to give a black-and-white photographic print a warmer tone and to enhance its archival qualities. The metallic silver in the print is converted to a sulfide compound, which is much more resistant to the effects of environmental pollutants such as atmospheric sulfur compounds.

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An AF point is a specific part of the frame where the camera is able to focus on something. When looking through the viewfinder, these points are denoted by small squares clustered around the centre of the frame.

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general technique of taking several shots of the same subject using different camera settings. ... When set, it will automatically take several bracketed shots, rather than the photographer altering the settings by hand between each shot.

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This amount of light is exposure. Simply put, the amount of light that enters the camera hitting the camera sensor is called exposure. If not enough light enters the camera and reaches the digital sensor, the image will be too dark or underexposed.

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photographers to override exposure settings picked by camera's light meter, in order to darken or brighten images before they are captured

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adjusting colors so that the image looks more natural. We go through the process of adjusting colors to primarily get rid of color casts, in order to try to resemble the colors in our images with reality.

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Go up to the Window menu, choose Workspace, and then choose New Workspace. Or, click on the Workspace icon and choose New Workspace. In the New Workspace dialog box, enter the exact same name as the existing workspace

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The toolbar is where Photoshop holds the many tools we have to work with. There are tools for making selections, for cropping and retouching images, for adding shapes and type, and many more!

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Palettes [shown right] are groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image. Photoshop contains over two dozen palettes that can be shown or hidden by using the Window menu and selecting the palette you wish to reveal.

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The menu bar is used to open and save files, adjust the canvas size, access some of the editing tools, open and close various windows, and more. The menu bar consists of 11 items: File, Edit, Image, Layer, Select, Filter, Analysis, 3D, View, Window, and Help.