# data[].attributes.body
mass production

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ownw35-LRa4

# data[].attributes.body
The only reason companies using this strategy succeeded was because of the limited reach of other imported products. This worked until the 1920s when imported goods became more widely available to stores in America.

To reduce production costs, more and more machines were used in factories to reduce the amount of hired labor needed.

https://theomarketingeras.weebly.com/production-era.html

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Production Era stretched from the end of the American Civil war to the early 1920's. The main goal of this Era was to reduce production costs and sell a product for cheaper. If a Product could be...

# data[].attributes.headline
In this time-honored craft, Britain's wood shortage necessitated a switch from wood charcoal to coke, a coal product, in the smelting process. Experimentation led to some other advances in metallurgical methods during the 18th century.

# data[].attributes.subject
In this time-honored craft, Britain's wood shortage necessitated a switch from wood charcoal to coke, a coal product, in the smelting process. Experimentation led to some other advances in metallurgical methods during the 18th century.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/industrial-revolution-and-technology/9th-grade/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Whether it was mechanical inventions or new ways of doing old things, innovations powered the Industrial Revolution.

Subjects

Social Studies, World History

Image

Steam Engine Queens Mill

The use of steam-powered machines in cotton production pushed Britain's economic development from 1750 to 1850. Built more than 100 years ago, this steam engine still powers the Queens Mill textile factory in Burnley, England, United Kingdom.

Photograph by Ashley Cooper

It has been said that the Industrial Revolution was the most profound revolution in human history, because of its sweeping impact on people's daily lives. The term "industrial revolution" is a succinct catchphrase to describe a historical period, starting in 18th-century Great Britain, in which the pace of change appeared to speed up. This acceleration in the processes of technological innovation brought about an array of new tools and machines. It also involved more subtle practical improvements in various fields affecting labor, production, and resource use. The word "technology" (which derives from the Greek word techne, meaning art or craft), encompasses both of these dimensions of innovation.

The technological revolution, and that sense of ever-quickening change, began much earlier than the 18th century and has continued all the way to the present day. Perhaps what was most unique about the Industrial Revolution was its merger of technology with industry. Key inventions and innovations served to shape virtually every existing sector of human activity along industrial lines, while also creating many new industries. The following are some key examples of the forces driving change.

Agriculture

Western European farming methods had been improving gradually over the centuries. Several factors came together in 18th-century Britain to bring about a substantial increase in agricultural productivity. These included new types of equipment, such as the seed drill developed by Jethro Tull around 1701. Progress was also made in crop rotation and land use, soil health, development of new crop varieties, and animal husbandry. The result was a sustained increase in yields, capable of feeding a rapidly growing population with improved nutrition. The combination of factors also brought about a shift toward large-scale commercial farming, a trend that continued into the 19th century and later. Poorer peasants had a harder time making ends meet through traditional subsistence farming. The enclosure movement, which converted common-use pasture land into private property, contributed to this trend toward market-oriented agriculture. A great many rural workers and families were forced by circumstance to migrate to the cities to become industrial laborers.

Energy

Deforestation in England had led to a shortage of wood for lumber and fuel starting in the 16th century. The country's transition to coal as a principal energy source was more or less complete by the end of the 17th century. The mining and distribution of coal set in motion some of the dynamics that led to Britain's industrialization. The coal-fired steam engine was in many respects the decisive technology of the Industrial Revolution.

Steam power was first applied to pump water out of coal mines. For centuries, windmills had been employed in the Netherlands for the roughly similar operation of draining low-lying flood plains. Wind was and is a readily available and renewable energy source, but its irregularity was considered to be a drawback. Water power was a more popular energy source for grinding grain and other types of millwork in most of preindustrial Europe. By the last quarter of the 18th century, however, thanks to the work of the Scottish engineer James Watt and his business partner Matthew Boulton, steam engines achieved a high level of efficiency and versatility in their design. They swiftly became the standard power supply for British, and later, European industry. The steam engine turned the wheels of mechanized factory production. Its emergence freed manufacturers from the need to locate factories on or near sources of water power. Large enterprises began to concentrate in rapidly growing industrial cities.

In this time-honored craft, Britain's wood shortage necessitated a switch from wood charcoal to coke, a coal product, in the Metallurgy smelting process. The substitute fuel eventually proved highly beneficial for iron production. Experimentation led to some other advances in metallurgical methods during the 18th century. For example, a certain type of furnace that separated the coal and kept it from contaminating the metal, and a process of "puddling" or stirring the molten iron, both made it possible to produce larger amounts of wrought iron. Wrought iron is more malleable than cast iron and therefore more suitable for fabricating machinery and other heavy- industrial applications.

Textiles

The production of fabrics, especially cotton, was fundamental to Britain's economic development between 1750 and 1850. Those are the years that historians commonly use to bracket the Industrial Revolution. In this period, the organization of cotton production shifted from a small-scale cottage industry, in which rural families performed spinning and weaving tasks in their homes, to a large, mechanized, factory-based industry. The boom in productivity began with a few technical devices, including the spinning jenny, spinning mule, and power loom. First human, then water, and finally steam power were applied to operate power looms, carding machines, and other specialized equipment. Another well-known innovation was the cotton gin, invented in the United States in 1793. This device spurred an increase in cotton cultivation and export from U.S. slave states, a key British supplier.

Chemicals

This industry arose partly in response to the demand for improved bleaching solutions for cotton and other manufactured textiles. Other chemical research was motivated by the quest for artificial dyes, explosives, solvents, fertilizers, and medicines, including pharmaceuticals. In the second half of the 19th century, Germany became the world's leader in industrial chemistry.

Transportation

Concurrent with the increased output of agricultural produce and manufactured goods arose the need for more efficient means of delivering these products to market. The first efforts toward this end in Europe involved constructing improved overland roads. Canals were dug in both Europe and North America to create maritime corridors between existing waterways. Steam engines were recognized as useful in locomotion, resulting in the emergence of the steamboat in the early 19th century. High-pressure steam engines also powered railroad locomotives, which operated in Britain after 1825. Railways spread rapidly across Europe and North America, extending to Asia in the latter half of the 19th century. Railroads became one of the world's leading industries as they expanded the frontiers of industrial society.

Media Credits

The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited.

Director

Tyson Brown, National Geographic Society

Production Managers

Gina Borgia, National Geographic Society

Jeanna Sullivan, National Geographic Society

Program Specialists

Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society, National Geographic Society

Margot Willis, National Geographic Society

other

Last Updated

October 19, 2023

For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. They will best know the preferred format. When you reach out to them, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource.

Media

If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media.

Text

Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service.

Interactives

Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. You cannot download interactives.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Whether it was mechanical inventions or new ways of doing old things, innovations powered the Industrial Revolution.

# data[].attributes.body
Managers began to pay more attention to the markets for their goods and services and sales, so they envisioned a process of determining what consumers wanted and needed and then designing products to satisfy those needs.

# data[].attributes.headline
An industrial entrepreneur is one  who establishes an enterprise that manufacture products or provide services which are highly in demand, they exploit the economics resources to economically viable ventures

# data[].attributes.subject
An industrial entrepreneur is one  who establishes an enterprise that manufacture products or provide services which are highly in demand, they exploit the economics resources to economically viable ventures

# data[].attributes.body
The consumers valued the price of a product over its quality.

https://www.era-susan.eu/

# data[].attributes.headline
"It moved business operations from an emphasis on independent, skilled workers who specialized in building products one by one to a factory system that mass down produced items"

# data[].attributes.subject
"It moved business operations from an emphasis on independent, skilled workers who specialized in building products one by one to a factory system that mass down produced items"

# data[].attributes.body
With this, the factories benefited from the savings generated by large-scale production. The number of factories increased and with that the pollution. Products were no longer made solely by hand.

Chen, J. (2021, 7 August). How the Industrial Revolution Changed Business and Society. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/industrial-revolution.asp

# data[].attributes.headline
With the help of a steam engine attached to machines, Britain outproduced India (until then world's leading producer of cotton cloth). 

# data[].attributes.subject
With the help of a steam engine attached to machines, Britain outproduced India (until then world's leading producer of cotton cloth). 

# data[].attributes.body
In 1776, James Watt designed an engine in which burning coal produced steam, which drove a piston assisted by a partial vacuum. After a hundred years and a lot of improvements, engines burned 10 times more efficiently.
This was the first step to begin a revolution around the world involving machines and business.

Stokes, C. (s. f.). The Industrial Revolution (article). Khan Academy. Recuperado 23 de agosto de 2021, de https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/big-history-project/acceleration/bhp-acceleration/a/the-industrial-revolution

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Fossil Fuels, Steam Power, and the Rise of Manufacturing

Abundant fossil fuels, and the innovative machines they powered, launched an era of accelerated change that continues to transform human society.

The Transformation of the World

Try to imagine what your life would be like without any machines working for you. Make a list of the machines in your household and on your person; you may arrive at a surprising number.

Now imagine earlier generations during their childhood years. How did they move from place to place? How did they communicate? What foods did they eat?

At one time, humans, fueled by the animals and plants they ate and the wood they burned, or aided by their domesticated animals, provided most of the energy in use. Windmills and waterwheels captured some extra energy, but there was little in reserve. All life operated within the fairly immediate flow of energy from the Sun to Earth.

Everything changed during the Industrial Revolution, which began around 1750. People found an extra source of energy with an incredible capacity for work. That source was fossil fuels - coal, oil, and natural gas, though coal led the way - formed underground from the remains of plants and animals from much earlier geologic times. When these fuels were burned, they released energy, originally from the Sun, that had been stored for hundreds of millions of years.

Coal was formed when huge trees from the Carboniferous period (345- 280 million years ago) fell and were covered with water, so that oxygen and bacteria could not decay them. Instead, the pressure of the weight of materials above them compressed them into dark, carbonic, ignitable rock.

Most of the Earth's oil and gas formed over a hundred million years ago from tiny animal skeletons and plant matter that fell to the bottom of seas or were buried in sediment. This organic matter was compacted by the weight of water and soil. Coal, oil, and gas, despite their relative abundance, are not evenly distributed on Earth; some places have much more than others, due to geographic factors and the diverse ecosystems that existed long ago.

Early Steam Engines

The story of the Industrial Revolution begins on the small island of Great Britain. By the early 18th century, people there had used up most of their trees for building houses and ships and for cooking and heating. In their search for something else to burn, they turned to the hunks of black stone (coal) that they found near the surface of the earth. Soon they were digging deeper to mine it. Their coal mines filled with water that needed to be removed; horses pulling up bucketfuls proved slow going.

To the rescue came James Watt (1736-1819), a Scottish instrument-maker who in 1776 designed an engine in which burning coal produced steam, which drove a piston assisted by a partial vacuum. (There had been earlier steam engines in Britain, and also in China and in Turkey, where one was used to turn the spit that roasts a lamb over a fire.) Its first application was to more quickly and efficiently pump water out of coal mines, to better allow for extraction of the natural resource, but Watt's engine worked well enough to be put to other uses; he became a wealthy man. After his patent ran out in 1800, others improved upon his engine. By 1900 engines burned 10 times more efficiently than they had a hundred years before.

At the outset of the 19th century, British colonies in North America were producing lots of cotton, using machines to spin the cotton thread on spindles and to weave it into cloth on looms. When they attached a steam engine to these machines, they could easily outproduce India, up until then the world's leading producer of cotton cloth. One steam engine could power many spindles and looms. This meant that people had to leave their homes and work together in factories.

Early in the 19th century the British also invented steam locomotives and steamships, which revolutionized travel. In 1851 they held the first world's fair, at which they exhibited telegraphs, sewing machines, revolvers, reaping machines, and steam hammers to demonstrate they that were the world's leading manufacturer of machinery. By this time the characteristics of industrial society - smoke rising from factories, bigger cities and denser populations, railroads - could be seen in many places in Britain.

Why Britain?

Britain wasn't the only place that had deposits of coal. So why didn't the Industrial Revolution begin in China, or somewhere else that boasted this natural resource? Did it start in isolation in Britain, or were there global forces at work that shaped it? Was it geography or cultural institutions that mattered most? Historians have vigorously debated these questions, amassing as much evidence as possible for their answers.

Possible reasons why industrialization began in Britain include:

Shortage of wood and the abundance of convenient coal deposits

Commercial-minded aristocracy; limited monarchy

System of free enterprise; limited government involvement

Government support for commercial projects, for a strong navy to protect ships

Cheap cotton produced by slaves in North America

Rule of law; protection of assets

Valuable immigrants (Dutch, Jews, Huguenots [French Protestants])

Possible reasons why industrialization did not begin in China include:

Location of China's coal, which was in the north, while economic activity was centered in the south

Rapid growth of population in China, giving less incentive for machines and more for labor-intensive methods

Confucian ideals that valued stability and frowned upon experimentation and change

Lack of Chinese government support for maritime explorations, thinking its empire seemed large enough to provide everything needed

China's focus on defending self from nomadic attacks from the north and west

Global forces influencing the development of industrialization in Britain include:

Britain's location on the Atlantic Ocean

British colonies in North America, which provided land, labor, and markets

Silver from the Americas, used in trade with China

Social and ideological conditions in Britain, and new thoughts about the economy, that encouraged an entrepreneurial spirit

By the way, if you're wondering what oil and natural gas were doing while coal was powering the Industrial Revolution, they had been discovered long before and were in use, but mostly as fuels for lamps and other light sources. It wasn't until the mid-20th century that oil caught up - and surpassed - coal in use.

The Spread of the Industrial Revolution

Britain tried to keep secret how its machines were made, but people went there to learn about them and took the techniques back home. Sometimes they smuggled the machines out in rowboats to neighboring countries. The first countries after Britain to develop factories and railroads were Belgium, Switzerland, France, and the states that became Germany. Building a national railroad system proved an essential part of industrialization. Belgium began its railroads in 1834, France in 1842, Switzerland in 1847, and Germany in the 1850s.

Industrialization began in the United States when Samuel Slater emigrated from Britain to Rhode Island in 1789 and set up the first textile factory on U.S soil. He did this from memory, having left Britain without notes or plans that could have been confiscated by British authorities. Francis Cabot Lowell, of Massachusetts, visited Britain from 1810 to 1812 and returned to set up the first power loom and the first factory combining mechanical spinning and weaving in the States. Railroad construction in America boomed from the 1830s to 1870s. The American Civil War (1861-65) was the first truly industrial war - the increasingly urbanized and factory-based North fighting against the agriculture-focused South - and industrialization grew explosively afterward. By 1900 the United States had overtaken Britain in manufacturing, producing 24 percent of the world's output.

After 1870 both Russia and Japan were forced by losing wars to abolish their feudal systems and to compete in the industrializing world. In Japan, the monarchy proved flexible enough to survive through early industrialization. In Russia, a profoundly rural country, the czar and the nobility undertook industrialization while trying to retain their dominance. Factory workers often worked 13-hour days without any legal rights. Discontent erupted repeatedly, and eventually a revolution brought the Communist party to power in 1917.

Industrialized nations used their strong armies and navies to colonize many parts of the world that were not industrialized, gaining access to the raw materials needed for their factories, a practice known as imperialism. In 1800 Europeans occupied or controlled about 34 percent of the land surface of the world; by 1914 this had risen to 84 percent.

Britain led the 19th-century takeovers and ended the century with the largest noncontiguous empire the world has ever known. ("The sun never sets on the British Empire," as the British liked to say.) Britain exerted great influence in China and the Ottoman Empire without taking over direct rule, while in India, Southeast Asia, and 60 percent of Africa, it assumed all governmental functions.

In the last decade of the 19th century most European nations grabbed for a piece of Africa, and by 1900 the only independent country left on the continent was Ethiopia. After World War II (1939-1945) Europe's colonies demanded their independence, which didn't always happen immediately or without conflict but eventually took root. Now, in the early 21st century, Brazil, China, and India are becoming economic powerhouses, while many European countries are enduring troubled economic times.

Consequences of the Industrial Revolution

The statistics that reflect the effects of industrialization are staggering. In 1700, before the widespread use of fossil fuels, the world had a population of 670 million people. By 2011 the world's population had reached 6.7 billion, a 10-fold increase in a mere 300 years. In the 20th century alone, the world's economy grew 14-fold, the per capita income grew almost fourfold, and the use of energy expanded at least 13-fold. This kind of growth has never before occurred in human history.

Many people around the world today enjoy the benefits of industrialization. With so much more energy flowing through human systems than ever before, many of us must do much less hard physical labor than earlier generations did. People today are able to feed more babies and bring them to adulthood. Many people vote and participate in modern states, which provide education, social security, and health benefits. Large numbers of people enjoy levels of wealth, health, education, travel, and life expectancy unimagined before industrialization.

The benefits of industrialization, however, have come at great cost. For one thing, the rate of change (acceleration) is now so rapid that individuals and social systems struggle to keep up. And strong arguments can be made about depersonalization in the age of mass production.

The increased complexity of the industrial system has also brought increased fragility. Industrialization depends on the interaction of many diverse components, any one of which could fail. We know that many of the essential components of the industrial system, and the natural resources it depends on, are being compromised - the soil, the oceans, the atmosphere, the underground water levels, plants, and animals are all at risk. Will growth continue unchecked, or are we approaching the end of an unsustainable industrial era? Whatever the future holds, we'll be debating - and dealing with - the consequences of modernization for years to come.

For Further Discussion

The innovations of the Industrial Revolution transformed textile production. Can you think of innovations today in some other industry that are transforming that industry and changing the way humans live? Share your answer in the Questions Area below. Then, respond to someone else's answer, commenting on the characteristics of that transformation that either make it similar to or different from what happened in the Industrial Revolution.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
READ: The Industrial Revolution (article) | Khan Academy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.

# data[].attributes.headline
Characteristics of Industrial Entrepreneurs Age

# data[].attributes.subject
Characteristics of Industrial Entrepreneurs Age

# data[].attributes.body
In this link you can find some of the characteristics of this age, such as the emphasis on producing more goods faster or the mass production by semiskilled worked.
https://business-finance.blurtit.com/55464/the-age-of-the-industrial-entrepreneur-is-characterized-by-what

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Industrial age saw a lot of advancement in manufacturing techniques and entrepreneurs and the business community during this age prospered greatly. There was a shift in manufacturing from using man power and labour to the use of machines that were steam powered and consumed coal.

The age was led by Britain as she benefited greatly from the markets in the form of her colonies that were already present for goods manufactured there. There was a decline and discouragement of local industries in domestic markets. Innovation was the thing of the hour and soon new technologies like electric generation and the steam engine appeared.

Locomotives also developed greatly as gods needed to be moved. It is sometimes believed that the reason why Britain excelled in this day and age over her contemporaries is the fact that there existed a unique entrepreneurial class that believed in hard work, progress and technology.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Age Of The Industrial Entrepreneur Is Characterized By What?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Industrial age saw a lot of advancement in manufacturing techniques and entrepreneurs and the business community during this age prospered greatly. There was a shift in manufacturing from using man power and labour to the use of machines that were steam powered and consumed coal.

# data[].attributes.body
The relationship era is the moment when the business look for the way they can increase and see the loyalty of the customers by studying the interactions.
They see the long-lasting relationship with the customers with prospect.
Anahí

# data[].attributes.body
Thanks to The Great Depression sales decreased so the companies were forced to look for new methods to sell again their product, realizing that the marketing was the clue.

# data[].attributes.body
The Relationship Era was
companies are looking for a different approach to customers, longer term and looking for ways to promote customer loyalty, thus reducing advertising costs and have more customers.
The relationships Era is an age of connections: between companies and customers, employers and employees, technology and manufacturing, and even companies.

# data[].attributes.body
Production oriented businesses

High production efficiency

Low price

Mass distribution

https://www.marketingstudyguide.com/production-era/

# data[].attributes.headline
 "The main features involved in the Industrial Revolution were technological, socioeconomic, and cultural."

# data[].attributes.subject
 "The main features involved in the Industrial Revolution were technological, socioeconomic, and cultural."

# data[].attributes.body
The changes included: using new sources of energy, the use of new basic materials, the invention of new machines, a new organization to work, etc.
There were also improvements at agriculture, political, economical, social and cultural aspects.
source: https://www.britannica.com/event/Industrial-Revolution

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Industrial Revolution | Definition, History, Dates, Summary, & Facts

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Industrial Revolution, in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. The process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world, driving changes in energy use, socioecon…

# data[].attributes.body
Marketing Era: Marketing, as it exists today, is a relatively recent phenomenon that really began prior to the twentieth century.people made most of what they consumed. Any excess household production could be brought to town and sold or traded for other goods. This type of economy is commonly referred to as a pure subsistence economy.

# data[].attributes.body
The colonial business depended on the prosperity of the plantations, the success or unsuccess of this influence on the economics of the colonial business.
Sources: word archive Six Eras In the History of Business

# data[].attributes.body
In the Relationship Era apart from making long-lasting relationships with costumers it would also allow you to have a successful business that can reduce their overall cost as well as having long term relationships with costumers that allowed the business to improve their focus towards their understanding "of what customers
want and prefer from the company." For example, companies such as Disney, apple, and many more that have created a bond with their customers.

https://www.copper.com/resources/relationship-era-rise

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Relationship Management

In 2017, subscription businesses grew 8x faster than the old guard of S&P 500 companies.

This latest generation of startups has harnessed the power of data enrichment, automation and AI, and used it to build customer relationships that are longer and stronger than any that have come before.

To succeed in this new Relationship Era, companies need to follow the example set by breakout companies like Zendesk, Airbnb, Virgin America (RIP) and Spotify, focusing their energy on a single guiding principle: great customer relationships are no longer a nice-to-have-they're essential to sustainable growth.

The Evolution of Customer Relationships

The biggest success stories of the 20th century were the companies that built the strongest brand relationships. The likes of Apple, Disney, Nike and Coca-Cola were expert brand builders, crafting emotive, often polarizing stories that became part and parcel of their customers' own identities. Instead of cultivating loyalty to a single product, their customers became loyal to the brand, buying products because they believed in the company's vision more than the products themselves.

But today's breakout companies have taken relationship building to a new level. Instead of connecting with their customers through the broad brushstrokes of brand marketing, companies like Box, Zendesk and Nest are using technology to build intimate, personal relationships with every customer. These relationships have fueled each company to new heights, disrupting entire industries virtually overnight.

At the heart of these success stories were three big shifts:

The subscription model creates a financial incentive for long-lasting customer relationships: the longer you maintain a relationship, the more revenue your company generates.

Automation and AI provide the tools necessary to manage one-on-one relationships at scale, stripping out manual data entry and wasted time.

Widespread competition-3.17 startups are created each second and, in the face of so much competition, exceptional customer experiences are a major differentiator.

The Relationship Era

As a result of these shifts, every industry-whether B2B or B2C-is dominated by the handful of companies that have been able to build these intimate customer relationships:

Travel → Airbnb, HotelTonight, Starwood Hotels

Entertainment → Spotify, Netflix, Hulu

Services → Amazon, Whole Foods

Consumer Goods → Nike, Zappos

Transport → Tesla, Lyft, Peugeot

Tech → Zendesk, Clearbit, Square, Ring

These relationship companies have fundamentally changed the way companies relate to their customers. Now, we're living in a new Relationship Era, where intimate customer relationships and deeply personalized customer experiences are no longer a nice-to-have: they're the de facto way of doing business and the bare minimum required to meet customer expectations.

To succeed in the Relationship Era, companies need to learn lessons from the stellar success stories of the past decade and harness the four principles these breakout companies have used to drive their incredible growth trajectories.

1. Everyone is a Relationship Maker

The modern customer journey is longer and more complex than ever before, spanning blog posts, demos, free trials, sales conversations and support tickets. As a result, the customer relationship is no longer siloed to a single part of the company: everyone, from sellers to developers, has a direct influence on the customer relationship.

Video-platform Wistia understands the importance of real, human connection throughout the customer journey.

Every member of their team directly contributes to the customer experience:

Cold emails are personalized with short video snippets, called "video voicemails."

Sales, operations and support teams share their expertise through helpful blog posts and video resources.

Even the company's CEO shares honest, open accounts about the team's culture and beliefs.

Every interaction with the company, whether you're a brand-new prospect or a long-term customer, is guided by the helping hand of a real human, from Shannon the sales adviser to Chris the CEO.

The relationships Wistia builds extend deeper than the brand level: every customer is making a genuine, human connection at every stage of the sales process. That means that every purchase decision-from a first-time purchase to the tenth renewal-is motivated as much by trust and friendship as it is by price and functionality.

2. Modern Software Builds Stronger Relationships

The tools you use can either help or hinder your relationships. CRM software is a perfect example: the first iterations of CRM were designed for deal management and functioned as simple databases containing records of every sale.
The purpose of CRM has been evolving, from the order management tools of the 1980s, to today's relationship-centric CRMs.
Today, some CRM systems-like Salesforce -still toe this line. They're great for recording deal data but powerless to capture insights from the myriad other interactions that occur between the customer and the business: phone calls, face-to-face meetings, social media messages, live chat conversations, support requests, and so on.

The latest generation of sales tools is designed to fit seamlessly into these conversations, whether it's Copper for CRM, Intercom for live chat or Mention for social media monitoring. Instead of relying on a clunky, all-in-one suite, relationship-centric companies are building best-in-class toolstacks to capture every customer interaction-no matter where it happens.

When it comes time for a sales call, this extra insight is the difference between success and failure; between offering timely, contextual advice or sticking to the same tired sales script; between sharing a helpful, relevant sales deck or sending the same presentation that the prospect read a month ago.

3. Create Customer Experiences That Delight

In the Relationship Era, consumers have more choice than ever before and, thanks to the popularity of month-to-month contracts and free trials, there are no barriers to ditching a vendor that doesn't live up to expectations. In this new world, "good" customer experiences aren't good enough: every interaction with your business needs to delight.

This expectation spans your entire business. Many of today's business tools-think Slack and G Suite-have user interfaces that are simpler and more intuitive to use than most consumer products. Now, consumers expect their products and services to just work, without complex setup or configuration.

The same applies to customer support. Airbnb-one of the front-runners of the Relationship Era-monitors every communication channel at its disposal-email, support, social media-looking for opportunities to proactively solve its customers' problems.

Many of these conversations are between guests and property owners, with no need for Airbnb's support teams to get involved. This was the case when a property owner shared their difficulties sourcing a stroller for their upcoming guests; but instead of leaving the owner to their own devices, the company chose to intervene and deliver a stroller straight to their apartment.

There are hundreds of ways to book a holiday property-through hotels, lettings agencies or even Airbnb's competitors. Much of the experience at these companies is comparable: you pick a property, place a deposit and turn up. But by seeking out opportunities to proactively help owners and guests, Airbnb set itself apart from its rivals. Though it costs the company in manpower and cash, its efforts pay dividends in gratitude, long-term loyalty and future purchases.

4. Personalize Every Product Experience

Companies like Clearbit and Spotify are experts at personalizing the customer experience, from your first website visit to your hundredth app login. By collecting data from multiple sources, every interaction is geared towards your individual needs:

Data enrichment services automatically reveal detailed demographic data.

Behavioral analytics provide insights into how people interact with your website and products.

Customer surveys provide qualitative feedback on every product experience.

For example, Clearbit uses information about a customer's industry and job title to trigger personalized onboarding emails, steering users to the features they'll get the most value from.

A customer with a marketing-specific title-CMO or VP Marketing-gets sent a tailor-made email offering advice on integrations with popular marketing tools and providing quick links to get started with marketing-specific functionality, like adding data to a spreadsheet of email addresses.

These features are unlikely to appeal to a developer, so customers with development experience-CTO or a Lead Developer-get fast-tracked to the company's API.

The more customer data a company has at its disposal, the easier it becomes to create these perfect product experiences. Every user can be fast-tracked to the features they'll benefit most from using while sidestepping complex or irrelevant functionality. It becomes quicker and easier for them to hit their goals, and every app login and website visit becomes a memorable product experience.

The Relationship Era Is Here

The Relationship Era has been ushered in by the likes of Zendesk and Airbnb, but it's here to stay. Today's customers have higher expectations of businesses than ever before and, to succeed in the new era, companies need to fundamentally change how they view their customer relationships.

But with this change in attitude comes a huge opportunity. We're right at the beginning of the Relationship Era and, by focusing all of their energy on deeply personalized, memorable customer experiences, every company has a chance to become a market leader.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Relationship Management In 2017, subscription businesses grew 8x faster than the old guard of S&P 500 companies. This latest generation of startups has harnessed the power of data enrichment, automation and AI, and used it to build customer relationships that are longer and stronger than any that have come before.

# data[].attributes.body
In the Industrial Age of the 1800s, entrepreneurs launched manufacturing facilities that employed local workers. It was in the 1900s that a new type of entrepreneur, the consultant, first emerged, hired by manufacturers to survey their methods and make recommendations for improving efficiency.
source:
https://www.vault.com/industries-professions/industries/entrepreneurship#:~:text=In%20the%20Industrial%20Age%20of,make%20recommendations%20for%20improving%20efficiency.

# data[].attributes.body
The relationship era is an age of connections between businesses, customers, employers, technology, manufacturing, and even separate companies. In this new environment, techniques for managing networks of people, businesses, information,
and technology are critically important to contemporary business success.

# data[].attributes.body
The marketing era has had a tremendous effect, business owners recognize the importance of understanding what customers want and
the reasons they buy.

They developed a costumer orientation.

# data[].attributes.body
The discovery of the Americas was very important to the Worldwide Market at the time, the introduction of new products coming from America made all the existent products change certain things in their, price, production, uses, etc. the market was also influenced by the introduction of the gold that Spaniard conquerors stole from Latin American countries

# data[].attributes.body
After WWII competition in the market started heating up and therefore businesses had to find a way of being the best sellers

# data[].attributes.body
The beggining of an era, this picture shows when the production is about to begin few years ago.

# data[].attributes.headline
This Era is based upon the assumption that consumers prefer available and affordable products.

# data[].attributes.subject
This Era is based upon the assumption that consumers prefer available and affordable products.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.marketingstudyguide.com/production-era/

# data[].attributes.headline
Under the influence of these events in the United Kingdom, businesses in the United States began an era of rapid industrialization. Agriculture became mechanized and factories sprang up in the cities

# data[].attributes.subject
Under the influence of these events in the United Kingdom, businesses in the United States began an era of rapid industrialization. Agriculture became mechanized and factories sprang up in the cities

# data[].attributes.headline
 Advances in technology & increased demand for manufactured goods, leading to enormous entrepreneurial opportunities.

# data[].attributes.subject
 Advances in technology & increased demand for manufactured goods, leading to enormous entrepreneurial opportunities.

# data[].attributes.body
Source: https://www.coursehero.com/file/p3hca9j/3-The-age-of-industrial-entrepreneurs-late-1800s-Advances-in-technology/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
3) The age of industrial entrepreneurs (late 1800s) - Advances in technology & increased demand for manufactured goods, leading to enormous entrepreneurial opportunities 4) The production era - Emphasis on producing more goods faster, leading to production innovations such as assembly lines 5) The marketing era - Consumer orientation, seeking to understand & satisfy needs & preferences of customer groups - Consumer orientation: business philosophy that focuses first on consumers' unmet wants & needs, and then designs products to meet those needs - Branding: process of creating in consumers' minds an identity for a good, service or company - Brand: name, term, sign, symbol, design or some combination that identifies the products of a firm & shows how it differs from its competitors 6) The relationship era - Benefits derived from deep, ongoing links with individual customers, employees, suppliers & other businesses - Move from transaction management: building & promoting products in the hope that enough customers will buy them to cover costs & earn profits Managing Relationships through Technology Relationship management: the collection of activities that build and maintain ongoing, mutually beneficial ties with customers & others

Technology: business application of knowledge based on scientific discoveries, inventions & innovations →Businesses use technology in managing relationships with customers via the Internet & cellphones Strategic Alliances Strategic alliance: a partnership formed to create a competitive advantage for the business involved

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
3 The age of industrial entrepreneurs late 1800s Advances in technology | Course Hero

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
3) The age of industrial entrepreneurs (late 1800s) - Advances in technology & increased demand for manufactured goods, leading to enormous entrepreneurial opportunities 4) The production era - Emphasis on producing more goods faster, leading to production innovations such as assembly lines 5) The marketing era - Consumer orientation, seeking

# data[].attributes.headline
This process began on Britain in the 18th century. 1760

# data[].attributes.subject
This process began on Britain in the 18th century. 1760

# data[].attributes.body
Regina Mendoza

# data[].attributes.body
Modern colonialism began during what’s also known as the Age of Discovery. Beginning in the 15th century, Portugal began looking for new trade routes and searching for civilizations outside of Europe. In 1415, Portuguese explorers conquered Ceuta, a coastal town in North Africa, kicking off an empire that would last until 1999.

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/colonialism

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Colonialism is defined as "control by one power over a dependent area or people." It occurs when one nation subjugates another, conquering its population and exploiting it, often while forcing its own language and cultural values upon its people. By 1914, a large majority of the world's nations had been colonized by Europeans at some point.

Japan, Korea, and Thailand are the only other nations never to have been colonized by Europeans.

The concept of colonialism is closely linked to that of imperialism, which is the policy or ethos of using power and influence to control another nation or people, that underlies colonialism.

History of colonialism

In antiquity, colonialism was practiced by empires such as Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Ancient Egypt, and Phoenicia. These civilizations all extended their borders into surrounding and non-contiguous areas from about 1550 B.C. onward, and established colonies that used the physical and population resources of the people they conquered to increase their own power.

In Ancient Greece, for example, city-states often established colonies in search of both extra living space and economic gain. After consulting an oracle, members of the city-state would send a select group of its inhabitants to establish a new colony. To seal the association between colony and city, its founding members would light a fire with a flame taken from the original city's central hearth and engage in other rituals laying claim to the new location.

During what is now known as the Age of Discovery, founding a new colony depended on another ritual: gaining the sponsorship of a wealthy patron, usually a monarch, and embarking on large ships to search for unceded land. Beginning in the 15th century, Portugal began looking for new trade routes and searching for civilizations outside of Europe. In 1415, Portuguese explorers conquered Ceuta, a coastal town in North Africa, kicking off an empire that would last until 1999.

Soon the Portuguese had conquered and populated islands like Madeira and Cape Verde, and their rival nation, Spain, decided to try exploration, too. In 1492, Christopher Columbus began looking for a western route to India and China. Instead, he landed in the Bahamas, kicking off the Spanish Empire. Spain and Portugal soon became locked in competition for new territories and took over Indigenous lands in the Americas, India, Africa, and Asia.

The rest of Western Europe swiftly followed: England, the Netherlands, France, and Germany quickly began their own empire building overseas, fighting Spain and Portugal for the right to lands they had already colonized.

Often, the colonies were wrested from the hands of their Indigenous inhabitants by relatively small parties of European men who lay claim after short skirmishes or by intimidating locals with their vessels, weapons, and trade items. For example, Columbus' crew for his famous 1492 voyage consisted of just 90 men, 39 of whom he left behind to build a settlement in what is now Haiti.

Subjugation and revolutions

Among the allures of colonialism was the chance to recruit-and often enslave-Indigenous people to benefit a colonial power. In Brazil, for example, explorers called bandeirantesembarked on expeditions in search of Native people to capture and enslave for Portuguese-established plantations and mines. And slavers from throughout Europe participated in the Atlantic slave trade, dealing in kidnapped Central and West Africans and forcing them to perform labor that enriched their empires overseas.

Even former colonies eventually became colonizers themselves: The U.S., which was formerly held by Great Britain, extended its territory shortly after winning the War of Independence and later expanded its claims to the Pacific and Latin America.

Starting in the 1880s, European nations also began taking over African nations, racing to coveted natural resources and establishing colonies they would hold until an international period of decolonization that lasted from around 1914 to 1975 and challenged European rule

By far, the most successful colonizer was the British Empire, which at its height soon after World War I could boast territories in every time zone in the world. The sun "never set" on England's political and economic ambitions, which it carried out with the help of British colonial governments.

De Beers Diamond magnate and British imperialist Cecil Rhodes is a controversial figure in South Africa. In recent years, many of the country's residents have called for the removal of monuments honoring Rhodes, saying his influence paved the way for apartheid.

Photograph by Hulton-Deutsch Collection, CORBIS/Corbis via Getty

Despite the growth of European colonies in the Western Hemisphere, most colonized countries gained independence during the 18th and 19th century, beginning with the American Revolution in 1776 and the Haitian Revolution in 1781. However, the Eastern Hemisphere continued to tempt European colonial powers.

Colonial rationale and resistance

Colonial powers justified their conquests by claiming they had a legal and religious obligation to control the land and culture of Indigenous peoples. Conquering nations cast their role as civilizing "barbaric" or "savage" nations, and argued that they were acting in the best interests of those whose lands and peoples they exploited.

Historically, church leaders both encouraged and participated in the takeover and exploitation of foreign lands and labor, most often in the name of Christian conversion. In the 15 th century, Catholic popes laid out a religious justification for colonization, issuing a series of papal bulls now known as the Doctrine of Discovery that asserted colonization was necessary to save souls and seize lands for the growth of the Church. Often, Christian missionaries were among the first to make inroads into new lands. Inspired by the belief that they must convert as many Indigenous people to Christianity as possible, they imported both religious and cultural customs and a paternalistic attitude toward the colonies' Native inhabitants.

Mahatma Gandhi enjoys a laugh with his two granddaughters Ava and Manu. Gandhi oversaw the end of Great Britain's colonial rule in India.

Photograph by Bettmann, Getty

Yet resistance to this control is an integral part of the story of colonialism. Even before decolonization, Indigenous people on all continents staged violent and nonviolent resistance to their conquerors. These included the Pueblo Rebellion overthrowing Spanish rule of what is now New Mexico in 1680, the slave revolt turned revolution in Haiti in 1791, a series of rebellions against English rule in India, and many other instances of collective and personal resistance.

Ethiopia was able to remain one of just two African nations to sidestep European colonial rule due to a series of savvy alliances forged by its emperor, and in 1896 the nation managed to stave off an Italian invasion at the Battle of Adwa.

Colonialism's legacy

Colonial governments invested in infrastructure and trade and disseminated medical and technological knowledge. In some cases, they encouraged literacy, the adoption of Western human rights standards, and sowed the seeds for democratic institutions and systems of government. Some former colonies, like Ghana, experienced a rise in nutrition and health with colonial rule, and colonial European settlement has been linked to some development gains.

However, coercion and forced assimilation often accompanied those gains, and scholars still debate colonialism's many legacies. Colonialism's impacts include environmental degradation, the spread of disease, economic instability, ethnic rivalries, and human rights violations -issues that can long outlast one group's colonial rule.

As South Asia historian John McQuade writes, "It takes a highly selective misreading of the evidence to claim that colonialism was anything other than a humanitarian disaster for most of the colonized."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The subjugation of indigenous people-and the exploitation of their land and resources-has a long and brutal history.

# data[].attributes.headline
Religious beliefs played heavily in legal thinking of the early colonial period.

# data[].attributes.subject
Religious beliefs played heavily in legal thinking of the early colonial period.

# data[].attributes.body
Mariana Espinosa

source: https://www.encyclopedia.com/law/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/colonial-period-0

# data[].attributes.body
The Relationship Era describes businesses as a "gradual shift to long-lasting relationships with prospects" and customers, for example as it says in the text "Business owners gain several advantages by developing ongoing relationships with customers...

Because it is much less expensive (and easier) to serve existing customers than to find new ones"

# data[].attributes.body
Between the years 1860s-1920s, it began during the industrial revolution.
Business could sell everything they produced.
Some products were widely available at a minimum cost.

https://www.ipl.org/essay/Production-Era-Of-Marketing-FJKC6ZQAY26

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
MarketingThis era have given us many beliefs about marketing like Selling is only one integral part of the marketing mix. As per the

Marketing means conveying the details of the product or service to the expected customers
It mainly includes the Price of the product or service. customer will require those products and services which are best in terms of quality, performance and something unique. In this era marketing managers started focusing on producing superior products and improving them over time. So in this era the quality of products became the center.
Although both production era and product era are important in the overall mix of healthy marketing, there can be a problem with the relevance of both the production and product era, as they may can lead to a symptom which can be called as marketing myopia. In Production era and Product era companies tried to design their products without considering customer requirements, like some car manufacturers and many insurance companies as well as finance intermediaries .No doubt they had hard sell. There was a danger in improving production efficiency or product and not realizing that the marketplace may change. Marketing managers become victims of the "better mouse trap" fallacy, because they were believing that a better mouse trap will help them in getting people to their
management and marketing guru Peter Drucker "One can assume that there will always be a need for some or the other selling. But the goal of marketing is to make selling superfluous. The target of marketing is to know and understand the customer so that the product or service suites them and sale happens by its own. Ideally, marketing should result in a customer who is ready by his own to buy. After all this only one thing requires which is availability of the product or service."
The Marketing Era
Evolving from and challenges of the first three concept eras of marketing, this era holds the key for achieving organizational targets which consists of being more effective and smart than your competitors in integrating and coordinating the activities of market towards determination and satisfaction of the needs and wants of the markets where you are.
Marketing guru and Professor Theodore Levitt states, "Selling focuses on the needs of the seller where marketing focuses on the needs of the buyer. Selling is preoccupied with the seller's need to convert his product into cash; where marketing is preoccupied with the idea of satisfying the needs of the customer by the product with the whole cluster of things associated with creating, delivering and finally consumerising
Evolving Marketing Eras
The five major marketing eras categorized by Phillip Kotler that have evolved throughout time. Some era have given us such concepts developed which exists even today, and marketing concept as residue as marketing activities which are conducted by organizations from each era.
The Production Era
The production era is the era in which the marketing have started evolving. It is the oldest era, in this era consumers were favoring those products which are widely available and that too at minimum cost. In this era managers tried to increase their production capacity at...show more content...
...show more content...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
MarketingThis era have given us many beliefs about marketing like Selling is only one integral part of the marketing mix. As per the Marketing means conveying the details of the product or service to the expected customers It mainly includes the Price of the product or service.

# data[].attributes.body
"Colonial settlers came to America for many reasons. Some came for religious freedom. Some came to make money. They settled into 13 colonies, areas that are now the states known as New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maryland, Georgia, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Delaware. There were other scattered colonies like St. Augustine in what is now known as Florida."

Source: https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/colonial-period-16071776/

# data[].attributes.headline
Colonialism is defined as “control by one power over a dependent area or people.”

# data[].attributes.subject
Colonialism is defined as “control by one power over a dependent area or people.”

# data[].attributes.body
Sofia Aguayo

# data[].attributes.body
"Retail store owners were the first entrepreneurs and were the most prevalent for many years. In the Industrial Age of the 1800s, entrepreneurs launched manufacturing facilities that employed local workers."

Source: https://www.vault.com/industries-professions/industries/entrepreneurship