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2000 BC: Tribes began to settle in Greece

1600-1100 BC: Beginning of Mycenean period - Marks the declining of the bronze age and beginning of advanced culture in Greece

1250 BC: The Trojan War

850 BC: The Greek alphabet was derived from the Phoenician alphabet

800 BC: Homer composed his famous poems; The Iliad and the Odyssey

776 BC: Introduction of the Olympic Games

650 BC: Rise of the Greek tyrants - Oppressive rulers in Greece; Sparta ignored the establishment of tyranny

600 BC: Coin Currency Introduced

508 BC: Democracy begins in Athens

445 BC - 429 BC: Age of Pericles - Athens grew under his reign, construction of Parthenon, introduced several reforms

432 BC: The Parthenon is completed

431 BC : Second Peloponnesian War: Athens versus Sparta

430 BC: Bubonic plague in Athens

339 BC: The catapult was created

336 BC: Alexander the Great came to power

146 BC: Invasion of the Romans - Greece becomes part of the Roman Empire

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Plato lived from 429-327 B.C and was one of Socrates most brilliant students. He continued the work of Socrates and compiled it all into books on their findings. Plato also founded the first university in the world. At this university, he taught another one of the most influential philosophers: Aristotle. Plato was fascinated with the distinction between ideal forms and everyday experiences, and how it played out. His most famous book, the "Republic", he envisioned a civilization governed by the pure wisdom of a philosopher-king.

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Aristotle (384-322 BC) made important contributions to nearly all aspects of human knowledge. These topics included logic, biology, ethics, and aesthetics. Aristotle's surviving writings were incredibly influential to the world. He is known in Arabic philosophy as "The First Teacher". He has written works on investigations into the nature of humans flourishing on an individual, familial, and societal level. His "Rhetoric" and "Poetics" examine the finished products of human productivity. Aristotle is known for his many famous works of literature that have greatly impacted our world today.

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Aspasia (464-420 BC) was the wife of Pericles. She was disliked by the elite of Athens because they thought she had too much of an influence on Pericles. Historians believe that many of Pericles famous speeches were partially written by Aspasia. She became one of the most influential political and cultural figures of Ancient Greece. She led the way for a more equal society in Athens, and created the opportunity for women to be seen and accepted as intellectual figures and leaders.

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Greeks found detail in architecture very important. The columns that held up the building were usually crafted with lots of details are a huge part of modern architecture today. They used three types of columns when creating buildings. Doric columns were the simplest and widest. There was no decoration at the base and wider at the bottom than the top. They only had a simple capital at the top. Ionic columns were thinner than Doric. The capital at the top was decorated with scrolls on each of its sides. Corinthian columns were the most decorative. The capital was decorated with scrolls and acanthus plant leaves. Greek architecture was very popular and influential, and widely used to create massive, important buildings.

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Geography - Located in southeastern Europe along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Region of the Mediterranean Sea they first settled was called the Aegean Sea. Greek city-states formed all along the coastline. They used the Aegean Sea to travel from city to city and fished for food too. Greece land was filled with mountains. Around 80% of the land was mountainous. The mountains formed natural barriers between the city-states. The tallest mountain in Greece is Mount Olympus. The Aegean Sea has over 1000 islands that the Greeks settled on. The climate in Ancient Greece is hot summers and mild winters. All Ancient Greeks mainly spoke the same language and had the same culture but it was not one large empire. They were divided into multiple powerful city-states like Athens and Sparta. The Greeks set up colonies throughout the Mediterranean and Black Sea. The Greeks also called their land "Hellas"

Religion - Ancient Greek religion was polytheistic, meaning they worshipped many Gods. There was no book, church, or priestly class, and there were many different interpretations. Ancient Greeks perceived all aspects of nature as either divine or divinely controlled. All aspects of social and individual life were thought to be subject to supernatural influence. Paying respect to the Gods and heroes was a necessity in their daily life. No aspect of their life was separate from their religion, so religion was embedded in their lives. Religious worship included construction and upkeep of statues, altars, and temples. They also attended festivals, performed sacrifices, bloodless offerings, had prayers, and observed ritual abstinences and purifications. There was no script of book telling them what or who to believe in. They did not have professional priests. However, literature was filled with stories all about their Gods. The Gods were shown everywhere; on pottery, walls, stones engraved in buildings. In public areas, there were lots of divine statues, temples, altars, and sacred groves. Ancient Greeks learned about the Gods by watching, seeing, and doing what others do; like their parents. Things like natural disaster, losses in war, or disease was viewed as anger from the Gods. Homer's Iliad and Odyssey were important books in Greek religion, though there was no specific religious book in Ancient Greece. Ancestral Gods and the ways of worshipping them created the base of Greek religion.

Achievements - The Ancient Greeks developed the world's first democracy; a political structure we still use today. They created an alphabet like the one we use today. They were the first to scientifically approach medicine by studying the actual diseases; this helped us better understand both the medicine and disease. They wrote and produced the first dramas in outdoor theaters. They invented the rules of geometry and other mathematics; an important part of modern education. They developed the art of Philosophy. They created famous literature, poetry, and mythology. They wrote the first histories. They studied and classified different types of plants. They also created the Olympics; one of the largest sporting events today that millions of people watch to support their country. They created new technology such as bronze casting techniques, and a chart to find prime numbers. Famous art and architecture includes the Parthenon; a temple made for the city's goddess Athena. One of the most famous Greek sculptures is the Venus de Milo. Pottery like clay pots, jars, and vases was also very popular.

Politics - Ancient Greece had a wide variety of political systems across different city-states. The four most common systems of Greek government were democracy; ruled by the people (male citizens), monarchy; ruled by an individual who inherited his role, oligarchy; ruled by a select group of individuals, and tyranny; ruled by an individual who gained power by unconstitutional means. Democracy was actually created by the Greeks. Athens was a democracy and the assembly of Athens met at least once a month. At these meetings, any male citizen over 18 could speak or vote. Sometimes, people were paid to go to these meetings to encourage people to attend. Meetings and votes could be easily swayed by popular leaders, and sometimes lead to bad decisions. A good example is the decision to put Socrates to death. Popular topics at these meetings were maintaining and organizing food supply, and military matters.

Economics - Ancient Greece had an advanced and strong economy. Imports were a key component to their economy, especially agricultural imports. Ancient Greece's soil wasn't good enough to grow many crops. Olive trees, grape vines, and other oil producing plants were able to be grown, but needed colonialism to rely on many other things such as plants and animals. Sheep and goats were raised in Greece, and bees for honey (their only source of sugar). Most Greeks had a job in agriculture, and aristocrats owned the land, creating tension between the peasants and wealthy. Greece mainly exported wine, olives, metal, and pottery. Grains and pork were commonly imported from Sicily and Egypt. Merchants were divided into guilds where men sold fish, olive oil, and vegetables, and women would sell perfume and ribbons. Although, citizens would avoid purchasing from merchants whenever possible. There wasn't much direct taxation in Greece, a tax on the wealth of the rich was only collected when needed. Ancient Greece was mostly a free enterprise economy, with private property and limited government intervention.

Social Structure - In Athens, one of the major Ancient Greek city's, there were 4 main social classes. The highest class included people born in Athens. No one born outside could ever become apart of the group. The upper class was responsible for everything government, and education. Any work that needed to be done required slaves. The middle class was people that were not born in Athens but hard workers. They had freedom, unlike slaves, but weren't given the same rights as the upper class. The lower class was slightly better than slaves. They had fewer rights than the middle class. Many were slaves that had earned freedom. The slaves were at the bottom and had absolutely no rights. Sparta's structure was slightly different with 3 classes; citizens, slaves, and craftsmen/traders. The city-state was crucial to Ancient Greek life and all institutions of government, religion, and learning were kept here. Men had an active role in public life; participating in government, learning new things, or working. On the other hand, women stayed home and carried out household tasks. Girls received education from their mothers at home on how to manage a household. Boys attended school and learned topics such as reading and writing, poetry, math, and physical education.

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How did the Hellenistic world spread Western culture?

The Hellenistic world spread Western Culture through Greek achievements, art, and literature being passed on during Alexander the Great's takeover of many lands. While Alexander the Great invaded many different lands, such as Persia, he introduced Greek culture into the cultures of the people that lived there. He taught the art and literature of Greek and showed these people some of their inventions. Incorporating Greek theaters and showing Greek dramas and plays enriched the cultures of the people already living in these areas. This created a mixture of Greek culture and many other cultures during Alexander the Great's reign. A new and unique type of culture was being spread to all types of places, thousands and thousands of miles from Greece.

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Maps of Ancient Greece - 6th Grade Social Studies (weebly.com)
Top 10 Important Events of Ancient Greece (ancienthistorylists.com)
Ancient Greece for Kids: Geography (ducksters.com)
https://www.worldhistory.org/Greek_Government/#:~:text=The%20four%20most%20common%20systems%20of%20Greek%20government,individual%20who%20had%20seized%20power%20by%20unconstitutional%20means.
Religion in Ancient Greece | Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion
Major Accomplishments of the Ancient Greeks | SchoolWorkHelper
7 Achievements of Ancient Greece | Sutori
Ancient Greek Art - Facts, Architecture & Projects - HISTORY
Understand the Economy of Ancient Greece (greekboston.com)
https://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-economy-of-ancient-greece/
Social Culture of Ancient Greece | Maryville Online
Ancient Greece Timeline - History (historyonthenet.com)
Plato - Life, Philosophy & Quotes - HISTORY
Aristotle - Philosophy & Life - HISTORY
The Women Of Ancient Greece You Need To Know - Definitelygreece.gr
Ancient Greece for Kids: Architecture (ducksters.com)