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We start the chapter with Pooh, who is walking towards a bridge over a stream in the forest. He is trying to make up a song about fir cones, because there are lots of them lying around, but he is not having much luck finding anything that rhymes with fir cone. Just as he comes to the bridge he trips, and the fir cone he was holding falls out of his paw and lands splash in the river.

Pooh says "Bother", and starts to go and get another fir cone, but then he decides to just lie down and watch the river for a while in a peaceful type of way, and as he is looking at the river he suddenly sees his fir cone floating away down the river - he had dropped it on one side of the bridge, and now it has emerged from the other side of the bridge.

Pooh is intrigued by this discovery, and wants to see whether it is just a one-off or whether it will happen again with a new fir cone. And so he tries it again, and it does happen again - he drops the fir cone on one side of the bridge, and then sees it come out on the other side of the bridge.

Now that he has confirmed his first discovery, Pooh decides to raise the stakes a little bit - this time he drops two fir cones into the stream at once to see which one comes out from under the bridge first. One of them does come out first, but unfortunately Pooh can't tell which one it is, as both fir cones were the same size, so then he tries it with one big fir cone and one small one, and the big one comes out first, which is what he predicted would happen (he had also predicted that the small one would come out last, and he was right about that too, which just shows you that Poohs have more brain than they are sometimes given credit for).

Pooh continues to play his fir cone game all afternoon, and by tea-time he has made 36 correct guesses and 28 incorrect guesses, which is pretty good going I think you'll agree.

This is rather a momentous occasion...for Pooh has just invented Poohsticks! (It becomes Poohsticks rather than Poohfircones because it turns out that sticks are easier to mark than fir cones, so you can tell whose stick is whose).

So...one day Pooh and Piglet and Rabbit and Roo are all standing on the bridge playing Poohsticks. They all drop their sticks in the water when Rabbit says "Go!", and then run across to the other side of the bridge to see which stick is the winner. It takes ages though, because the river is only going very slowly.

Roo gets overexcited in the meantime, and keeps thinking he has spotted his stick, when he probably hasn't. Pooh thinks he can see Piglet's stick, which is a bit greyish, and Piglet is thrilled to hear this, and is trying to look but carefully, in case he falls in.

Pooh is watching the progress of Piglet's stick, and it's big, and grey, and he's sure that it's Piglet's stick - but then it turns out to be Eeyore instead! Everybody cries out "Eeyore!" in surprise, and Eeyore comes fully out from under the bridge, floating in a dignified manner with his legs in the air, and turning around gently in the river's current. Roo says that he didn't realise that Eeyore was playing, and Eeyore says that he wasn't.

"Eeyore, what are you doing there?" said Rabbit.

"I'll give you three guesses, Rabbit. Digging holes in the ground? Wrong. Leaping from branch to branch of a young oak tree? Wrong. Waiting for somebody to help me out of the river? Right. Give Rabbit time, and he'll always get the answer."

"But, Eeyore," said Pooh in distress, "what can we - I mean, how shall we - do you think if we -"

"Yes," said Eeyore. "One of those would be just the thing. Thank you, Pooh."

Roo is very impressed that Eeyore is going round and round in the water, as well he might be, and when Roo says that he can swim too Eeyore says that swimming round and round actually takes far more skill than swimming normally, although his choice of swimming stroke is really nobody's business but his own.

The animals go quiet for a little while as they try to think of a plan to help Eeyore out of the river. Pooh is the first to speak, and he says that he has an idea, although he is not all that confident that it is a good one, and Eeyore isn't all that confident either. Pooh's idea is to throw stones into the river, which would then cause a wave, which would wash Eeyore to the bank.

Rabbit says that this is a very good idea, which pleases Pooh, but Piglet is worried that they might hit Eeyore by mistake, and Eeyore is worried that they might miss him by mistake, and tells Piglet that he must think of all the possible outcomes before they start.

Pooh has already made an executive decision to put the plan in motion, however, and he has picked up a very large stone and is leaning over the bridge with the stone in his paws. He explains to Eeyore that he's not going to throw the stone, only drop it, so he couldn't possibly hit Eeyore, although he would prefer it if he stopped turning round and round, but Eeyore says he likes turning round and round, so he won't.

Rabbit becomes a little exasperated by the dithering and takes control, telling Pooh that he should drop the rock when Rabbit says "Now!", and telling Eeyore that Pooh will drop the rock shortly (Eeyore says that he thinks he will be able to tell when the rock is dropped, thank you Rabbit).

Rabbit asks Eeyore if he is ready, and Eeyore says No, and then Rabbit says "Now!" and Pooh drops the rock into the water with a Splash...and Eeyore disappears from view...

And suddenly Piglet's stick comes out from under the bridge just ahead of Rabbit's, which isn't really what they were looking for, and then, just as Pooh is beginning to worry that his idea may have been more of an Accident, Eeyore begins to emerge by the bank of the river!

All of the animals rush down to the riverside to help pull Eeyore out of the water, and soon he is safely back on dry land.

"Oh, Eeyore, you are wet!" said Piglet, feeling him.

Eeyore shook himself, and asked somebody to explain to Piglet what happened when you had been inside a river for quite a long time.

Rabbit congratulates Pooh on his Clever and Successful Idea (the one about hooshing Eeyore to the bank by throwing a rock into the river). Eeyore indignantly protests that he was not hooshed to the bank - in fact, he dived, so as not to be hit by Pooh's large rock. Piglet whispers to Pooh to reassure him that the rock didn't really almost hit Eeyore, and it's just Eeyore being Eeyore.

Pooh is still a little bit anxious, as he knows from experience that sometimes his ideas seem to be Grand and Clever when they're in his head, and then Foolish and Deluded when they're out in the real world, but he is reassured by the fact that they had been trying to get Eeyore out of the river, and Eeyore is out of the river, so things can't be that bad after all.

Rabbit dries Eeyore off a bit, and asks him how he fell into the river in the first place. Eeyore says that he didn't fall at all - he was bounced. He had just been minding his own business by the side of the river when he had received a loud bounce, which had resulted in a slip into the river.

Piglet thinks that it was probably Tigger who did the bouncing, and before the animals get a chance to consider this, Tigger himself comes along and says hello. Rabbit spots a chance to be Useful and Important, and he questions Tigger as to the exact sequence of events which led to Eeyore being bounced into the river. Tigger says that he didn't bounce Eeyore, but Eeyore is not so sure.

"You bounced me," said Eeyore gruffly.

"I didn't really. I had a cough, and I happened to be behind Eeyore, and I said 'Grrr-oppp-ptschschschz'."

"Why?" said Rabbit, helping Piglet up, and dusting him. "It's all right, Piglet."

"It took me by surprise," said Piglet nervously.

Eeyore says that taking people by surprise is what he calls bouncing, and he does not approve of the practice in general. He says that they live in a big forest and there's plenty of room for bouncing, he just doesn't see why there has to be any bouncing in the bit of the forest where he lives, as it's rather inconvenient.

Tigger is still arguing, and saying that he didn't bounce anyhow, he coughed, but Eeyore says that that really makes no difference when you're in a river.

Christopher Robin arrives in the middle of this debate, and he is in a very good mood, and feeling like he might suddenly know every last piece of knowledge in the world, and then he could tell Pooh all about it, because Pooh isn't quite sure about some of it.

Rabbit starts to explain the situation to Christopher Robin, and Tigger is denying it, and Pooh is saying that Tigger didn't mean to, and Roo is wanting Tigger to bounce him, and everyone is talking at once which is resulting in less of an explanation and more of a Cacophony, until Rabbit hushes everybody up, and asks Christopher Robin what he thinks about the whole incident.

Christopher Robin is a little confused, understandably, and so he says that they should just play Poohsticks. So that is what they do, and Eeyore wins more games than everyone, and Roo falls in the water once by accident and once on purpose, and then Kanga comes to take Roo home for bed, and Rabbit goes home with Kanga and Roo, and Tigger and Eeyore walk off together as Eeyore tells Tigger about his Poohsticks-winning strategy.

And that just leaves Christopher Robin and Pooh together on the bridge. They stand there for quite a long time, just watching the river and being quiet and peaceful. And then Pooh speaks...

"Tigger is all right, really," said Pooh lazily.

"Of course he is," said Christopher Robin.

"Everybody is really," said Pooh. "That's what I think," said Pooh. "But I don't suppose I'm right," he said.

"Of course you are," said Christopher Robin.
Tigger is unbounced

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We start the chapter with Pooh, who is walking towards a bridge over a stream in the forest. He is trying to make up a song about fir cones, because there are lots of them lying around, but he is not having much luck finding anything that rhymes with fir cone.

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Search the world's information, including webpages, images, videos and more. Google has many special features to help you find exactly what you're looking for.

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AA Milne is known around the globe as the creator of one of the world's most beloved characters, Winnie the Pooh. What is less known about the author is that he worked for the British intelligence agency M1 7b. Yet the First World War veteran was a pacifist even before his involvement in the war.

Milne joined the British Army in February 1915, serving as an officer in the Royal Warwickshire Regiment and later, after suffering from trench fever, the Royal Corps of Signals. Yet it would be decades before Milne's full role in the war would be revealed. In 2014, a chance discovery of documents by a relative of a former M1 7b employee discovered that Milne had been producing pro-British propaganda from 1916 to 1919.

What made the revelation more surprising, however, is Milne's published work on pacifism. Despite serving in the army for years, the author is famous for his claim to have never fired a shot at the enemy.

"It is because I want everybody to think (as I do) that war is poison, and not (as so many think) an over-strong, extremely unpleasant medicine, that I am writing this book," Milne wrote in his 1934 plea for pacifism, Peace for Honour.

M1 7b, a secret propaganda unit, was founded in 1916 to sustain support for the war as the death toll rose, and anti-war grassroots movements began to emerge across conflict-ridden Europe. At the time, 20 authors were hand-selected as the best of British talent, to write palatable accounts of life in the trenches and stories of heroism on the front lines.

When the unit closed in 1918, it was thought that the paperwork was destroyed. Yet Jeremy Arter found more than 150 articles that had been saved by his great uncle, who worked for the unit. "I was about to throw everything away but, leafing through, I saw a book with M1 7b written on it and decided to take a closer look," Arter said at the time.

"I looked for Uncle Jim, but I found AA Milne as well. I also found Cecil Street, the author of the Dr Priestley novels; the frontiersman and author Roger Pocock; the Irish poet Patrick MacGill; and JP Morton of Bystander fame," Arter told the Guardian.

The so-called Green Book, which contained Milne's poems, was a tongue-in-cheek satire created by the writers when the unit was disbanded in 1918. "It was a bit like the Magnificent Seven had ridden into town except that these were more than 20 or so of the greatest literary men of their day all working for M1 7b, along with Uncle Jim."

In a series of wartime poems, Milne reflected on how propagandists may have had to alter the dreadful realities of the war.

"In M1 7b/ Who loves to lie with me/ About atrocities/ And Hun Corpse Factories/ Come hither, come hither, come hither/ Here shall he see/ No enemy/ But sit all day and blether," Milne wrote in Captain William Shakespeare, of a Cyclist Battalion.

Another poem, entitled Some Early Propagandists, he wrote about the Prussian-German field marshal and politician, Paul von Hindenburg. Hindenburg, as German president, would be the one to appoint Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany.

"Tell me not, Sire, I am unkind/ That from the Hunnery/ Of Hindenburg's disgusting mind/ To pen and ink I fly/ For this defection so to speak/ Is one you must adore/ My British Front from 'week to week'/ Has helped to win the war?"

It was the first work of its kind by Milne to be seen, although he was already a professional playwright and author when he was recruited by Military Intelligence.

After the First World War, Milne changed direction in his writing. Not yet known as Pooh, the famous bear made his first appearance in a poem in Punch magazine called Teddy bear. He then appeared in the London Evening News on Christmas Eve 1935, in a tale called The Wrong Sort of Bees. Winnie the Pooh, named after a Canadian black bear called Winnie that was used as a military mascot during World War One, was published in 1926.

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Winnie the Pooh Day: Author AA Milne's secret role as a WW1 military intelligence propagandist

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AA Milne is known around the globe as the creator of one of the world's most beloved characters, Winnie the Pooh. What is less known about the author is that he worked for the British intelligence agency M1 7b. Yet the First World War veteran was a pacifist even before his involvement in the war.

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Jump To Shaping Of The U.S.A. Europe World Technology

Events From the 1800 to 1809

More Detailed 1800 to 1809 History

Napoleon Marches Into Austria
First use of the White House
United States Presidential Election
Invention of the Modern Day Battery
Library of Congress

Tsar Paul I Assassinated
Act of Union UK Enacted
The Battle of Copenhagen
Cairo Captured
Ultraviolet Radiation Discovered
Thomas Jefferson Becomes President

West Point Military Academy

The Louisiana Purchase
Railway Before Trains
Ohio Becomes The 17th state in the Union
Britain Prepares For Possible Invasion By The French

The Year New Jersey Abolishes Slavery
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
Napoleon Bonaparte Coronation
Twelfth Amendment To The Constitution
First Working Full Size Railway Steam Locomotive

The Battle of Austerlitz
Death Of Admiral Nelson During The Battle of Trafalgar

Bavaria made into a kingdom
Elgin Marbles
Webster American-English Dictionary Published
UK abolished Slave Trade

United States Presidential Election

The Illinois Territory Defined
Man-made electrical lighting
James Madison Becomes President

Events From the 1810 to 1819

More Detailed 1810 to 1819 History

The first Oktoberfest
Beethoven "Fur Elise"
The Tin Can

The Battle of Tippecanoe
New Madrid Earthquake, Missouri

Louisiana Joins The Union
Napoleon Retreats From Moscow
The Indian War of 1812
USS Constitution/Old Iron Sides
Fort Dearborn / Modern Day Chicago Attacked

Pride and Prejudice

British Troops Burn Down Washington D.C.
Napoleon Abdicates the French Throne
Norway Gains Independence

Battle Of Waterloo

Argentina Gains Independence
Indiana becomes the 19th State

Mississippi becomes the 20th State
The First Seminole War

The Modern Prometheus/Frankenstein
Illinois becomes the 21st State
Stars And Stripes U.S. Flag
Modern Fire Extinguisher

Raffles Founding of Modern Singapore
Alabama becomes the 22nd State
Washington Irving Publishes "The Sketch Book"
US Congress enacts First Immigration Law

Events From the 1820 to 1829

Events From the 1830 to 1839

More Detailed 1830 to 1839 Events

The Book of Mormon is published
Indian Removal Act
Sewing Machine

The French Foreign Legion
Underground Railroad

The Treaty of Constantinople

The Falkland Islands retaken
Lock Stitch Sewing Machine

The Whig Party
Sophisticated Mechanical Reaper

Texas takes San Antonio
Second Seminole War Begins

The Alamo
Colt Revolver
Arkansas Becomes the 25th state
Texas San Jacinto
Texas Gains Independence From Mexico
John Deere Steel Plow

Queen Victoria ascends the throne
Michigan Becomes the 26th state
Trail of Tears

Atlantic steamboats begin to cross the Atlantic

The first Henley Regatta
Velocipede/Bicycle
Vulcanized Rubber

Events From the 1840 to 1849

More Detailed 1840 to 1849 Events

British Colonists Arrive In New Zealand
First Postage Stamp

The First Afghan War
Wagon Trains Start The Journey To California

Britain takes Hong Kong
Massachusetts Child Employment Laws

The Oregon Trail

Morse's first electronic telegram

The U.S. Naval Academy of Annapolis
Florida Becomes The 27th state
Texas Becomes The 28th state
The Rubber Band
Baseball Rules Defined For First Time

Oregon splits from England
Iowa Becomes The 29th state
U.S. - Mexican War 1846 to 1848

Jane Eyre published
Chloroform used as general anaesthetic
Antiseptic Use In Hospital
Wisconsin Becomes The 30th state
Smithsonian Institution
Mormon Followers Led By Brigham Young Arrive in Utah

The California Gold Rush starts

Hungary splits from Austria
The Safety Pin

Events From the 1850 to 1859

Events From the 1860 to 1869

More Detailed 1860 to 1869 Events

Abraham Lincoln is nominated President
Henry repeating rifle
The Pony Express
South Carolina Become First State To secede from the Union

The Beginning of the Civil War
First United States Income Tax
Union Blockades Confederate Ports
Stonewall Jackson

Signs of War Europe
Virginia is divided into two
Civil War/Battle of Shiloh
Gatling Gun
Union Takes Control Of New Orleans
The Homestead Act
The Second Battle Of Bull Run Manassas, Virginia
The Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg, Maryland

The Emancipation Proclamation
The Battle of Gettysburg
First Underground Railway
The Union Uses Colored Troops
Congress Passes First Conscription Act
New York Riots Due To Conscription Act

First Use Of Submarine In Warfare
Ulysses S. Grant
Battle Of Cold Harbor, Virginia

The End of the Civil War
Abraham Lincoln Assassinated
Stetson Hats
The Thirteenth Amendment Ratified
Ku Klux Klan Formed

The Austro-Prussian War
Dynamite
Reconstruction Following Civil War
Jesse James
Indian Wars Continue

Alaska Purchased From Russia

The Fourteenth Amendment To The Constitution

Wyoming Gives Women The Vote
Ulysses S. Grant 18th President

Events From the 1870 to 1879

More Detailed 1870 to 1879 Events

The Franco-Prussian War
John D. Rockefeller
Can Opener
U.S. Department of Justice
Congress Adopts the Fifteenth Amendment

British Colombia becomes part of Canada
The Albert Hall
1871 Indian Appropriation Act
Great Chicago Fire
Third Force Act also known as the "Ku Klux Act" Passed

Yellowstone National Park
Montgomery Ward Begins First Mail Order Catalog
Mary Celeste Mystery

Japanese Calendars
Blue Jeans

First Impressionist Exhibition
First Commercial Barbed Wire
Republican Elephant

Palo Duro
First Kentucky Derby

First Practical Telephone
Internal Combustion Engine
The Little Bighorn/Custer's Last Stand

Queen Victoria Empress of India
Sitting Bull
The Phonograph
The "Molly Maguires"

Ready Made Mixed Paints
Second Afghan War

Zulus Attack
First Cash Register
Incandescent light bulb
1st Woolworth 5 Cents Store Opened

Events From the 1880 to 1889 Time Period in History

More Detailed 1880 to 1889 Events

Tahiti

Sitting Bull
Early Prohibition
Billy the Kid
American Red Cross
Greenwich Mean Time

Electric Clothes Iron
First Electric Fan
The 1812 Overture
First investor-owned electric utility
Gunfight at the OK Corral
Chinese Exclusion Act

The Orient-Express
Brooklyn Bridge

The Oxford English Dictionary
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

The Statue of Liberty
Beginnings Of The Modern Bicycle
Washington Monument
Modern Photograph Film

Automobile Beginnings
Linotype Machine
Coca Cola
First Dishwasher
Haymarket Square Riot In Chicago

Earmuffs are patented
First American Golf Club

The National Geographic Society
Kodak Box Camera
Inflatable Tires

The Eiffel Tower
Oklahoma Land Rush
Wall Street Journal
Johnstown Flood

Events From the 1890 to 1899

More Detailed 1890 to 1899 Events

Bismarck resigns
Black Voter Rights Mississippi
Sherman Antitrust Act
The McKinley Tariff

James Hogg
Birth Of Basketball
Carnegie Hall

The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes
US Cotton Crop Devastated
Ellis Island Opens

Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii
Moving Pictures
Lizzie Borden

Coca-Cola First Sold In Bottles
The Jungle Book
The Pullman Strike

Second Jungle Book
First Race Of Gas Powered Cars
First Slot Machines
The Radio or "Telegraphy without Wires"
Oscar Wilde

Utah becomes the 45th U.S. State
Yukon Gold Rush
First Modern Olympic Games
Dow Jones Industrial Average first published

First US Gasoline Powered Car Maker
Grant's Tomb
Dracula Published
Boston Marathon

USS Maine Explodes
New York's Five counties
US / Spanish War Declared
US / Spanish War Battle Of Manila Bay
US / Spanish War Puerto Rico
US / Spanish War Ends
First Escalator Installed

Aspirin
Philippine-American War
The Great Blizzard
Second Boer War

Events From the 1900 to 1910

More Detailed 1900 to 1910 Events

Work on the New York subway begins on the first section from City Hall to the Bronx
The Boxer Rebellion
25% of all cars that were sold in 1900 were electric
The Summer Olympic Games of the II Olympiad are held in Paris

Marconi Sends First Wireless Transmission
Connecticut passes new laws limiting the speeds of Automobiles to 10 MPH
President William McKinley is assassinated
Queen Victoria Dies
The first Nobel Prizes are awarded in
Stockholm, Sweden
Commonwealth Of Australia Created
American Safety Razor Company ( Gillette ) begin mass producing Safety Razors
worlds first Vacuum Cleaner

Triple AAA Started

Work On The Queensboro Bridge Begins
The First Use of Guantánamo Bay
First Baseball World Series
Prussia become the first country to issue driving licenses
First UK Number Plate issued
Henry Ford forms the Ford Motor Company to manufacture Automobiles.
Iroquois Theater Fire in Chicago
Orville and Wilbur Wright made the first successful man-powered airplane flight near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
First Crayola Crayons

The General Slocum burst into flames on New York's East River with the loss of over 1000 lives
Summer Olympic Games of the III Olympiad are held in St. Louis, Missouri
Long Acre Square in Manhattan, New York, was renamed Times Square

The world's first nickelodeon opened ( 5 cents or a nickel to watch a movie )
The Trans-Siberian Railway
Illiteracy in the U.S. was 106.6 per 1,000 persons

Morse Code SOS Adopted
Earthquake San Francisco
Mount Vesuvius Erupted

Romanian Peasants Revolt
The Zulu Tribe rises in South Africa to abolish British rule

Messina Earthquake
Henry Ford's Ford Motor Company introduces the Ford Model T costing $850.00
Baden Powell Starts the Boy Scouts
Ball is dropped in New York City's Times Square to signify the start of the New Year at midnight

Naval Base Built at Pearl Harbor
First Fingerprint Evidence Used in Murder Case
NAACP was formed
First Automobile Hearse
Queensboro Bridge Opens
First Men to Reach The North Pole

Events From the 1910 to 1919

More Detailed 1910 to 1919 Events

Jack Johnson beats Tommy Burns
Immigration into the US hits an all time peak
Boy Scouts of America Created
King Edward VII Dies
Idaho Big Burn

First Electric Self Start was installed in a Cadillac
The Discovery of Manchu Picchu
Manhattan Sweatshop Fire
First Indianapolis 500

Sinking of the Titanic
Hellmann's Real Mayonnaise
Last Emperor of China abdicates
Girl Scouts of America Founded
The Republic of China ( Taiwan ) created

First Cross Word Puzzle
The 16th Amendment
The 17th Amendment
Webb Alien Land-Holding Bill in California
Ford Introduces Assembly Line
First Stainless Steel

Federal Trade Commission FTC Formed
British Parliament passes Irish Home Rule
Start Of World War I
First US Income Tax
Egypt under protection of the British Crown
Ford announced his $5-per-day program
The Panama Canal Opens

World War I The Dardanelles
World War I Zeppelin raids
World War I Use Of Poison Gas
U.S. Coast Guard Service Established
Suffrage Movement March up Fifth Avenue
First Transcontinental Telephone Call
Lusitania Sunk By Torpedo
British warship Formidable sunk by German submarine

Pancho Villa Attacks Columbus New Mexico
Rasputin Murdered
Thompson submachine gun
The Battle of Jutland
World War I Battle Of The Somme (1916 - 1918)
Easter uprising Ireland

Beginning of the Russian Revolution
British Royal Family Name Change From Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to the Royal House of Windsor
Boys Town Founded
Puerto Rico Citizens given US Citizenship
America enters World War I Declares War On Germany and Sends Troops
World War I Jerusalem Captured
Mexican Constitution
New Immigration Act required a literacy test
Pulitzer Prizes Started
Earthquake Long Beach California

Brest-Litovsk and the Armistice ends Russian Involvement in World War I
Czar Nicholas II and his family are executed by the Bolsheviks
Royal Air Force is Founded
Influenza Epidemic begins at Fort Riley, Kansas killing 20 million people worldwide
First Use Of Aircraft By US In war
"The Red Baron" German Fighter Ace Killed
Germany signs armistice ending World War I
US Airmail Service begins
The American Legion First Meeting

Treaty of Versailles
League of Nations
Rotary Dial Telephones Invented
Grand Canyon National Park Created
Daylight Saving Time Introduced in US
First Pop Up Toaster
Midwife Jailed for Advocating Birth Control
18th Amendment / Prohibition Introduced
19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

Brief Summary of the 1800's

1800's When studying history, it is important to remember that one of the countries that went through the largest transformation in the 1800's was the United States Of America. Just a quick look at some of the events occurring during the century makes you realize how different America was at the start of the century compared to the end of the century. The events that shaped that transformation include
(1) America evolves after the American Revolution which gained Independence from the British (1775 to 1783)
(2) Purchase of Louisiana (1804)
(3) Texas Joins The Union (1845)
(4) American Civil War (1861-1865)
(5) The Indian Wars (ran for over 200 years ending in 1890)
(6) Statehood, the creation of most of the States that exist today (28 States Created)
(7) American Old West Settled
We should also remember that some of the best known Military Leaders attained almost star quality in their countries. For example, Nelson and the Duke of Wellington (Arthur Wellesley) in Britain and Napoleon in France.
Under the watchful eye of Queen Victoria, by the end of the 1800's "The British Empire" controlled nearly 1/4 of the world's population.
The invention and first use of technology from the 1800's is also integral to our lives today. Steam locomotives, the battery, photography, sewing machines, pasteurization, dynamite, the telephone, first practical car using internal-combustion engine and Coca Cola are just a few examples.

Louisiana Purchase

Following the end of the American Revolution, The United States purchased France's claim to the territory of Louisiana in 1803. This territory was larger than just the present-day state of Louisiana and included all of present-day Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, plus part of what are now Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, New Mexico, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado and Louisiana. The total land mass was 828,800 square miles for a total cost of 15 million dollars. (At the time, this doubled the size of the United States, but today it is about 1/4 of the country's total size.)

Texas Joins United States

Texas became an independent Republic in 1836 after the Texas Revolution from Mexico led by Sam Houston. It was admitted to the Union as the 28th state in 1845, and became the largest state in the Union at that time (Alaska is larger in area).

Alaska Is Purchased From Russia (1867)

The northwestern tip of the North American continent was purchased from Russia Empire by America in 1867. Its 586,412 square miles cost $7.2 million which meant the US was paying roughly two cents per acre of land.

California and New Mexico Become a Part Of The United States

Following the defeat of Mexico in the Mexican-American War (1846 to 1848), Mexico sold California and New Mexico to the United States in exchange for $15 million.

Statehood

Following the end of The American Revolution, 16 states were created prior to 1800. During the next 100 years, a further 29 would be created bringing the total to 45.

1. Delaware (1787)

2. Pennsylvania (1787)

3. New Jersey (1787)

4. Georgia (1788)

5. Connecticut (1788)

6. Massachusetts (1788)

7. Maryland (1788)

8. South Carolina (1788)

9. New Hampshire (1788)

10. Virginia (1788)

11. New York (1788)

12. North Carolina (1789)

13. Rhode Island (1790)

14. Vermont (1791)

15. Kentucky (1792)

16. Tennessee (1796)

17. Ohio (1803)

18. Louisiana (1812)

19. Indiana (1816)

20. Mississippi (1817)

21. Illinois (1818)

22. Alabama (1819)

23. Maine (1820)

24. Missouri (1821)

25. Arkansas (1836)

26. Michigan (1837)

27. Florida (1845)

28. Texas (1845)

29. Iowa (1846)

30. Wisconsin (1848)

31. California (1850)

32. Minnesota (1858)

33. Oregon (1859)

34. Kansas (1861)

35. West Virginia (1863)

36. Nevada (1864)

37. Nebraska (1867)

38. Colorado (1876)

39. North Dakota (1889)

40. South Dakota (1889)

41. Montana (1889)

42. Washington (1889)

43. Idaho (1890)

44. Wyoming (1890)

45. Utah (1896)

Settling the American Old West

Just over 200 years ago, shortly after the Louisiana Purchase, the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806) set out to discover the resources now available on the West Coast of the American continent. Following the end of the Civil war and forcing Native Americans to relocate to Reservations, tens of thousands of settlers set out to seek fame and fortune in the west traveling for weeks and months through hostile environments to settle vast areas of the country.

Indian Wars

The Indian wars date back to the time of the first settlers, but after the end of The American Revolution and the British ceding a vast amount of Native American territory to the United States, the wars became more focussed. Many Native American Tribes had sided with the British so retribution combined with a need for more land for settlers, discovery of Gold and a general need for expansion meant the tribes were doomed. In the beginning, the national government initially sought to achieve this by purchasing Native American land in treaties, but as some Native American Leaders began to organize and fight against the loss of their heritage the use of force increased. In 1830, Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act which basically took the lands that the United States wanted to expand into away from the Native American Indians. This forced them to relocate to other areas that the US did not consider as desirable. Some of the worst fighting during the century occurred in the most desirable areas for farming, ranching and Gold and included Florida, California, Texas, Colorado, Oregon and Utah. The tribes who did survive ended up in the 310 Indian reservations often in arid areas unsuitable for agriculture in the United States (There were originally over 500 Native American Tribes).

American Civil War

Depending on where you are from, your view of the causes of the Civil War might be different, so I will try to concentrate on the facts.
Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America, also known as "the Confederacy". Following the creation of the Confederacy both sides began to form large armies and atrocities and wrongs were committed on both sides including the murder of civilians. Some of the few facts that should be noted are that about 10 percent of all Northern males 20-45 years of age died, and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18-40 died. The war remains the deadliest war in American history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 soldiers and an unknown number of civilians (For comparison, World War II had approximately 406,000 U.S. deaths, World War I had approximately 116,500 U.S. deaths, and World War I had approximately 1,357,800 French deaths). Following a number of heavy defeats and the Union's decision to use total war (utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base including destroying homes, farms, and railroads) the Confederacy surrendered in 1865.

Like America, Europe was a continent in turmoil during the 1800's with wars being fought at sea and on land. The main combatants were Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia, Spain and France with possibly the best known of the sea battles "The Battle Of Trafalgar" between the British Royal Navy led by Admiral Nelson and the combined forces of the French and Spanish. Like many sea battles during the period the British were heavily outnumbered but due to the combination of leadership and better trained gun crews, they were victorious.
But in mainland Europe the French forces under the leadership of Napoleon were equally successful with defeats over the Russia and Spain expanding French influence. But, Napoleon met his match at the Battle Of Waterloo in 1816 (Belgium) against combined forces of the United Kingdom, Russia, Austria and Prussia led by the Duke of Wellington.
Queen Victoria became the British Queen in 1837 leading to the Victorian Era. The Victorian Era was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military progress that included further growth and influence of "The British Empire." This also included taking control of India and obtaining one of her many titles the "Empress of India."

Argentina gained independence from Spainin 1816, India comes under British Rule and becomes part of the British Empire, Britain continues its building and control of the British Empire around the world including Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Afghanistan, New Zealand, South Africa, Egypt. In its heyday, during the late 1800's and very early 1900's, under the rule of Queen Victoria the British Empire controlled one-quarter of the world's population and a quarter of the Earth's total land area.

The 1800's provided the inventions and improvements in Farm Machinery to change farming from an extremely labor intensive industry to technology driven. The creation of Combine Harvesters which took three separate operations (reaping, binding, and threshing) and combined them into one, traction engines/tractors, and vastly improved plowing and planting machines led to increased automation. Increased automation allowed for cultivation on an ever greater scale. These improvements also led to decades of extensive farming without crop rotation, fallow fields, cover crops or other techniques to prevent erosion and were one of the contributing factors to the Dust Bowl years of the 1930's (Combined with severe drought).

Technology 1800's

The 1800's were an important time in our history and many of the most important pieces of technology that we rely on today were first invented in this century. Not only were these inventions important, but the names associated with those breakthroughs are still in use today. Here are just a few from the list below: Electric Light, Photography, Revolver, Pasteurization, The Telephone, First Car using internal combustion engine (Here we are nearly 150 years later still using the same basic principle), Coca Cola (No longer using Cocaine as important ingredient), Sewing Machine and Contact Lenses. Some of the names associated with these important breakthroughs: Singer, Goodyear, Dunlop, Pasteur, Benz, Colt, Gatling, and many others.
Inventions -- The Year Invented, Inventors, and Country (or attributed to First Use)

Ultraviolet Radiation Discovered ----- 1801 Germany by Johann Ritter
First Electric light ----- 1809 Britain by Humphry Davy
First Steam Locomotive ----- 1814 England by George Stephenson
Photograph ----- 1814 France by Joseph Nicephore Niepce
Mackintosh (Waterproof Raincoat) ----- 1823 Scotland by Charles Mackintosh
Typewriter ----- 1829 USA by W.A. Burt
Braille printing ----- 1829 France by Louis Braille
Sewing Machine ----- 1830 France by Barthelemy Thimonnier
Sewing Machine ----- 1851 USA by Isaac Singer (Not inventor, but he added Improvements that made the machine much more usable)
Mechanical Calculator ----- 1835 England by Charles Babbage
Revolver ----- 1836 USA by Samuel Colt
Morse Code ----- 1838 USA by Samual Morse
Rubber Vulcanization ----- 1839 USA by Charles Goodyear
Safety Pin ----- 1849 USA by Walter Hunt
Pasteurization ----- 1856 France by Louis Pasteur
Machine Gun ----- 1861 USA by Richard Gatling
Dynamite ----- 1866 Sweden by Alfred Nobel
Telephone ----- 1876 Scotland by Alexander Graham Bell
Photographic Film ----- 1884 USA by George Eastman
Car with Internal-Combustion Engine ----- 1885 Germany by Karl Benz
Coca Cola ----- 1886 USA by John Pemberton
Contact Lenses ----- 1887 Germany by F.E. Muller and Adolph Fick
Pneumatic tire ----- 1888 USA by John Boyd Dunlop
Zipper ----- 1893 USA by W.L. Judson

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What Happened in the 1800s including Events, Technology and Inventions

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The Plagiarism Spectrum 2.0

The Plagiarism Spectrum 2.0 identifies twelve types of unoriginal work - both traditional forms of plagiarism and emerging trends. Understanding these forms of plagiarism supports the development of original thinking skills and helps students do their best, original work.

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Empower Students to Do Their Best, Original Work | Turnitin

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Turnitin solutions promote academic integrity, streamline grading and feedback, deter plagiarism, and improve student outcomes.

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A.A. Milne - Poetry & Biography of the Famous poet - All Poetry

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Poems by A.A. Milne. A. A. (Alan Alexander) Milne (1882-1956), famous for his stories about Winnie the Pooh and Christopher Robin, Tigger, Piglet and the rest, was a soldier in the Great War from 1915 to 1919 -- including

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Sign in to EBSCO Research Services to gain access to your library or organization’s subscription of EBSCOhost Databases, Discovery Service and Explora.

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EasyBib®: Free Bibliography Generator - MLA, APA, Chicago citation styles

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Automatic works cited and bibliography formatting for MLA, APA and Chicago/Turabian citation styles. Now supports MLA 9.

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This resource discusses how to paraphrase correctly and accurately.

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*Google scholar
*EBSCO
*Bio.com
*ONLY well published blogs
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*NOT DICTIONARY.COM
*NOT WIKIPEDIA

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Parent form signed-  11/2
Outline (On turnitin only)- 11/9
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Final Draft (BOTH turnitin and hard copy)- 11/17

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Welcome to the Engagement area of the Purdue OWL. This area houses resources dedicated to - and often developed with - local organizations in greater Lafayette and Indiana.

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Below you'll find a quick summary of the most important events by decade in the 1800s. Click on this links for more information.

1800-1810

Thomas Jefferson was in the White House, Lewis and Clark were heading west, a rebellion broke out in Ireland, Burr and Hamilton fought their duel, and Washington Irving kicked off American literature. Learn about the 1800s decade.

1810-1820

The National Road made westward movement possible, Tecumseh organized Native Americans, the British burned the White House and the Capitol, Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo, and Andrew Jackson became an American hero at the Battle of New Orleans.

Learn about the 1810s.

1820-1830

The Missouri Compromise held the Union together, very bitter elections picked American presidents, the Erie Canal made New York the Empire State, Andrew Jackson's inaugural party nearly wrecked the White House, and Scotland Yard came into being. Learn about the 1820s.

1830-1840

A steam locomotive raced a horse, Andrew Jackson beat up the man who tried to assassinate him, Charles Darwin visited the Galapagos Islands, a siege at the Alamo became legendary, and Queen Victoria began her lengthy reign. Learn about the 1830s.

1840-1850

Queen Victoria married the love of her life, "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" won an American election, the British suffered a disaster in Afghanistan, Ireland was ravaged by the Great Famine, and Gold Fever struck California. Learn about the 1840s.

1850-1860

Compromises over slavery delayed the Civil War, empires clashed in the Crimean War, Lincoln debated Douglas, and John Brown's raid made war in America seem much more likely.

Learn about the 1850s.

1860-1870

The United States was torn by the Civil War, President Lincoln was assassinated, novelist Benjamin Disraeli became Britain's prime minister, John Muir arrived in Yosemite Valley, and hero of the Civil War Ulysses S. Grant became president of the United States. Learn about the 1860s.

1870-1880

Bismarck provoked the Franco-Prussian War, Yellowstone became the first National Park, Stanley found Livingstone, Boss Tweed went to jail, Custer met his end at the Little Bighorn, and the 1876 presidential election was most likely stolen. Learn about the 1870s.

1880-1890

The Great Game was played out in the Second Anglo-Afghan War, Gladstone became prime minister, the Brooklyn Bridge opened with a huge celebration (and a disaster soon after), Krakatoa erupted, the Statue of Liberty arrived in New York Harbor, and the Johnstown Flood shocked the nation. Learn about the 1880s.

1890-1900

Lizzie Borden was charged with an ax murder, Yosemite became a National Park, the Panic of 1893 devastated the economy, the first modern Olympics were held in Greece,and Teddy Roosevelt shook up New York City before charging up San Juan Hill. Learn about the 1890s.

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Timelines of the Most Important Events of the 1800s

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Below you'll find a quick summary of the most important events by decade in the 1800s. Click on this links for more information. Thomas Jefferson was in the White House, Lewis and Clark were heading west, a rebellion broke out in Ireland, Burr and Hamilton fought their duel, and Washington Irving kicked off American literature.

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English writer A.A. Milne is best known for his children's stories about the adventures of Winnie-the-Pooh.

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