# data[].attributes.headline
Competition over trade routes (Omani-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean, Piracy in the Caribbean) , state rivalries (Thirty Years War, Ottoman-Safavid conflict), and local resistance (food riots, samurai revolts, peasant uprisings) all provided significant challenges to state consolidation and expansion.

# data[].attributes.subject
Competition over trade routes (Omani-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean, Piracy in the Caribbean) , state rivalries (Thirty Years War, Ottoman-Safavid conflict), and local resistance (food riots, samurai revolts, peasant uprisings) all provided significant challenges to state consolidation and expansion.

# data[].attributes.headline
Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.

# data[].attributes.subject
Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.

# data[].attributes.headline
Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power

# data[].attributes.subject
Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power

# data[].attributes.body
-Ruler used art to display political power and to legitimize rule.
-Rulers used religious ideas to legitimize their rule.
-Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control.