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Group C - Windows Renovation and Demolition

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Group C - Windows Renovation and Demolition

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Timber windows may arise as waste either when they are being replaced or at a building’s end of life. In the former instance, they may be difficult to recycle due to preservatives and surface coatings that may have been used. There are also health and safety considerations with regards to removing the glass from the frame, although there are systems in place for recyclers to overcome this. Over 50% of timber waste from refurbishment activities is thought to be landfilled9 . Demolition activities typically see timber windows being removed from a building using a ‘grab’. The glass is shaken out and added to the segregated inert material and the timber frame placed with the segregated tim

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Construction and Fitting Out:
Lightweight material which is easy to manufacture and fit - It doesn't require specialist skilled labour to use this material
Timber is recyclkable so off cuts during fabrication can be reused rather than sent to landfill
Material is versatile so it can be used for different elements of construction i.e. frame, skirting, wall panels
Can be fabricated off site and is easy to transport
an be sourced from accredited sustainable suppliers - FSC timber

However:
Requires fire proofing due flammability which is an additional cost
Poor weather resistance - prone to rotting

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Material used for LCA: SIP's

Raw Material: Expanded foam, OSB board formed from woodchip-not an natural product.

Product Manufacture & Transport: SIP's are manufactured in a factory and are delivered on a carrier ready to fit on site.

Construction and Fitting Out:
SIP's are supplied by the manufacturer and are then fitted by labour on site.

Operation and Maintenance:
SIP's can be easily replaced

Renovation and Demolition:
Certain aspects are recyclable within the process.

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Timber
Raw Material
Pine, Spruce & Oak
Sustainable source
Product Manufacture & Transport
Logs are transported to saw mills, agreed route maps to reduce impact on environment and local road networks, use of fossil fuels
Construction and Fitting Out
Operation and Maintenance
Renovation and Demolition
Recycle wood such as burning for generating electricity.

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Raw material:
Concrete - Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that hardens over time. Most concretes used are lime-based concretes such as Portland cement.

Manufacture and transport:
Concrete is usually transported in concrete mixing truck or alternatively in bags that can be bought from builders merchants. Trucks are not eco friendly and can be used to transport over large distances.

Renovation and Demolition:
At the end of the lifecycle, the concrete is demolished and used as hardcore.

Operation and Maintenance:
In theory Concrete should be very low maintenance, if manufactured correctly,
Corrosion of steel reinforcement is the most common deterioration in cold climates and can result in huge costs to repair. More common regular maintenance of a concrete floor is cleaning (for polished concrete floors), fixing minor flaws (cracks, scuffs, dents etc) and fixing discolouration.

Construction and fitting out:
Environmental impact: Machinery to lay the concrete produces co2
If not layed properly it may need to be dug up and re layed which would cost time and money - needs an appropriatley skilled person to do it.
Oausing work for bad weather and for concrete to dry costs time and money.

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Material Used for LCA - Traditional Brick (Clay)

Raw Material
Lyme mixed with sand
The raw materials for calcium-silicate bricks include lime mixed in a proportion of about 1 to 10 with sand, quartz, crushed flint, or crushed siliceous rock together with mineral colourants. 96% of bricks in UK manufactured from clay

Product Manufacture & Transport
2000degrees F in kiln - minerals fuse together.
Excavation of clay > Weathering > Processing > Moulding > Drying > Firing
Construction and Fitting Out

Step 1:
After any necessary foundations have been prepared, lay out the bricks at both ends of your wall where the pillars will start. Using your string line, make a straight guideline at brick height between the two outside bricks

Step 2:
Heap five shovels full of sand and one of cement on an old board. Turn shovel to mix to a consistent colour. Form a central hollow, pour in water and mix. Repeat for a smooth, creamy texture that’s wet but not too loose

Step 3:
Lay a 1-2cm mortar bed along the string line. Starting at one end, lay the first brick and tap slightly to ‘bed in’. ‘Butter up’ one end of the next brick with mortar and abut it to the first. Repeat using string line as a guide

Step 4:
At the point where you want your pillars to start, place a brick side-on to the end of the wall. As you build up the wall, each consecutive course of pillar bricks must be laid in the opposite direction

Step 5:
Labour intensive.

When building pillars, at certain courses you’ll need to lay half-bricks. To make a cut, place the brick on its side, locate the bolster at the split point and strike the head firmly with a club hammer. It should split cleanly first time

Step 6:

Always build at least a course higher on the pillars. Move the string line up as you build, bedding it into the mortar on the pillars. For a stretcher bond, the end of each brick should be over the centre of the one beneath

Step 7:

Vertical mortar joints should be 10mm thick. With standard bricks there should be 75mm from the top of one to the top of that beneath. If your bricks soak up moisture fast, you may want to ‘joint up’ (step 10) as you go

Step 8:

When you reach the top of the pillars, you may want to add a coping stone to finish. Alternatively, you could create a pleasant effect at less cost by bedding bricks into the mortar on their sides

Step 9:

Adding a ‘soldier course’ is an attractive option to top the main part of a garden wall.  Turn your bricks vertically lengthways and lay along the full length. Use a second, higher string line to keep a uniform finish

Step 10:

To finish the beds, use the rounded edge of a brick jointer to scrape mortar into the joints. Start with the horizonal lines and follow with the vertical – it’s easier to remove any excess mortar this way
(BuildIt, 2016)

Operation and Maintenance

Cannot lay brick in freezing temp. Repointing after adverse weather.
High pressure water gun to scrub surface. (Mixture of bleach to kill moss) or sand blasting.

Renovation and Demolition

Recycled back into hardcore or bricks re-purposed. Renovate whole/section of buildings - rather than demolition.
It is possible your community recycling centre will accept and recycle bricks. If not, your solid waste agency may have a list of places you can take bricks and other construction materials (RecycleNation, 2016)

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External Walls – Group A & E

Floors – Group B & F

Windows – Group C & G

Roof – Group D & H

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Material used for LCA – Mineral Wool - Rockwool - K Bunting Example

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Material used for LCA – Mineral Wool - Rockwool - K Bunting Example

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Raw Material
According to Eurima (2017) it is an inorganic rock or slag are the main components (typically 98%) of stone wool. The remaining 2% organic content is generally a thermosetting resin binder (an adhesive) and a little oil.

Product Manufacture & Transportation
Mineral wool insulation is made from molten glass, stone or slag (industrial waste) that is spun into a fibre-like structure. Eurima (2017) Light weight and easy to transport but can’t be crushed.

Construction and Fitting Out
Sander (2017) suggests the process of installing mineral wool insulation is not very complex nor time-consuming, so only needs unskilled labour. The biggest drawback of mineral wool is represented by safety consideration, as it can irritate the eyes, skin and the respiratory system.

Operation and Maintenance
As abovethe biggest drawback of mineral wool is represented by safety consideration. So working with it or next to it could be difficult. Possible damp issues when wet and loss of insulation properties. Telegraph (2015)

Renovation and Demolition
After years of use, some mineral wool, as with other construction products, when removing might generate dust. As for the deconstruction or demolition of any building, it is recommended to reduce exposure and discomfort by applying simple measures such as: spray mist water before removing products, clean with vacuumcleaner and not with a broom, cover the skin with long sleeves and wear a face-mask (typically FFP2 type)3. Eurima (2017)