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There are 4 laws to thermodynamics, and they are some of the most important laws in all of physics.
-Zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
-First law of thermodynamics: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only change forms. In any process, the total energy of the universe remains the same. For a thermodynamic cycle the net heat supplied to the system equals the net work done by the system. energy is conserved; it can neither be created nor destroyed, just changed from one for to another.
-Second law of thermodynamics – The entropy of an isolated system not in equilibrium will tend to increase over time, approaching a maximum value at equilibrium.
- Third law of thermodynamics: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system approaches a constant minimum.

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scientists had recognized that temperature had found some effects on the volume and pressure of gases and liquids. some scientics are study the behavior of gases becaues they believed they that the behavior of a gas revealed much about nature matter. The center of the sun is thought to be 40 million degrees celsius. The celsius, or centigrade, scale is used by the World Meteorological Organization and most countries in the world.
On this scale, 0° is freezing, 100° is boiling. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale that bases the boiling point of water at 212 and the freezing point at 32.
The Fahrenheit and Celsius scales converge at minus 40 F, so that minus 40 F and minus 40 C represent the same temperature. Temperatures on the Fahrenheit scale can be converted to equivalent temperatures on the Celsius scale by first subtracting 32° from the Fahrenheit temperature, then multiplying the result by 5/9, according to the formula (F-32)5/9=C.

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Was a supporter of galileo but sometimes blamed for not opposing the catholic church's attack on galileo. ferdinand's thermometer scales had no zero point. without a standard reference point it was hard to compare degrees recorded with ferdinand thermometers to degrees recorded with other instruments.
To turn a temperature sensitive device into a real thermometer, you need fixed points on the scale that correspond to common phenomena that are reproducible and that always occur at the same temperature.
Around 1654 ferinand ll the grand duke of tuscany developed just such a spirit thermometer. A thermoscope could show the differences in temperature, allowing observers to know if something was getting hotter or colder. However, the thermoscope could not provide an exact temperature in degrees.
Temperature is a numerical representation of hot or cold compared against baselines, typically the point at which water freezes and boils. most in instances, temperature measures how much heat there is in a particular entity in a liquid, such as water, or a solid, such as soil. In meteorology, temperature measures the heat content of the atmosphere.

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Studies have looked at the overlap between different measures of temperament when assessing the same subjects and typically find low to moderate correlations between different measures, indicating significant overlap but also specific contributions according to method of measurement.
Most of these early thermoscopes worked just as effectively as barometers, but changes in the atmospheric pressure made temperature reading unreliable.
Its soon became apparent that atmospheric pressure as well as temperature affected the volume of air.
If you were interested in the accurate measurement of temperature began searching for an alternative to air as a thermometric medium.
Wine does not freeze at temperature that cause ice to form, nor does it boil at temperature that caused water to boil. Volume inccreased when warmed like air.

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an action that results in accelerating or deforming an object.

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energy in a system resulting from the motion of the molecules in that system.

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the application of a force to move a mass through a distance.

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the capacity to do work or cause heat flow.

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containing or operated by air or gas under pressure.

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the banch of physics dealing with how heat energy moves and perfroms work.

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A unit of energy equal to a force of one newton acting over a distance of one meter.

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a device or frame that supports an object such as a sphere or gyroscope, enabling it to spin freely.

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the amount of disorder in the system.

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the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water