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This source was created in 1850 AD by a clerk named Benjamin Edmondson as a copy of the original, made in 1793 by an unknown author. This source was created in a small village called Armley in the area of Leeds; United Kingdom. In the time period of the industrial revolution. Before this source was made peasants in small villages all shared and worked off the land together, called common land. This source is a copy of the first page of an act called an enclosure. This act directly effected peasants working off the common land and Barron’s or other residents of high nobility in that area. This act declared that all common land would be enclosed and transferred to private land. Meaning that the peasants working off the common land had nowhere to harvest their crops or graze the livestock. Because this common land was now private land owned by the Barron’s or people of high nobility living in Armley. Meaning the peasants had to find other ways to earn money so they could buy food because they now couldn’t grow it on the common land they once shared.

Due to enclosure acts such as this. It drove many peasants out of villages and into urban areas to look for jobs. These enclosures were made so the farmland could be used much more efficiently and make  sure farmers could supply enough food to feed the population. Now the peasants couldn’t use the common, they had nothing to live off so needed a way to earn money so they could buy food. The result of this was a massive urbanisation boom, meaning that now 80% of the population lived in cities or suburbia because they now had jobs in factories.

References: The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica n/d, Enclosures, Encyclopaedia Britannica. Available from: https://www.britannica.com/topic/enclosure [5/3/18]

Leeds Libraries 2017, The Manuscript Collection #1: The Armley Enclosure Act & Award, 1793, Word Press. Available from: https://secretlibraryleeds.net/2017/12/01/the-manuscript-collection-1-the-armley-enclosure-act-award-1793/ [5/3/18]

L, Conti et al 2016, Oxford Big Ideas Humanities and Social Sciences 9 Western Australian Curriculum. Oxford University Press, Victoria Australia.

Image : Leeds Libraries 2017, The Manuscript Collection #1: The Armley Enclosure Act & Award, 1793, Word Press. Available from: https://secretlibraryleeds.net/2017/12/01/the-manuscript-collection-1-the-armley-enclosure-act-award-1793/ [5/3/18]

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The creator of this graph is unknown. This source is a map of England from 1851-1911AD during the time of the Industrial revolution. At this point in history enclosure acts were starting to be put into action and many factories were now up and running. This source is created for us to give us a visual representation of the internal migration that happened during this time period. The source shows a mass movement of people away from rural areas and migrating to cities and urban areas. This was all due to the enclosure acts that forced peasants out of farming into cities looking  for work, as  the development of factories, along with the prospect of a better job and income, drew people from rural areas into suburbs and cities. This map is quite significant because it shows us the massive change in population inhabitance, and how that is part of the reason we live where we live today.

The Mass Migration movement was largely due to the change and development in agriculture. One of the obvious reasons people moved to the cities was due to the enclosure acts made, kicking people out of the land they once owned. But also the improvement of machines that made farming easier but required less people. This meant that workers moved to the urban areas to find another job. There were also other factors that pushed for a mass movement of people within England, such as the work in factories looked more promising and was less labour intensive than farming.

Refernces: P,Chappine n/d, Urbanization & Other Effects of the Industrial Revolution: Social & Economic Impacts, Study.com. Available from: https://study.com/academy/lesson/urbanization-and-other-effects-of-the-industrial-revolution.html [8/3/18]

A,Dogra 2016, The Effects of Urbanization During the Industrial Revolution, Buzzle. Available from: https://www.buzzle.com/articles/urbanization-during-the-industrial-revolution.html

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L.P, Moch 2011, Internal migration before and during the Industrial Revolution: the case of France and Germany, EGO. AVAILABLE FROM: http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-on-the-road/economic-migration/leslie-page-moch-internal-migration-before-and-during-the-industrial-revolution-the-case-of-france-and-germany [7/3/18]

L, Conti et al 2016, Oxford Big Ideas Humanities and Social Sciences 9 Western Australian Curriculum. Oxford University Press, Victoria Australia.

Image: SAC n/d, SAC 1682-1796, SAC . Available from: https://goo.gl/images/wVAxvn [8/3/18]

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The photographer of this source is unknown. But this is an image of several young children on a working farm, during the time of the industrial revolution. The source was most likely created for the public living in the area at that time, showing them the cruelty of child labour in action and hoping the public would help change the child labour laws. This image shows very young children in the middle of a field with giant sacks of harvest on their backs. The look on most of the children’s faces look distraught, desperate and in pain under the hot sweltering sun. The significance of this image is to show us child labour in action and how the public needed  to do something about this injustice.

Child Labour During the Industrial Revolution was cruel and tiring (especially if you were working on a farm). The work hours were really poor, forcing children to work from sunrise til sundown with little or almost no rest in between. Working on the farm could also be very dangerous for children, as many where dehydrated and had sunstroke due to not having shade or water provided. Also, if a child was driving a horse rake, they risked falling off it and becoming crushed. Not only was it unsafe to work on a farm, but children were beaten, whipped, tortured and also starved. Children as young as six were made to work on farms. The laws at the time of this revolution were outdated and in need of immediate change.

References: C, Kane n/d, Child Seafood Workers and Farm Hands During the British Industrial Revolution, Prezi. Available from: https://prezi.com/m/oah8gwzcrkd8/child-labor-during-the-british-industrial-revolution-farm-hands-and-seafood-workers/ [7/3/18]

M, Walters n/d, Child Labor Working in the British Industrial Revolution, Infogram. Available from: https://infogram.com/child-labor-working-in-the-british-industrial-revolution-1g57pr4vnlqq201 [7/8/18]

Image: M, Walters n/d, Child Labor Working in the British Industrial Revolution, Infogram. Available from: https://infogram.com/child-labor-working-in-the-british-industrial-revolution-1g57pr4vnlqq201 [7/8/18]

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The New Leicester breed of sheep was created by Robert Bakewell after he inherited his fathers farm in 1760 AD in Dishley, Leicestershire, England. Robert Bakewell separated his livestock into the sheeps gender to stop random breeding. Then he bread the sheep with good traits and killed off the sheep with bad traits. Therefore creating a new breed of sheep called the New Leicester. The reason he bread the sheep like this was to create a new bread of sheep that had quality wool and meat. Making his sheep very valuable.

Short term impacts of Bakewells’ work was the amount of money he made. He became very rich hiring his sheep out to people so they could breed the same quality as him. One of his most prized sheep sold for € 1,200 which is equivalent to around $3,000. Long term impacts of this creation was that the idea spread rapidly and people began breeding their sheep to get the same quality. That started a long line of breeding til now, leaving us with the quality sheep we have today.

References: The English Leicetser Association of Australia n/d, A remarkable history, The English Leicetser Association of Australia. Available from: http://www.englishleicester.org.au/history.html [8/3/18]

BBC 2014, Robert Bakewell, BBC. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/bakewell_robert.shtml [7/3/18]

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica n/d, Robert Bakewell, Encyclopaedia Britannica. Available from: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Bakewell  [9/3/18]

Image: The English Leicetser Association of Australia n/d, Breed Description, The English Leicetser Association of Australia. Available from: http://www.englishleicester.org.au/breed.html [7/3/18]

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This image was taken in 1886 AD; during the industrial revolution (the photographer is unknown). It was captured in Riverside’s Whipple Ranch: California. The image shows several Chinese field workers washing and packing some sort of citrus. At this time, there had been a gold rush in California causing lots of Chinese folk to migrate to California for the gold. But before long, laws where put in place that restricted the Chinese from mining for gold, causing the Chinese to find other ways to earn an income. From the effects (such as population boom) of the industrial revolution,  there was a huge need for mass production which then opened up a lot of jobs for people, meaning the Chinese found jobs easily, like the workers in this image that are packaging and washing food. Jobs were certainly changing during this time. The source was created to show us how the industrial revolution had huge changes like mass production. Not only did this mean more jobs, but the Chinese who migrated to California brought new insites on how to farm lemons and oranges, showing us that the industrial revolution brought about lots of change and huge improvements on agriculture as a whole.

Mass production was significant during the industrial revolution because it brought about things such as new jobs; especially since lots of people were forced to leave villages due to enclosures. But for mass production to happen, more livestock and farmland had to become available (partly why enclosures were made) . Once this was available, the technology around farming grew, making mass production efficient, easier and cheap. This meant that everyone could buy food.

References:

P,Chappine n/d, The Agricultural Revolution: Timeline, Causes, Inventions & Effects (video file). Available from: https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-agricultural-revolution-timeline-causes-inventions-effects.html#lesson [7/3/18]

E, Fuentes 2011, From Gold Mountain to Orange Farm: How the Chinese Shaped California's Citrus Industry, KCET. Available from: https://www.kcet.org/socal-focus/from-gold-mountain-to-orange-farm-how-the-chinese-shaped-californias-citrus-industry [4/3/18]

Image:
E, Fuentes 2011, From Gold Mountain to Orange Farm: How the Chinese Shaped California's Citrus Industry, KCET. Available from: https://www.kcet.org/socal-focus/from-gold-mountain-to-orange-farm-how-the-chinese-shaped-californias-citrus-industry [4/3/18]

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The author of this source was Millie B, created at the time of the industrial revolution. This source was created in the U.S.A at the time human diets started to improve. This image was most likely made for the middle class of society, it was also aimed at peasants and people of high nobility though. This source is an advertisement for pickles and other foods. The reason this source was created was to get people to buy the food. People were now able to buy the food because it had become a lot cheaper, due to the fact it was so much easier to grow. The significance of this source, is the varieties of food it’s selling and how the industrial revolution also caused changes to people diets.

During the industrial revolution people’s  diets changed for the better. Before this revolution,  you could only eat what you grew on a farm, but now that people had the opportunity to buy food, it opened up a whole range of things to eat. This part of the industrial revolution impacted the people positively, because from this, people’s diets got better, meaning that the mortality rate lowered. Now people were eating things like bread, vegetables, broth, fruits, potatoes and more. So the industrial revolution definitely had a positive impact on the food quality for most of society.

References: C, Ricio  2015, Britain’s Food (and industrial) revolution, Word Press. Available from: https://betheheroofyourownkitchen.wordpress.com/2015/07/06/a-glimpse-of-britains-table-during-the-industrial-revolution/ [8/3/18]

V,Hugo n/d, A Typical Days Meal, The France of Victor Hugo. Available from: https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/la/food.html [8/3/18]

Images: C, Ricio  2015, Britain’s Food (and industrial) revolution, Word Press. Available from: https://betheheroofyourownkitchen.wordpress.com/2015/07/06/a-

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This Steel Plow was invented in 1837 AD by a blacksmith named John Deere. He invented this Plow in Grand Detour, Illinois. This invention was a plow, with a blade made out of steel. The very first steel plow he invented, was made out of a blade saw. The reason John Deere created this plow, was to help with farming in Illinois, because the soil was very rich, making it heavy, making it stick to the old plows, or even break them . So that is why John Deere created the steel plow, meaning now the people of Illinois were able to plow the land easier, meaning they could be more productive with their farming.

Some short term impacts of this plow, was that John made quite a lot of money from his invention, due to the fact that he was producing about 2,000 plows per year. It also made farming easier for the people living in Illinois. Then a bit later it led him to produce a few more different types of plows. The long term impacts of this plow was that John Deere became a millionaire and his company called Deere and Company is still running to this day. It also showed society more options of materials that they could use to help with farming, causing many inventions after this to be invented helping make the quality, quantity and work of agriculture so much better.

References: n/a n/d, Steel Plow, Influential Agricultural Inventions. Available from: https://agriculturalrev.weebly.com/steel-plow.html [8/3/18]

John Deere Company n/d, The Original Steel Plow, John Deere. Available from: https://www.deere.com/en/our-company/history/john-deere-plow/ [9/3/18]

Image:  n/a n/d, Steel Plow, Influential Agricultural Inventions. Available from: https://agriculturalrev.weebly.com/steel-plow.html [8/3/18]

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The 4 Field Crop Rotation System was invented by Charles Townshend (also know as Turnip Townshend) in 1730 AD, in Britain. The Crop Rotation  was a system that rotated the type of crops grown in a field to keep the soil fertile and not deprive it from all its nutrients. The rotation was Wheat-Barley-Root Vegtables-Clovers. Every year these fields would rotate, allowing for nutrients to be restored back into the soil that was lost in the previous year. Townshend invented this because before the rotation system, peasants would grow food on a field for a year, then leave it fallow for a year.  Now Townshend had created a way to produce the same quality food, but with much better efficiency.

Short term impacts of this invention meant more food was able to be produced to feed the rapidly growing population. Farmers also made more money, and no field was ever left fallow. The long term impacts of this invention, was that food types began to change and we started to see more varieties of food produced, this meant that the population would have healthier diets, lowering the mortality rate. It also was a great system because Britain had little land, so it made the most out of the land Britain had.

References: L, Conti et al 2016, Oxford Big Ideas Humanities and Social Sciences 9 Western Australian Curriculum. Oxford University Press, Victoria Australia.

n/a n/d, The Four Year Crop Rotation, Open door website. Available from: http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/IR/003f.html [8/3/18]

Image: n/a n/d, The Four Year Crop Rotation, Open door website. Available from: http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/IR/003f.html [8/3/18]

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This is the Cotton Gin, invented by Eli Whitney in America. Whitney claimed patent over the invention in 1794 AD after a long struggle trying to get patent. This plow was a machine that sped up the process of separating the cotton from its seeds. The cotton was pulled through a small mesh that the seeds couldn’t pass through. The Cotton Gin became a leading export in America, that Eli Whitney invented to help with the farming of cotton. Before this machine, farming cotton was a very long process which made it quite expensive to buy and made it hard for cotton farmers to make much of a living. So this invention helped a huge amount, meaning that you could produce up to 50 pounds of cotton a day.

The impacts of this machine where both good and bad. Short term, cotton quickly became cheaper and much more widely used because it was now easy to produce. Sadly Eli Whitney did not make much money from his invention due to problems he had with patenting it, and people pirating his invention. Long term, this invention lead to more slavery as profits from the cotton were so high, that farmers could afford to grow more crops, meaning they needed more slaves. But this invention helped society a lot because we still use cotton today, and if not for this invention, cotton wouldn’t have been as easy to grow, meaning we wouldn’t  be using it as much as we do now.

Refernces: History n/d, Cotton Gin and Eli Whitney, History.com. Available from: https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/cotton-gin-and-eli-whitney [8/3/18]

Discerning Histroy 2012, How the Cotton Gin Changed America (video file). Available from: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=bns6aKfrIjA [8/3/18]

Image: Dialectric 2018, Cotton Gin, Wikipedia. Available From: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_gin

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This machine was invented by Cyrus McCormick in 1831 AD in America . Later on, in 1834 AD he was granted patent over the Reapers machine. This invention was a machine that made reaping the harvest so much easier. It now reaped crops mechanically, therefore replacing handheld tools such as scythes and sickles. The reason this machine was invented was to make harvesting quicker, which meant you could now grow and harvest more crops. Therefore more mass production. It also required less labour, meaning people had to go and find other jobs.

Short term impacts of this revolution was the efficiency of harvesting crops. The Reapers machine cut more wheat in a day than 6 farm workers. Meaning it became a lot cheaper and easier to use a Reapers Machine because you got more crops harvested and you didn’t have to pay for so much labour. For example, before these machines, it would take a day to reap an acre of land, now this machine could reap 3 acres in 1 hour. Cyrus McCormick ended up making lots of money for his machines as well, meaning he became quite rich. A few long term impacts from this machine were, that by 1860 AD, 100,000 reaper machines had been used on western farms in America. Showing us that this machine had a wide and huge effect on farmers, helping them to harvest crops. Not only did this machine help farmers, but it also revolutionised farming methods, starting a long history of farming inventions that improved the way we farm today.

Refernces: Farm Collector Staff 2004, The Reaper Revolution, Farm Collector. Available from: https://www.farmcollector.com/farm-life/the-reaper-revolution [8/3/18]

Siteseen 2014, McCormick reaper, n/a. Available from: http://www.american-historama.org/1829-1841-jacksonian-era/mccormick-reaper.htm [8/3/18]

Image: Farm Collector Staff 2004, The Reaper Revolution, Farm Collector. Available from: https://www.farmcollector.com/farm-life/the-reaper-revolution [8/3/18]