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Main points:
1. Robot may affect employment negatively from micro aspect.  But it not sure what effect it causes from Macro level. The scholars haven't meet an agreement because AI have not acquire some kinds of human skills.
2. Other kinds new technologies may bring opportunity on employment but its effect might be negative.
3. Manufacturer will need the employee with new type of skills.
Questions:
Q1: According to former research, how much human labour jobs are possible to be taken by robots?
Q2:What are the answers to the four questions authors mentioned in Introduction part?
Q3:How do other kinds new tech affect employment?
Q4:Why did the authors talk about other kinds of new technologies when the topic is AI?
Q5:So far, did scholars meet an agreement on that human labour will be replaced, if not, why?

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Main idea:
This article discusses the current progress of the digitalisation and its consequences on future employment in manufacturing companies under the spectrum of Industry 4.0, by analysing closely on seven leading Italian manufacturing companies on a microeconomic-level rather than macro-level. The result of micro-level study addresses the four important questions presented at the beginning of the article.
Concept-Check Questions:
Q1: What do you understand by the term Industry 4.0? Why is it important for the author to carry out the study under this spectrum?
Q2:  Why does the author think micro-level analysis is more important than the macro-level in this topic of study?
Q3: How did the author carry out the research? Qualitative or Quantitative? Why?
Q4: What are the weaknesses of the other literature studies that the author mentioned with regard to innovation and employment? Which aspect has not been addressed which would be helpful for generating new area of study and results?
Q5: What are the digital applications included under the spectrum of Industry 4.0? Why are they important for the interviewed companies?
Q6: Currently, have the scholars found a middle-ground between the future capacity of robots and substitution of labor?

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1.Industry 4.0: It is a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things, cloud computing and cognitive computing. Industry 3.0 is commonly referred to as the fourth industrial revolution.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_4.0

2. GPTs (General Purpose Technologies): It refers to technologies that can affect an entire economy (usually at a national or global level). GPTs have the potential to drastically alter societies through their impact on pre-existing economic and social structures. Examples include the steam engine, railroad, interchangeable parts, electricity, electronics, material handling, mechanization, control theory,(automation), the automobile, the computer, the Internet, medicine and the blockchain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_purpose_technology

3.SBTC: Skill-Biased Technical Change is a shift in the production technology that favors skilled over unskilled labor by increasing its relative productivity and, therefore, its relative demand. Traditionally, technical change is viewed as factor-neutral, but the theories and data suggest that new information technologies are complementary with skilled labor. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.577.3936&rep=rep1&type=pdf

4. Valenduc & Vendramin 2016: Their research in 2016 (Work in the digital economy:sorting the old from the new) analyses the digital economy and the transformation of work, and looks at new forms of work-- virtual work, in the digital economy. In the final part of the artical, it reappraises the meaning of work in professional environments where virtual worlds cross over into real life. https://dial.uclouvain.be/downloader/downloader.php?pid=boreal:173373&datastream=PDF_01

5. World Economic Forum 2016: One of the topics of 2016 World Economic Forum is to measure the Fourth Industrial Revolution and its socio-economic impact on labor markets. It is expected that it will lead to a net loss of over 5 million jobs in 15 major developed and emerging economies. https://www.weforum.org/press/2016/01/five-million-jobs-by-2020-the-real-challenge-of-the-fourth-industrial-revolution/

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Main idea:
This essay discuss the digital technologies impact on employment manufacture.The author believe that we should pay more attention to micro-level.According to the research in this essay,there are some kinds of occupation will be replaced such as stock analyst,petrochemical engineers,etc.This technological advance is typically a process innovation that, as we have seen before, is proven to have a direct negative effect on employment, when studied at micro or meso level. However, macro-level studies, although partially weak due to data
unavailability and the complexity of the models, showed that there might be compensation mechanisms that could mitigate
these effects.
Questions:
Q1: What is the Industry 4.0?
Q2: What is the difference from  micro-level analysis to macro-level analysis?
Q3: Do you agree with the point 'some occupations will be replaced'?
Q4: What is the quantitative effect of innovation  on employment?
Q5:  What is the qualitative effect of innovation  on employment?

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1.     Digitalization: Noun.

Definition: The use of digital technologies to change a business model and provide new revenue and value-producing opportunities; it is the process of moving to a digital business.

2.     Innovation: Noun

Definition: A creation (a new device or process) resulting from study and experimentation.

3.     Macroeconomic: Noun

Definition: Macroeconomics is the branch of economics that is concerned with the major, general features of a country’s economy, such as the level of inflation, unemployment, or interest rates.

4.     Automation: Noun

Definition: In manufacturing, a system or method in which many or all of the processes of production, movement, and inspection of parts and materials are automatically performed or controlled by self-operating machinery, electronic devices, etc.

5.     Empirical: Adjective

Definition: Derived from or relating to experiment and observation rather than theory.

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Main point:

The increase of productivity due to technology cause higher unemployment rate of the changing society. Even though this argument has been supported by a majority of experts, it has only been verified on a macro-level. The article focus on depth micro-level analysis of testify the influence of the new digital technologies on the nowadays manufacturing industry and the possible characteristics of employment in the future.

Concept question:

1.How to understand the term of “Industry 4.0” in the introduction part? Why does the author try to set up the question of the expanding effect of the new technologies under the umbrella of Industry 4.0?

2.How does the different finds of technologies affect the employment according to the former studies cited in the literature review?

3.What's your answer to the four questions arose in the introduction?

4.Do you agree with the argument “jobs are replaced by technologies” after reading the article? Why?

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This essay discusses the progress of digital technologies and how they impact on employment in manufacturing on macro-level and micro-level. The authors indicate that robots may have the ability to replace human labour possibly and point out industrial companies will need to have a multi-disciplinary approach and develop software applications internally.

Questions:

1. What methods do the authors use to study this topic?

2. How many levels do the authors summarize about the quantitative effects of innovation on employment? And summarize how they effect of innovation of the employment.

3. What's the aim of the qualitative effects of innovation on employment? Does this method have the limitation, why?

4. How digital technology affect employment according to the analysis of the selected cases?

5. What's your opinion about digital technologies will replace some occupation?

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1. Industrial 4.0: Noun
Definition: The term "Industry 4.0" represents the fourth revolution that has occurred in manufacturing, and a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It fosters what has been called a "smart factory".
https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/09/02/what-is-industry-4-0-heres-a-super-easy-explanation-for-anyone/#7420a9a49788
https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2016/04/05/why-everyone-must-get-ready-for-4th-industrial-revolution/#344e32f33f90

2. Digital Technology: Noun
Definition: American engineers began developing digital technology in the mid-twentieth century.

3. World Economic Forum (WEF): Noun
Definition: The World Economic Forum is the International Organization for Public-Private Cooperation. It was founded in 1971 as a not-for-profit organization. gained formal status in January 2015 under the Swiss Host-State Act, confirming the role of the Forum as an International Institution for Public-Private Cooperation. The Forum strives in all its efforts to demonstrate entrepreneurship in the global public interest while upholding the highest standards of governance. Moral and intellectual integrity is at the heart of everything it does.
https://www.weforum.org/about/world-economic-forum

4. ICT: Noun
Definition: Information and communications technology or (ICT) is extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), computers as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology

5. Value Chain Management: Noun
Definition: Value chain management aims systematically to reduce these sources of uncertainty through the active co‐operation of the key players in each value chain. By reducing uncertainty, total service is improved and overall cost is reduced.
https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/13598549910295000

6. Big Data: Noun
Definition: Big data is a term now generally used by lay audiences to refer to data sets that are too large or complex for traditional data-processing application software to adequately deal with. Data with many cases (rows) offer greater statistical power, while data with higher complexity (more attributes or columns) may lead to a higher false discovery rate.

7. Internet of things (IoT): Noun
Definition: The Internet of things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity which enables these things to connect, collect and exchange data.

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1.Besides industry 4.0, the Chinese government has also proposed a plan for manufacturing China 2025, with the goal of improving China's productivity and competitiveness, it aims at mastering design, software and production; and it targets a combination of high-tech sectors and infrastructure. It can also be seen that China's transition from low-end manufacturing to high-end manufacturing and innovation has improved. Such as mobile phones, automobiles, new energy sources, etc.

Https://www.forbes.com/sites/marcoannunziata/2018/08/10/seven-steps-to-success-or-failure-for-made-in-china-2025/#30baf23d4057

Https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/05/03/what-is-made-in-china-2025-and-why-is-it-a-threat-to- Trumps-trade-goals/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.bdc48afd3931

2.
In the case of automatic car driving, google's automatic car rival Uber's automatic car once had an accident. Uber crash shows 'catastrophic failure' of self-driving technology. It also shows that at the current time, the car can not achieve the human ability to process information.

Https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/mar/22/self-driving-car-uber-death-woman-failure-fatal-crash-arizona

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Gemma's class (SPBM47) -  Songyan Tian (Will)

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Gemma's class (SPBM47) -  Songyan Tian (Will)

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1.Frey and Osborne 2013; World Economic Forum 2016. A number of studies have been produced so far, mainly trying to tackle the issue of the number of jobs that might be displaced due to the possibility of substituting human labour with machines
2. Valenduc & Vendramin 2016: The research in 2016  analyses the digital economy and the transformation of work, and looks at new forms of work-- virtual work, in the digital economy. In the final part of the artical, it reappraises the meaning of work in professional environments where virtual worlds cross over into real life.
3.Whitley and Wilson (1982) quantify some compensatory effects on employment that could offset displacement effects brought about by technological change, showing that both job losses and gains were possible, depending on the assumptions on the speed of diffusion and users’ demand of microelectronics.
4.GPTs , which is "General Purpose Technologies"  It refers to technologies that can affect an entire economy (usually at a national or global level). GPTs have the potential to drastically alter societies through their impact on pre-existing economic and social structures. Examples include the steam engine, railroad, interchangeable parts, electricity, electronics, material handling, mechanization, control theory,(automation), the automobile, the computer, the Internet, medicine and the blockchain.
which are radical new technologies that spread in several different industrial sectors, providing not only the possibilities to enhance the efficiency of the existing product or processes, but also to transform them radically.
5.Petit 1995; Chennells and van Reenen 1999; Spiezia and Vivarelli 2002. there is a large number of analyses on the issue, mainly conducted making use of panel data related to a number of, often manufacturing, sectors at national level

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1.Fourth Industrial Revolution:
The Fourth Industrial Revolution describes the exponential changes to the way we live, work and relate to one another due to the adoption of cyber-physical systems, the Internet of Things and the Internet of Systems. As we implement smart technologies in our factories and workplaces, connected machines will interact, visualize the entire production chain and make decisions autonomously.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/08/13/the-4th-industrial-revolution-is-here-are-you-ready/#49eb4c99628b
2. General Purpose Technologies(GPTs):
In general, a GPT is a set of core technologies that have key functions of generating and spreading incremental or radical innovations in different fields, activities and sectors. Such technologies have substantial and pervasive societal and economic effects.
https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/general-purpose-technology-gpt/54211

3. Skill-biased Technical Changes (SBTC):
Skill-Biased Technical Change is a shift in the production technology that favors skilled over unskilled labor by increasing its relative productivity and, therefore, its relative demand. Traditionally, technical change is viewed as factor-neutral. However, the observed rapid rise in the relative wage of skilled workers in conjunction with an upward trend in their relative supply means that recent technological change has been skill-biased.
http://www.econ.nyu.edu/user/violante/Books/sbtc_january16.pdf

4. Supercomputer Watson:
Watson is an IBM supercomputer that combines artificial intelligence (AI) and sophisticated analytical software for optimal performance as a "question answering" machine. The supercomputer is named for IBM's founder, Thomas J. Watson.
https://searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com/definition/IBM-Watson-supercomputer

5. World Economic Forum
The World Economic Forum is the International Organization for Public-Private Cooperation.

The Forum engages the foremost political, business and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas.
https://www.weforum.org/about/world-economic-forum

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1.General Purpose Technology(GPT)- GPT is a term that has been described as new method of producing and inventing that is important enough to have a solid impact on the economy. GPT has a huge impact on the societies by great impact on pre-existing economy and social structures. For instance , computers ,automobile , internet have changed the economic in past few decades.

2.Industry 4.0- Industry 4.0 thinking and the industrial Internet of Things are transforming manufacturing and industrial operations through deeper visibility, greater connectivity and enormous potential for improvement. Companies using Industry 4.0 based principles are finding that they bring people, processes and equipment together, from sensors and smart devices to entire systems. Connectivity deepens operators’ understanding of events and sharpens decision-making.

3.Skill Based Technical Change (SBTC)- Skill-biased technological change (SBTC) a shift in the production technology that favours skilled over unskilled labour by increasing its relative productivity and, therefore, its relative demand . For example, one scholarly colloquium on the subject that included many prominent labour economists estimated that technological change was responsible for over 40% of the increase in inequality. Other factors like international trade, decline in real minimum wage, decline in unionization and rising immigration, were each responsible for 10–15% of the increase.

4. Valenduc and Vendramin  2016-This paper sets out to analyse the digital economy and changes in work by sifting elements of continuity from others that are radically new. Aspects examined are: genuinely new features encountered in the digital economy model; major instances of technological change observable in the working environment; new forms of work in the digital economy; distance and employment relationships; challenges entailed in regulating a labour world shorn of its customary structures.

5.World Economic Forum 2016- The Fourth Industrial Revolution is interacting with other socio-economic and demographic factors to create a perfect storm of business model change in all industries, resulting in major disruptions to labour markets. New categories of jobs will emerge, partly or wholly displacing others. The skill sets required in both old and new occupations will change in most industries and transform how and where people work.

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1. digitalisation   n.
The use of digital technologies to change a business model and provide new revenue and value-producing opportunities; it is the process of moving to a digital business.
digital adj.
expressed as series of the digits 0 and 1, typically represented by values of a physical quantity such as voltage or magnetic polarization.

2.  novelty and pervasiveness  n.
novelty   the quality of being new, original, or unusual.
pervasiveness   anywhere/ universality

3.empirical  adj.
based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic.

4.substitute   v.
replace or take place of
ep.  A number of studies have been produced so far, mainly trying to tackle the issue of the number of jobs that might be displaced due to the possibility of substituting human labour with machines

5.anticipated   adj.
anticipate v.
regard as probable; expect or predict
ep. The anticipated productivity gains to be made by using robots as substitute for human labour

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Main idea
This paper discussed the relationship between digitalisation and employment rate in manufacturing. The author used literature and qualitative method to analyse the issue of the increasing anxiety caused by digital technologies could cancel a large number of jobs.
Questions:
I What's the definition of industry 4.0?
II What's the difference between product and process innovations?
III From 3.2, what are the advantages and weaknesses of robot?
IV Based on this article, what kind of jobs are more likely to be replaced by robots?

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Industrial revolution
The first industrial revolution saw Britain move from farming to factory production in the 19th Century. The second spanned the period from the 1850s to World War I and began with the introduction of steel, culminating in the early electrification of factories and the first spouts of mass production. Finally, the third industrial revolution refers to the change from analogue, mechanical, and electronic technology to digital technology that took place from the late 1950s to the late 1970s.The fourth, is the move towards digitisation.  Smart factories, which will be at the heart of Industry 4.0.
https://www.techradar.com/news/what-is-industry-40-everything-you-need-to-know
Digitalization & employment
Digitalization transforms existing jobs, demanding new skills to carry out new tasks, which may imply that the current work force has to be retrained or replaced by workers who already have these skills.
Digitalization is likely to contribute to labour market polarisation. Especially low- and middle-skill jobs are assumed susceptible to automation.

# data[].attributes.body
1.     GPTs (General Purpose Technologies): It refers to technologies that can affect an entire
economy (usually at a national or global level). GPTs have the potential to
drastically alter societies through their impact on pre-existing economic and
social structures. Examples include the steam engine, railroad, interchangeable
parts, electricity, electronics, material handling, mechanization, control
theory, (automation), the automobile, the computer, the Internet, medicine and
the blockchain.

2.     Valenduc & Vendramin 2016: The research in 2016 analyses the digital economy and
the transformation of work, and looks at new forms of work-- virtual work, in
the digital economy. In the final part of the article, it reappraises the
meaning of work in professional environments where virtual worlds cross over
into real life.

3.     GPTs , which is "General Purpose Technologies"  It
refers to technologies that can affect an entire economy (usually at a national
or global level). GPTs have the potential to drastically alter societies
through their impact on pre-existing economic and social structures. Examples
include the steam engine, railroad, interchangeable parts, electricity,
electronics, material handling, mechanization, control theory, (automation),
the automobile, the computer, the Internet, medicine and the blockchain.
which are radical
new technologies that spread in several different industrial sectors, providing
not only the possibilities to enhance the efficiency of the existing product or
processes, but also to transform them radically.

4.     Skill-biased Technical Changes (SBTC):
Skill-Biased
Technical Change is a shift in the production technology that favors skilled
over unskilled labor by increasing its relative productivity and, therefore,
its relative demand. Traditionally, technical change is viewed as
factor-neutral. However, the observed rapid rise in the relative wage of
skilled workers in conjunction with an upward trend in their relative supply
means that recent technological change has been skill-biased.

5.     Industry 4.0- Industry 4.0 thinking and the industrial Internet of Things are transforming manufacturing and industrial operations through deeper visibility, greater connectivity and enormous potential for improvement. Companies using Industry 4.0 based principles are finding that they bring people, processes and equipment together, from sensors and smart devices to entire systems. Connectivity deepens operators’ understanding of events and sharpens decision-making.

6.     World Economic Forum
The World Economic Forum is the International Organization for Public-PrivateCooperation. The Forum engages the foremost political, business and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas.

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Clare's class- Evelyn.                  

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Clare's class- Evelyn.                  

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1. Digitalisation -n
definition: the administration of digitalis for the treatment of certain heart disorders . to put information into the form of a series of the numbers 0 and 1, usually so that it can be understood and used by a computer.
eg:digitalisation is offering increasingly new opportunities for both consumption and business models, thus changing contemporary and future ways of consuming, enterprising and working.
2.Manufacturing-n
definition:the business of producing goods in large numbers.
eg:Finally, in some of the most industrialised countries Governments developed speciﬁc policy interventions aiming at pushing the ongoing evolution forward in particular within manufacturing, like in the United States, Japan, Germany and recently also in Italy.
3.Empirical-adj
definition:based on what is experienced or seen rather than on theory.
eg:Sect. 4 will illustrate the empirical results from a multiple case-study research.
4.Macroeconomic-n
definition:the study of financial systems at a national level.
eg:As summarised by this author, the quantitative effects of innovation on employment can be studied at three different levels: at the ﬁrm, industry or macroeconomic level.

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main idea:European even global level are adopting digital technologies.Digital applications are identified GPTs(general purpose technologies) and it changes  business model.Due to its high efficiency,in the next 15-20 years,scholars estimated 20-40% of jobs will be replaced by artificial intelligence but scholars haven't  met an agreement as AI can not replace human completely or it can not get some human skills.To sum up,digital technologies affects employment in many corporations, especially manufacture companies.
Questions:
1.Do you think it is beneficial to corporations to develop artificial intelligence?How about to employees?
2.Do you think computers and robots are to blame when unemployment rate increase.Give your reasons.
3.In page 395,what the author mean  if the growth of the innovative firms is made at the expenses of competitors, the overall system effect may be negative.

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1)Innovation and employment
In my experience, I lived in Dongguan which has intellectualized industry system. And I think innovation would promote the quality of the employment because those labor-intensive jobs will be replaced by robots. Then people would like to learn new skills which must robot cannot replace. Therefore our employment structure would be optimized.
2)Industry 4.0 and Chinese manufacture
The first step is to become a manufacturing power by 2025. In the second step, China's manufacturing industry as a whole will reach the medium level of the world manufacturing power by 2035. Step three: by the time the People's Republic of China was founded 100 years ago, its comprehensive strength had entered the forefront of the world's manufacturing powers.

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Industry 4.0
industry 4.0 describes a future project that can be defined by two development directions. On the one hand there is a huge application pull, which induces a remarkable need for changes due to changing operative framework conditions. On the other hand, there is an exceptional technology-push in industrial practice. This technology-push has already influenced daily routine in private areas
Reference:   Business &Information Systems Engineering, 2014, Vol.6(4), pp.239-242

General Purpose Technologies (GPTs)
Identifying technologies as GPTs requiresrecognizing their evolutionary nature, and accepting possible uncertainties concerning
marginal cases. GPT have 6 charaters
1. Complementarities with a cluster of technologies that define and support it.
2. Complementarities with a cluster of technologies that it enables
3. Complementarities with a cluster of technologies that typically include those that are socially, politically and economically transformative.
4. There are no close substitutes
5. Have a wide array of applications
6. Initially crude but evolving in complexity.
Refernce   Can J Econ 37(4):1118–1150 Lipsey RG, Clifford B, Kenneth IC (1998) “The consequences of changes in GPTs”. In Helpman (ed) General Purpose
Bright 1958; Freddi 2009 theory
connect to computerisation
The idea that there are differences between machines in the degree of integration was illustrated half a century ago by Bright (1958) in his work on automation. The author argued that there existed seventeen degrees of automation. Later authors extended his list (Bell, 1972). While at the bottom of this scale electronic devices associated with automated machines only supervise the process, at the highest level they can predict changes in external conditions and adapt system behaviour.
Refernce

Freddi, Daniela • 2009 Apr
Published in Journal Research Policy. Volume 38. Issue 3. Page 548 - 558.

SBTC versus trade
The SBTC approach is supported on the technological-knowledge biased progress in favour of
skilled labour. This bias, arising from both the market-size effect and the price effect induced by the
increased skilled-labour supply (e.g. Acemoglu, 2003; Afonso, 2006, 2008), would lead to a faster productivity growth in skilled labour. The productivity increase,
in turn, enlarges college enrolment and thus the market for skill-complementary technologies. This
process keeps the expansion of skilled-labour demand ahead of that of skilled-labour supply.

Trade-based explanations stem from the insights of the Stolper–Samuelson theorem (e.g. Leamer, 1994; Wood, 1995; Borjas et al., 1997). According to the
Stolper–Samuelson theorem, a decrease in the relative price of imported goods must reduce the return on the factor that is used intensively in their production. Hence, developed countries would specialize in skill intensive goods, thus raising the relative demand for skilled labour and thus its relative wage. In developing countries, the outcome isexpectedly symmetrical.
Reference

Almeida, Alexandre • 2010 Oct 07
Published in Journal Applied Economics Letters. Volume 17. Issue 15. Page 1497 - 1501.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Industry 4.0 (Fourth Industrial Revolution) is a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical system, the Internet of things, cloud computing and cognitive computing.

1st industrial revolution: Mechanisation, water power, steam power.

2nd industrial revolution: Mass production, assembly line, electricity.

3rd industrial revolution: Computer and automation.

4th industrial revolution: Cyber physical system.
2. General Purpose Technologies (GPTs) are technologies that can affect an entire economy (usually at a national or global level). GPTs have the potential to drastically alter societies through their impact on pre-existing economic and social structures. Examples include the steam engine, railroad, interchangeable parts, electricity, electronics, material handling, mechanization, control theory (automation), the automobile, the computer, the Internet, medicine and the blockchain.
3. Skill Biased Technical Change is a shift in the production technology that favours skilled over unskilled labor by increasing its relative productivity and, therefore, its relative demand.
4. World Economic Forum 2016  "Our world is an interconnected system straining under the burden of its own complexity. The Fourth Industrial Revolution and other factors are combining to make the global environment more unpredictable and difficult to navigate.

In year 2016, the World Economic Forum put in place the framework that will ensure our platform serves an enduring role as the “operating system” for the increased multistakeholder and interdependent cooperation this complexity requires. Our role has always been to connect the dots, to provide leaders with a space to proactively focus on the future and develop a forward-looking strategic view in a world that is increasingly interconnected and, at the same time, absorbed by the challenges of the past."
https://www.weforum.org/reports/annual-report-2015-2016
5. Valenduc & Vendramin 2016 is a research paper wrote by Valenduc and Vendramin. The paper sets out to analyse the digital economy and changes in work by sifting elements of continuity from others that are radically new. The study concludes with some considerations on the meaning of work in environments characterised by an increasing interplay of the virtual and the real.
https://dial.uclouvain.be/pr/boreal/object/boreal:173373

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Q1: Which level is the most satisfactory level of  analysis, and why?

Q2: What are the effects of product and process innovatons?

Q3: A large branch of labour economics literature, focused more on studying the qualitative effects of innovation on employment, rather than the quantitative ones. What's the weak point of this?

Q4: What is Moravec paradox?

Q5: Why there is no consensus among scholars on the future effective capacity of robots to fully substitute for human labour?

# data[].attributes.body
1.Industry 4.0 is a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things,  cloud computingand cognitive computing. Industry 4.0 is commonly referred to as the fourth industrial revolution

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_4.0

2.General-purpose technologies (GPTs) are technologies that can affect an entire economy (usually at a national or global level)GPTs have the potential to drastically alter societies through their impact on pre-existing economic and social structures. Examples include the steam engine, railroad, interchangeable parts, electricity, electronics, material handling, mechanization, control theory (automation), the automobile, the computer, the Internet, medicine and the blockchain.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_purpose_technology

3.Skill-biased technical change is a shift in the production technology that favors skilled over unskilled labor by increasing its relative productivity and, therefore, its relative demand.

https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2388-1

4.Hans Peter Moravec (born November 30, 1948, Kautzen, Austria) is an adjunct faculty member at the Robotics Instituteof Carnegie Mellon University. He is known for his work on robotics, artificial intelligence, and writings on the impact of technology. Moravec also is a futurist with many of his publications and predictions focusing on transhumanism. Moravec developed techniques in computer vision for determining the region of interest (ROI) in a scene.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Moravec

# data[].attributes.body
1.Industry 4.0:
It is a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things, cloud computing and cognitive computing. Industry 3.0 is commonly referred to as the fourth industrial revolution.

2. GPTs (General Purpose Technologies):
It refers to technologies that can affect an entire economy (usually at a national or global level). GPTs have the potential to drastically alter societies through their impact on pre-existing economic and social structures. Examples include the steam engine, railroad, interchangeable parts, electricity, electronics, material handling, mechanization, control theory,(automation), the automobile,
the computer, the Internet, medicine and the blockchain.

3. Valenduc and Vendramin  2016:
This paper sets out to analyse the digital economy and changes in work by sifting elements of continuity from others that are radically new. Aspects examined are: genuinely new features encountered in the digital economy model; major instances of technological change observable in the working environment; new forms of work in the digital economy; distance and employment relationships; challenges entailed in regulating a labour world shorn of its customary structures.

4. Skill-biased Technical Changes (SBTC):
It is a shift in the production technology that favors skilled over unskilled labour by increasing its relative productivity and, therefore,
its relative demand. Traditionally, technical change is viewed as
factor-neutral. However, the observed rapid rise in the relative wage of skilled workers in conjunction with an upward trend in their relative supply means that recent technological change has been skill-biased.

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2. Complementarities with a cluster of technologies that it enables.

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1.Digitalization n.
definition:The use of digital technologies to change a business model and provide new revenue and value-producing opportunities; it is the process of moving to a digital business.
eg: Secondly,  digitalization is offering increasingly new

opportunities for both consumption and business models,

thus changing contemporary and future ways of consuming,

enterprising and working.
2.Demonization n.
definition:The reinterpretation of polytheistic deities as evil, lying demons by other religions, generally monotheistic and henotheistic ones. The term has since been expanded to refer to any characterization of individuals, groups, or political bodies as evil.
eg:The attention paid (in particular by media) to a number of spectacular successes in this respect has lent widespread appeal to the idea that technology always

increases productivity, as has the demonization of computers and robots as being to blame for large-scale job losses, especially in the manufacturing industry.
3.pervasiveness n./pəˈveɪsɪvnəs/
definition:the quality of spreading widely or being present throughout an area or a group of people.
eg:and we believe that the novelty and pervasiveness of digital technologies require more in-depth micro-level analysis.

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Takeaway platform : Although the takeaway industry has been for many years , the scale still quite small and slow.However,With the technology develop ,the delivery platform can give service to most people. And it promotes many jobs like take-away deliveryman. It means the pace of the digitalisation process can have positive effects.
Automated cars :It predicted to increase traffic flow; provide enhanced mobility for children, the elderly,disabled, and the poor; relieve travelers from driving and navigation chores; lower fuel consumption; significantly reduce needs for parking space; reduce crime; and facilitate business models for transportation as a service, especially via the sharing economy.In one part it reduce some driver's job, on the other hand it release many people to start other job

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1.Industry 4.0

is a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things,  cloud computingand cognitive computing. Industry 4.0 is commonly referred to as the fourth industrial revolution.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR)

is the fourth major industrial era since the initial Industrial Revolution of the 18th century. It is characterized by a fusion of technologies that is blurring the lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres, collectively referred to as cyber-physical systems.It is marked by emerging technology breakthroughs in a number of fields, including robotics, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, quantum computing, biotechnology, the Internet of Things, the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), fifth-generation wireless technologies (5G), additive manufacturing/3D printing and fully autonomous vehicles.

2.skill-biased technological change"(SBTC)

a shift in the production technology that favors skilled over unskilled labor by increasing its relative productivity and, therefore, its relative demand

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1.Industry 4.0:or productivity 4.0, is a German government high-tech plan. Also known as the fourth industrial revolution, in 2013, the German federation education, the research department and the federal ministry of economy and science and technology incorporated it into the top 10 future projects of high-tech strategy 2020 with an estimated investment of 200 million euros, to improve the computerization, digitalization and intellectualization of the manufacturing industry.

2.SBTC:Skill-Biased Technical Change (SBTC thereafter) is a shift in the production technology that favors skilled (e.g., more educated, more able, more experienced) labor over unskilled labor by increasing its relative productivity and, therefore, its relative demand.

3.GPTs:General-purpose technologies (GPTs) are technologies that can affect an entire economy (usually at a national or global level)GPTs have the potential to drastically alter societies through their impact on pre-existing economic and social structures. Examples include the steam engine, railroad, interchangeable parts, electricity
electronics, material handling, control theory the automobile, the computer, the Internet medicine and the blockchain.

4.ICT:Information and communications technology or (ICT) is extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications(telephone lines and wireless signals), computers as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information.

The term ICT is also used to refer to the convergence of audio-visual and telephone networks with computer networks through a single cabling or link system. There are large economic incentives (huge cost savings due to elimination of the telephone network) to merge the telephone network with the computer network system using a single unified system of cabling, signal distribution and management.

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1.Digitalisation   n.
Definition: The the administration of digitalis for the treatment of certain heart disorders, or the use of digital technologies to change a business model and provide new revenue and value-producing opportunities.

2. Macroeconomic: n.
Definition:  is the branch of economics which concerned with the major, general features of a country’s economy, such as, GDP, the level of inflation, unemployment, or interest rates

3. Empirical-adj
Definition: derived from experiment and observation rather than theory.

4. Automation n.
Definition: the act of implementing the control of equipment with advanced technology; usually involving electronic hardware

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1.3D-printing.

3D printing is any of various processes in which material is joined or solidified under computer control to create a three-dimensional object,with material being added together (such as liquid molecules or powder grains being fused together). 3D printing is used in both rapid prototyping and additive manufacturing.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing
2.Internet of Things.
The Internet of things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity which enables these things to connect, collect and exchange data. https://www.google.com.hk/search?safe=strict&ei=7P3MW_aoGoHDgAasiYLgAw&q=Internet+of+Things&oq=Internet+of+Things&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0i67k1j0l9.1608.2937.0.4333.1.1.0.0.0.0.65.65.1.1.0....0...1c.1j2.64.psy-ab..0.1.65....0.wumJNbYiyCM
3. Industry 4.0 is a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things, cloud computing and cognitive computing. Industry 4.0 is commonly referred to as the fourth industrial revolution. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_4.0

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1.     Digitalization is very common nowadays, for example, some personal customer services like telecommunications company. They centralized data about customers including contact information and product history help service technicians stay informed about their customers’ previous issues and what types of problems they might encounter. It is a good way to have better customer services.

2.     Difference between digitalization and digitization: They look similar, but digitization is where digitalization began. In digitization, all customer files, product manuals, repair handbooks were hard copies. This meant that the service technician would arrive with a stack of paper that might include anything from the customer’s name and address to the product’s history and a listing of replacement parts to a datebook listing the day’s appointments. Digitization is the process of making all of this information available and accessible in a digital format.
https://www.coresystems.net/blog/difference-between-digitization-digitalization-and-digital-transformation

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1. Chinese scholar named Li Kaifu talked about the future of AI.  He wrote in his book that nearly 50% of human work will be replaced by artificial intelligence within 15 years. But there are five kinds of work cannot be replaced.
a.Creative work. For example, medical researchers, artificial intelligence scientists, award-winning scriptwriters.
b.Complexity/strategic work (eg, CEO, negotiating expert, M&A expert)
c.Sensitive work (eg, oral surgeon, aircraft mechanic, chiropractor)
d.Need to adapt to new and unknown work in various environments (for example, geological surveys, cleaning after assembly)
e.Empathy/Humanization (for example, social workers, special teachers, marriage counselors)

2. One day, I ever saw a report that According to the German Expert Committee on Research and Innovation (EFI), Germany is caught in a “competency trap”, which means that when existing industries continue to attract R&D investment and outstanding researchers, new industries didn't attain full development, sometimes losing talents, and forming a “lock-in effect” of path dependence

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1,Digitalisation
definition: the administration of digitalis for the treatment of certain heart disorders . to put information into the form of a series of the numbers 0 and 1, usually so that it can be understood and used by a computer.
This article are tend to explain what highly developed digital technology caused and the relationship with employment.
2,Industry 4.0
Definition: The term "Industry 4.0" represents the fourth revolution that has occurred in manufacturing, and a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It fosters what has been called a "smart factory".
The "Industry 4.0" caused by the technology innovation and being the background of the article.

3.Manufacturing Industry
definition:the business of producing goods in large numbers.
This related to the employment who will be affected by the innovation of digitalisation.

4.Robot
Definition: a machine that resembles a living creature in being capable of moving independently (as by walking or rolling on wheels) and performing complex actions (such as grasping and moving objects)
Robot in this article is an important word ,which represent all of the intelligent machines and cause concern to a great number of employees.

5. World Economic Forum (WEF)
Definition: The World Economic Forum is the International Organization for Public-Private Cooperation. It was founded in 1971 as a not-for-profit organization. gained formal status in January 2015 under the Swiss Host-State Act, confirming the role of the Forum as an International Institution for Public-Private Cooperation. The Forum strives in all its efforts to demonstrate entrepreneurship in the global public interest while upholding the highest standards of governance. Moral and intellectual integrity is at the heart of everything it does.

6,Innovation
Definition:can be defined simply as a "new idea, device or method".
The product and process innovation can cause adverse impacts to employments,so it is important to highlight.

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1.artificial intelligence and big data
artificial intelligence is based on big data and a serious of arithmetic, the great development of artificial intelligence is benefited from the internet give us a great way to collect data and then use these data to train our computer. In this way, we can make our computer do very well in one field that connects to these data. But the artificial intelligence is a kind of weak intelligence that only good at one special field.
2.artificial intelligence and employ rat
The artificial intelligence now is a weak intelligence but it can still take over many mechanism jobs and make many people lose their job. But it is also a great chance to create a lot of other new jobs just like the industry evolution. So we needn't worry about this problem. Otherwise, artificial intelligence robots can greatly improve the efficiency of working especially in industrial manufacture. It can make people much more relaxed in their work.
3.artifical intelligence and creation
As we said that artificial intelligence now is a kind of weak intelligence, it can replace some mechanism job but cannot replace some creation job. So as the technology developed people who do the creational jobs will be much more popular. And also the technology itself need people who do creational jobs to develop it. Meanwhile, technology can also help people to do these jobs.

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1. industry 4.0
Which is also referred to the 4th industry revolution, is a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. There are 4 steps of industrial revolution: (1) mechanisation, water power, steam power;(2) Mass production, assembly line, electricity; (3) computer and automation; (4) cyber physical systems.
2.Digitalisation
Digitalisation, is the process of converting information into a digital , in which the information is organized into bits. For example, the scanning of analog sources (such as printed phots or taped videos ) into computers for editing, 3D scanning that creates 3D modeling of an object's surface, and audio (where sampling rate is often measured in kilohertz) and texture map transformations. In this last case, as in normal photos, the sampling rate refers to the resolution of the image, often measured in pixels per inch.
3.General-purpose technologies
are technologies that can affect an entire economy (usually at a national or global level). GPTs have the potential to drastically alter societies through their impact on pre-existing economic and social structures. Examples include the steam engine, railroad, interchangeable parts, electricity, automobile, the computer, medicine and blockchain.
4.Input-output model
In economics, an input–output model is a quantitative economic technique that represents the interdependencies between different branches of a national economy or different regional economies. Wassily Leontief(1906–1999) is credited with developing this type of analysis and earned the Nobel Prize in Economics for his development of this model.
5.Rethink Robotics
(formerly Heartland Robotics, Inc.) was a robotics company co-founded by Rodney Brooks and Ann Whittaker in 2008. Rethink robotics closed its doors on October 3, 2018. It was located in Boston, Massachusetts.Rethink Robotics was known for producing collaborative robots Sawyer and Bacter, robots used in factories that could be "taught" new skills rather than programmed.

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Tackle: try to deal with something or someone

Digitalization:  to put information into digital form so that it can be used by computer.

Causal: means not formal.

Absorption:  a process of taking something into another substance.

Substitute: to use something instead of another thing.

Adoption:  an act of legally taking a child to be taken care of as your own.

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Industry 4.0
Industry 4.0 is a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things, cloud computing and cognitive computing. Industry 4.0 is commonly referred to as the fourth industrial revolution. Industry 4.0 fosters what has been called a "smart factory". Within modular structured smart factories, cyber-physical systems monitor physical processes, create a virtual copy of the physical world and make decentralized decisions. Over the Internet of Things, cyber-physical systems communicate and cooperate with each other and with humans in real-time both internally and across organizational services offered and used by participants of the value chain.

Productivity paradox
The productivity paradox refers to the slowdown in productivity growth in the United States in the 1970s and 80s despite rapid development in the field of IT over the same period. As highlighted in a widely-cited article by Erik Brynjolfsson, productivity growth slowed down at the level of the whole U.S. economy, and often within individual sectors that had invested heavily in IT, despite dramatic advances in computer power and increasing investment in IT. Similar trends were seen in many other nations. While the computing capacity of the U.S. increased a hundredfold in the 1970s and 1980s, labor productivity growth slowed from over 3% in the 1960s to roughly 1% in the 1980s. This perceived paradox was popularized in the media by analysts such as Steven Roach and later Paul Strassman. The concept is sometimes referred to as the Solow computer paradox in reference to Robert Solow's 1987 quip, "You can see the computer age everywhere but in the productivity statistics." The paradox has been defined as a perceived "discrepancy between measures of investment in information technology and measures of output at the national level

Displacement effects
Displacement effects theory states that the human mind has a defense mechanism which involuntarily displaces the effects from an individual or anything which are felt unacceptable to another situation which the mind distinguished more acceptable. This unconscious activity which occurs in the mind finds a satisfying alternative to the basic objective and is basically done to relieve stress and other tensions.

ICT
Information and communications technology or (ICT) is extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), computers as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information.

digital economy
Digital economy refers to an economy that is based on digital computing technologies, although we increasingly perceive this as conducting business through markets based on the internet and the World Wide Web. The digital economy is also sometimes called the Internet Economy, New Economy, or Web Economy. Increasingly, the digital economy is intertwined with the traditional economy, making a clear delineation harder.

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1.Industry 4.0
Is named by German government ,It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things, cloud computingand cognitive computing. Industry 4.0 is commonly referred to as the fourth industrial revolution.There are four design principles in Industry 4.0.: Interconnection; Information transparency; Technical assistance; Decentralized decisions

In China, the focus is on artificial intelligence, intelligent finance, healthcare, and smart logistics. They have set aside an area called TEDA which stands for Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area and they are focusing on not only development but connectivity and collaboration. They hope to further technology in manufacturing to increase their efficiency and intelligence in the field.
2. Internet of things (IoT)
The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

Benefit of loT

improve the customer experience;

save time and money;

enhance employee productivity;

integrate and adapt business models;

make better business decisions;

generate more revenue.

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Moravia's paradox is the discovery by artificial intelligence and robotics researchers that, contrary to traditional assumptions, high-level reasoning requires very little computation, but low-level sensorimotor skills require enormous computational resources. The principle was articulated by Hans Moravec, Rodney Brooks, Marvin Minsky and others in the 1980s. As Moravec writes, "it is comparatively easy to make computers exhibit adult level performance on intelligence tests or playing checkers, and difficult or impossible to give them the skills of a one-year-old when it comes to perception and mobility".

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Main idea: The development of digital technologies has attracted awareness of many people because it may cause extensive unemployment. To comprehend how it can affect employment and which area may be dominated by digitalisation, lots of micro-level researches are necessary. New types of skills will be needed in the future in manufacturing.

Questions:1.      Why does the author think micro-level analysis is more important than the macro-level in this topic of study?

2.      The human society has been through several revolutions of science and technology. How do people get out of unemployment caused by new technology or new machines?

3.      What's your opinion to the four questions in the introduction?

4.      Try to explain Industry 4.0.

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Main Idea: This thesis discussed the relationship between the development of digitalisation and unemployment situation. It applied systematic overview and case study as the methods to define the effect brought by the digitalisation. The authors defined the concept of Industry 4.0. The authors drew the conclusion that the manufacturer  will face the serious workforce issue in the future. However, the demand of informatics engineers will continue.

Q1: What is the Industry 4.0?
Q2: How is the pace of digitalisation?
Q3: What is the qualitative effects brought by digitalisation?
Q4: What is the quantitative effects brought by digitalisation?
Q5: What skill can be substituted by the digitalisation?

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GPTs (General Purpose Technologies): It refers to technologies that can affect an entire economy (usually at a national or global level). GPTs have the potential to drastically alter societies through their impact on pre-existing economic and social structures.

Industry 4.0: It is a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things, cloud computing and cognitive computing. Industry 3.0 is commonly referred to as the fourth industrial revolution.

World Economic Forum 2016: One of the topics
of 2016 World Economic Forum is to measure the Fourth Industrial Revolution and
its socio-economic impact on labor markets. It is expected that it will lead to
a net loss of over 5 million jobs in 15 major developed and emerging economies.

Supercomputer Watson:Watson is an IBM supercomputer that combines artificial intelligence (AI) and sophisticated analytical software for optimal performance as a "question answering" machine. The supercomputer is named for IBM's founder, Thomas J. Watson.

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1.GPTs:

“General Purpose Technologies (GPTs) (Bresnahan and Trajtenberg 1995; Helpman 1998) which are radical new technologies that spread in several different industrial sectors, providing not only the possibilities to enhance the efficiencof the existing product or processes, but also to transform them radically.”

Paraphrase: The term “general-purpose technology”, or GPT is a new technology which usually reserved for changes that transform both household life and the ways in which firms conduct business.

Source: https://www.nyu.edu/econ/user/jovanovi/JovRousseauGPT.pdf

2. Industry 4.0:

“In particular, according to this study, digital technologies that are applicable in manufacturing, usually named under Industry 4.0, will impact industrial sectors in three different waves: automotive and logistics will be the first sub-sectors to see significant technological changes, followed by machineries and mechanical engineering, and by aerospace and chemistry.”

Paraphrase: Industry 4.0 is a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things, cloud computing and cognitive computing. Industry 4.0 is commonly referred to as the fourth industrial revolution.

Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_4.0

3. Supercomputer Watson:

“The ability of these robots is documented in particular by the case of the supercomputer Watson, developed by IBM, which competed and won against two humans in a famous American TV game show (Brynjolfsson and McAfee 2014).”

Paraphrase:Watson is a question-answering computer system capable of answering questions posed in natural language, developed in IBM

Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_%28computer%29

4.World Economic Forum:

“A number of studies have been produced so far, mainly trying to tackle the issue of the number of jobs that might be displaced due to the possibility of substituting human labour with machines (Frey and Osborne 2013; World Economic Forum 2016).”

Paraphrase: The World Economic Forum is the International Organization for Public-Private Cooperation.

Source:https://www.weforum.org

5.Input–output model:

“they do not identify technological unemployment while, in case of the use of input–output model (Leontief and Duchin 1986), do not identify compensation effects”

Paraphrase: In economics, an input–output model is a quantitative economic technique that represents the interdependencies between different branches of a national economy or different regional economies.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input–output_model

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1. Digitalisation
the integration of digital technologies into everyday life by the digitization of everything that can be digitized. The literal meaning of digitalization gives an apparent idea of development and technology dependent world.
https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/it-strategy-follows-digitalization/7748

2. Technological Innovation
New invention derived from research developments, technical knowledge and tools independent of product and service initiatives.
https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/media-streaming-technological-innovation-higher/29457

3. Industry 4.0
is a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things, cloud computing and cognitive computing. Industry 4.0 is commonly referred to as the fourth industrial revolution.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_4.0

4. Pattern Recognition
Pattern recognition is the automated recognition of patterns and regularities in data.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition

5. Digital Economy
Digital economy refers to an economy that is based on digital computing technologies.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_economy

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1.cognitive: connected with thinking or conscious mental processes
2.ICT: information and communication technology: a school subject in which students learn to use computers and other electronic equipment to store and send information
3.paradox: a situation or statement that seems impossible or is difficult to understand because it contains two opposite facts or characteristics
4.augment: to increase the size or value of something by adding something to it
5.mechanisms:  a way of doing something that is planned or part of a system

# data[].attributes.body
1. Digitalisation
Noun of digitize: to put information into digital form(=into the form of a series of the numbers 0 and 1) so that it can be used by computers and other electronic equipment.
e.g Digitalization creates many new ways to use and share photos.
2. Augmented reality
Images produced by a computer and used together with a view of the real world.
3. Empirical
Based on what is experienced or seen rather than on theory.
e.g This theory needs to be backed up with solid empirical evidence.
4. Computerisation
Noun of computerize, to use a computer to do something that was done by people or other machines before.
e.g There is a study examining the effect of computerization on productivity.
5. Pharmaceutical
Related or connected with the production of medicines.
e.g The British pharmaceutical giant AstraZeneca employs about 5000 people in the town.

All sources are from
https://dictionary.cambridge.org

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1. The potential of Industry 4.0 and digitalisation:The factory floor itself is being revolutionised through the growing use of connected industrial processes, robotics, software and advanced automation. This is leading to greater productivity, quality and efficiency as manufacturers embrace the revolution, commonly known as Industry 4.0.

https://www.theengineer.co.uk/opening-our-eyes-to-potential-industry-4-0-digitalisation/

2. Digital Transformation challenges and solution:
i. Employee Pushback
ii. Lack of Expertise to Lead Digitisation Initiatives
iii. Organisational Structure
iv. Lack of Overall Digitisation Strategy
v. Limited Budget
https://medium.com/iotforall/top-5-digital-transformation-challenges-and-how-to-overcome-them-ec60a5254ded

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1.     Industry 4.0

Industry 4.0 is a revolution transforming economics, jobs and the society. Under industry 4.0, digital technologies are combining through analytics, artificial intelligence and many fields to create digital enterprises that are both interconnected and capable of informed decision-making. Digital enterprises can communicate, analyze and use data to drive intelligent action in the physical world.

https://www2.deloitte.com/insights/us/en/deloitte-review/issue-22/industry-4-0-technology-manufacturing-revolution.html

2.    Skill- biased technical change (STBC)

Skill-Biased Technical Change is a shift in the production technology that favors skilled over unskilled labor by increasing its relative productivity and, therefore, its relative demand. Traditionally, technical change is viewed as factor-neutral. However, the observed rapid rise in the relative wage of skilled workers in conjunction with an upward trend in their relative supply means that recent technological change has been skill-biased.

http://www.econ.nyu.edu/user/violante/Books/sbtc_january16.pdf

3.     General purpose of technologies (GPTs)

A general purpose technology or GPT is a term coined to describe a new method of producing and inventing that is important enough to have a protracted aggregate impact. Electricity and information technology (IT) probably are the two most important GPTs so far.

http://www.nyu.edu/econ/user/jovanovi/JovRousseauGPT.pdf

4.     World Economic Forum (2016)

For over four decades, the World Economic Forum’s mission – improving the state of the world – has driven the design and development of the Annual Meeting programme. The world’s political and business leaders, plus the usual smattering of celebrities will attend to the World Economic Forum’s annual conference 2016. The four days of debate will focus on the following topics: the rise of the robots, terrorism and migration crisis, market turmoil and climate change.

https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jan/19/world-economic-forum-davos-2016-eight-key-themes-robotics-migration-markets-climate-change-europe-medicine-inequality-cybercrime

5.     Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT is simple: it’s about connecting devices over the internet, letting them talk to us, applications, and each other. IoT is more than smart homes and connected appliances, however. It scales up to include – think of that monitor utility use, or smart bins that signal when they need to be emptied – and industry, with connected sensors for everything from tracking parts to monitoring crops.

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/06/what-is-the-internet-of-things-google

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Main idea :The paper mainly describe that the new digital technologies exert the influence on employment and show the actual degree of absorption and application of new digital of technologies in manufacturing and the speed of this evolution process. It is necessary for manufacturing in the future to have some new skills, especially service provision and software development.
Q1 :What do you think of Industry 4.0?

Q2: Do you think artificial is beneficial for employment ? If you don't agree with this opinion, please show your reason ?

Q3: what’s the difference between the nineteenth century and twentieth century about technical change towards skilled labour?

Q4: what’s the disadvantage of firm level in the quantitative effects of innovation?

# data[].attributes.body
Main idea: this paper investigates how digitalisation affect the employment and the relationship between innovation and employment. People concern that machine will replace human labours since 19 century. For example, ATM may cause unemployment of bank teller. The technology change may increase the productive but increase the unemployment rate. However, the employees also benefit from the new technology. The author analyse will machine replace human labours and what can company do to improve their organisational structures.

1.       What is the importance of industry 4.0 to manufacture companies?

2.       What does digitalization affect employment on macro-level?

3.        Why the robot cannot replace human labours nowadays?

4.       What is the quantitative effects of innovation on employment at the firm level?

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Main idea： The present work tackles the issue of the effects of digitalisation on employment. This issue has been attracting a growing interest, in particular because of the anxiety generated by the idea that digital technologies could cancel a large number of jobs. Although I agree with argument put forward in opposition to the existence of a causal link between technological innovation and increased productivity at the macroeconomic level, I believe that the novelty and pervasiveness of digital technologies require more in-depth micro-level analysis in order to understand the extent to which new digital technologies are currently employed by leading manufacturing companies and the ways new technologies are affecting employment. The empirical findings show that among the different technologies included under the umbrella of Industry 4.0, mainly robots have received a great deal of attention so far, while the current application and employment impact for other emerging technological opportunities such as 3D printing, Internet of Things, Augmented reality, Big data Analytics have not been studied yet. In relation to the qualitative changes of the labour market, our empirical research confirms that there are new types of skills that will be demanded in the future in manufacturing, in particular in relation to service provision and software development.
Q1： What the most relevant three argument according to our purposes ？
Q2:   What's the result of research?
Q3: The research of European countries explain what？

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Intelligent machines - AlphaGo is a computer program that plays the board game Go.It was developed by Alphabet Inc.'s Google DeepMind in London. AlphaGo has several versions including AlphaGo Zero, AlphaGo Master, AlphaGo Lee, etc.
In October 2015, AlphaGo became the first computer Go program to beat a human professional Go player without handicaps on a full-sized 19×19 board. In March 2016, it beat Lee Sedol in a five-game match, the first time a computer Go program has beaten a 9-dan professional without handicaps.
At the 2017 Future of Go Summit, AlphaGo beat Ke Jie, the world No.1 ranked player at the time, in a three-game match.
AlphaGo uses a Monte Carlo tree search algorithm to find its moves based on knowledge previously "learned" by machine learning, specifically by an artificial neural network (a deep learning method) by extensive training, both from human and computer play.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo

China's industry 4.0 - Made in China 2025 is a strategic plan of China issued by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and his cabinet in May 2015.
The goals of Made in China 2025 include increasing the Chinese-domestic content of core materials to 40% by 2020 and 70% by 2025.The plan focuses on high-tech fields including the pharmaceutical industry which are presently the purview of foreign companies.
The Center for Strategic and International Studies describes it as an "initiative to comprehensively upgrade Chinese industry" directly inspired by the German Industry 4.0. It is an attempt to move the country's manufacturing up the value chain and become a major manufacturing power in direct competition with the United States.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_in_China_2025

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1.Industry 4.0
China's manufacturing locus in 2025: With a comparison of “Made-in-China 2025” and “Industry 4.0”.Its guiding principles are to enhance industrial capability through innovation-driven manufacturing, optimize the structure of Chinese industry, emphasize quality over quantity, train and attract talent, and achieve green manufacturing and environment.China has emerged as one of the most significant manufacturing miracles since the industrial revolution began in Great Britain in the eighteenth century. By the end of 2012, China became a global leader in manufacturing operations and the second largest economic power in the world.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162517307254
2. Digitalisation and employment
In 2013 the low-skilled accounted for 23 percent of the German workforce. One currently contested academic and societal question is
what employment effects will ensue from the progressive
digitalisation and automation of jobs and work processes.
Many authors argue that routine – and thus low-skilled –
work is subject to a high risk of automation in the medium
to long term. the internationally widely noted study
of the US labour market by Frey and Osborne (2013) concludes
that almost half of today’s professions across almost all sectors could be substituted.

# data[].attributes.body
Innovation:

a new idea or method that is being tried for the first time, or the use of such ideas or methods:

pervasiveness:

the fact of being present and noticeable in every part of a thing or place:

paradox:

a situation or statement that seems impossible or is difficult to understandbecause it contains two opposite facts or characteristics:

spectacular:

very exciting to look at;especially great:

demonization:

he reinterpretation of polytheistic deities as evil, lying demons by other religions, generally monotheistic and henotheistic ones:

pretext:

a pretended reason for doing something that is used to hide the real reason:

# data[].attributes.body
Main idea
1. The development of digitalization has made robots more and more involved in some basic work, which will have a negative impact on human employment.
2. Experts and scholars have not reached a consensus on this issue, because some skill robots belonging to humans have no way to replace them.
3. The development of science and technology will make some jobs replaced, but it also provides employment opportunities for some new jobs.
4. The market is increasingly demanding employees who will have new skills.
Questions
1. Explain what is the Industry 4.0.
2. How much artificial labor jobs will be replaced by robots? And which type of jobs will be replaced?
3. What are the new changes in Industry 4.0 and why are they important to the companies interviewed?
4. According to the article, do you agree that some jobs will be replaced by this trend?
5. According to this trend of digital development, what impact will it have on future employment?

# data[].attributes.body
Digitalisation: Digitization is the process of converting information into a digital (i.e. computer-readable) format, in which the information is organized into bits. The result is the representation of an object, image, sound, document or signal (usually an analog signal) by generating a series of numbers that describe a discrete set of its points or samples.

Technological change: In essence, technological change covers the invention of technologies (including processes) and their commercialization or release as open source via research and development (producing emerging technologies), the continual improvement of technologies (in which they often become less expensive), and the diffusion of technologies throughout industry or society (which sometimes involves disruption and convergence).

Manufacturing: Manufacturing is the production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale.

Industry 4.0: Industry 4.0 is a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things, cloud computing and cognitive computing. Industry 4.0 is commonly referred to as the fourth industrial revolution.

Employment: Employment is a relationship between two parties, usually based on a contract where work is paid for, where one party, which may be a corporation, for profit, not-for-profit organization, co-operative or other entity is the employer and the other is the employee.

Skills: A skill is the ability to carry out a task with determined results often within a given amount of time, energy, or both. Skills can often be divided into domain-general and domain-specific skills.

# data[].attributes.body
This proposition examined the connection between the improvement of digitalisation and joblessness circumstance. It connected orderly outline and contextual investigation as the techniques to characterize the impact brought by the digitalisation. The authors characterized the idea of Industry 4.0. The writer reached the inference that the manufacturer will confront the genuine workforce issue later on. however, human can never be replaced by artificial intelligence and there are gonna occur new opportunities of employment for those people who lost their job at present time.

Q1: How to understand the relationship between innovation and employment?

Q2:What is the main idea of industry 4.0 and do you think would it works?

Q3:What had be compared in the text about macroeconomic and microeconomic levels?

Q4: what reason do you think that those companies did not process innovation failed?

Q5:What is the quantitative effects of innovation on employment at the firm level?

# data[].attributes.body
Main Idea
1. Since 19th century, the fear of being replaced by machines due to technological development was presented.

2.  As most of similar studies focused on macro point of view, This research examined more in-depth analysis to investigate four aspects: the extent and pace of new digital technologies applications, the underlying factors of Industry 4.0 and specific uses, the current and future impact of new technologies on employment, and some changes of labour skills.

3.  Most of the recent studies focused on the use of robots and their actual ability at substituting for human labour as contemporary robots, showing the ability to substitute for high-skill occupations. (e.g. The Supercomputer Watson). However, some researchers argued that computers can not fully substitute human labour because of a low ability of a pattern recognition and complex communication.

4.  Some researchers estimated that about 47% of total US employment is at risk due to computerisation, while others said that computers will not fully replace occupation by giving an example of ATMs and Bank teller.

5. Case studies proved positive effect of employment, however, it might have negative employment effect in a relation to additive manufacturing.

Concept Questions
1. According to Pianta (2005), how can the qualitative effects of innovation on employment be studied? What are the three different levels?

2. What was the main differences between the Product innovation and Process innovation in terms of the results from studies?

3. What were the different opinions of researchers related to the Skill-Biased Technical Change (SBTC) literature?

4. What is the Moravec paradox?

5.  What was the main objective of using results from empirical researches?

6. What are the factors included under the umbrella of industry 4.0?

# data[].attributes.body
Digitalisation: n.

the administration of digitalis for the treatment of certain heart disorders

pervasiveness: n.

the quality of filling or spreading throughout

demonization: n.

to represent as diabolically evil

regime: n.

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

constrain: vt.

hold back

equilibrium n.

equality of distribution

paradox: n.

(logic) a statement that contradicts itself

Dexterity n.

adroitness in using the hands

# data[].attributes.body
Main Idea：
The article introduces a research of the relationship between artificial intelligence and employment rates in manufacturing area. The author states that although he partly agrees digitalisation may decrease employment in some manufacturing area，further research should be started to get an better conclusion for this circumstance.
And digitalisation and artificial intelligence have the possibility of substituting for human labour, at least in some occupations or for some tasks. There is no consensus among scholars on the future effective capacity of robots to fully substitute for human labour, as there are some skills such as flexibility, judgement and common sense or the ability to identify the purposiveness of objects that so far showed to belong exclusively to human skills. But the innovation will generate new demand of employment and the technology innovation will develop rapidly.

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1. Fourth Industrial Revolution:
The Fourth Industrial Revolution describes the exponential changes to the way we live, work and relate to one another due to the adoption of cyber-physical systems, the Internet of Things and the Internet of Systems. As we implement smart technologies in our factories and workplaces, connected machines will interact, visualize the entire production chain and make decisions autonomously.
2. Skill- biased technical change (STBC)

Skill-Biased Technical Change is a shift in the production technology that favors skilled over unskilled labor by increasing its relative productivity and, therefore, its relative demand. Traditionally, technical change is viewed as factor-neutral. However, the observed rapid rise in the relative wage of skilled workers in conjunction with an upward trend in their relative supply means that recent technological change has been skill-biased.
3. Supercomputer Watson:

“The ability of these robots is documented in particular by the case of the supercomputer Watson, developed by IBM, which competed and won against two humans in a famous American TV game show (Brynjolfsson and McAfee 2014).”

Paraphrase:Watson is a question-answering computer system capable of answering questions posed in natural language, developed in IBM
4. World Economic Forum 2016: One of the topics of 2016 World Economic Forum is to measure the Fourth Industrial Revolution and its socio-economic impact on labor markets. It is expected that it will lead to a net loss of over 5 million jobs in 15 major developed and emerging economies.
5. Input–output model:

“they do not identify technological unemployment while, in case of the use of input–output model (Leontief and Duchin 1986), do not identify compensation effects”

Paraphrase: In economics, an input–output model is a quantitative economic technique that represents the interdependencies between different branches of a national economy or different regional economies.

# data[].attributes.body
Industry 4.0

Industry 4.0 is a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things, cloud computing and cognitive computing. Industry 4.0 is commonly referred to as the fourth industrial revolution.

Industry 4.0 fosters what has been called a "smart factory". Within modular structured smart factories, cyber-physical systems monitor physical processes, create a virtual copy of the physical world and make decentralized decisions. Over the Internet of Things, cyber-physical systems communicate and cooperate with each other and with humans in real-time both internally and across organizational services offered and used by participants of the value chain.

World Economic Forum (WEF)

The World Economic Forum (WEF), based in Cologny-Geneva, Switzerland, was founded in 1971 as a not-for-profit organization. It gained formal status in January 2015 under the Swiss Host-State Act, confirming the role of the Forum as an International Institution for Public-Private Cooperation. The Forum's mission is cited as "committed to improving the state of the world by engaging business, political, academic, and other leaders of society to shape global, regional, and industry agendas".

The WEF is best known for its annual meeting at the end of January in Davos, a mountain resort in Graubünden, in the eastern Alps region of Switzerland. The meeting brings together some 2,500 top business leaders, international political leaders, economists, celebrities and journalists for up to four days to discuss the most pressing issues facing the world.

Demonization

Demonization is the reinterpretation of polytheistic deities as evil, lying demons by other religions, generally monotheistic and henotheistic ones. The term has since been expanded to refer to any characterization of individuals, groups, or political bodies as evil.

Digitalisation

Digitization, less commonly digitalization, is the process of converting information into a digital (i.e. computer-readable) format, in which the information is organized into bits. The result is the representation of an object, image, sound, document or signal (usually an analog signal) by generating a series of numbers that describe a discrete set of its points or samples. The result is called digital representation or, more specifically, a digital image, for the object, and digital form, for the signal. In modern practice, the digitized data is in the form of binary numbers, which facilitate computer processing and other operations, but, strictly speaking, digitizing simply means the conversion of analog source material into a numerical format; the decimal or any other number system that can be used instead.

Empirical evidence

Empirical evidence is the information received by means of the senses, particularly by observation and documentation of patterns and behavior through experimentation.

Pharmaceutical industry

The pharmaceutical industry discovers, develops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceutical drugs for use as medications. Pharmaceutical companies may deal in generic or brand medications and medical devices. They are subject to a variety of laws and regulations that govern the patenting, testing, safety, efficacy and marketing of drugs.

# data[].attributes.body
Industry 4.0

A name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things, cloud computing and cognitive computing. Industry 4.0 is commonly referred to as the fourth industrial revolution.

Digitalization
More and more customer services and payment methods went digital, especially in China, people can literally going out only with their phone and can deal affairs on almost every aspect of life.

Artificial intelligence

AlphaGo in the chess game suggested the rapid development in this field. But there is still some problem, AI cannot create, the working principle is running code, so this tech in only can be use on repeat work.

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Industry 4.0

From smartphones to smart fridges, technology has played a major role in advancing most areas of our everyday lives - but it is also transforming the world of industry.
Industry 4.0 is the label given to the gradual combination of traditional manufacturing and industrial practices with the increasingly technological world around us.
This includes using large-scale M2M and Internet of Things (IoT) deployments to help manufacturers and consumers alike provide increased automation, improved communication and monitoring, along with self-diagnosis and new levels of analysis to provide a truly productive future.
Factories will become increasingly automated and self-monitoring as the machines within are given the ability to analyse and communicate with each other and their human co-workers, granting companies much smoother processes that free up workers for other tasks.

GPT

General purpose technologies (GPTs) are technologies that can affect an entire economy (usually at a national or global level). GPTs have the potential to drastically alter societies through their impact on pre-existing economic and social structures. Examples include the steam engine, railroad, interchangeable parts, electricity, electronics, material handling, mechanization, control theory (automation), the automobile, the computer, and the Internet.

World Economic Forum

The World Economic Forum, based in Cologny-Geneva, Switzerland, was founded in 1971 as a not-for-profit organization. It gained formal status in January 2015 under the Swiss Host-State Act, confirming the role of the Forum as an International Institution for Public-Private Cooperation. The Forum's mission is cited as "committed to improving the state of the world by engaging business, political, academic, and other leaders of society to shape global, regional, and industry agendas".

# data[].attributes.body
General-purpose technologies (GPTs)are technologies that can affect an entireeconomy (usually at a national or global level). GPTs have the potential to drastically alter societies through their impact on pre-existing economic and social structures. Examples include thesteam engine, railroad, interchangeable parts,electricity,electronics,material handling,mechanization,control theory(automation), the automobile, the computer, the internet,medicine and the blockchain.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_purpose_technology

Skill-biased Technical Changes (SBTC) is a shift in the production technology that favors skilled over unskilled labor by increasing its relative productivity and, therefore, its relative demand.

https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/113/4/1245/1917027

Moravec paradox:Moravec's paradox is the discovery by artificial intelligence and robotics researchers that, contrary to traditional assumptions, high-level reasoning requires very little computation, but low-level sensorimotor skills require enormous computational resources. As Moravec writes, "it is comparatively easy to make computers exhibit adult level performance on intelligence tests or playing checkers, and difficult or impossible to give them the skills of a one-year-old when it comes to perception and mobility"

Fourth Industrial Revolution:The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is the fourth major industrial era since the initial Industrial Revolution of the 18th century. It is characterized by a fusion of technologies that is blurring the lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres, collectively referred to as cyber-physical systems.

Human Device Interface: A human interface device or HID is a type of computer device usually used by humans that takes input from humans and gives output to humans.

The term "HID" most commonly refers to the USB-HID specification. The term was coined by Mike Van Flandern of Microsoft when he proposed that the USB committee create a Human Input Device class working group. The working group was renamed as the Human Interface Device class at the suggestion of Tom Schmidt of DEC because the proposed standard supported bi-directional communication.

Internet of things: The Internet of things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity which enables these things to connect, collect and exchange data.

# data[].attributes.body
1.      Digitization and digitalization

Digitization is about converting analog to digital content. In short, digitization is the process of changing from analog to digital form

Digitalization is when using digital technologies to change a business model and provide new revenue and value-producing opportunities; it is the process of moving to a digital business.

2.      Innovation

Innovation as a countable noun, means a new idea, method, or invention. For example, recent innovations in English teaching.

Innovation as an uncountable noun, means the introduction of new ideas or methods. For example, we need to encourage innovation in industry.

3.      Empirical result

Empirical is an adjective, which means being based on scientific testing or practical experience, not on ideas. Thus, empirical result is the information received by means of the senses, particularly by observation and documentation of patterns and behavior through experimentation.

4.      Paradox

Paradox as a countable noun, means a situation that seems strange because it involves two ideas or qualities that are very different. For example, it’s a paradox that in such a rich country there can be so much poverty.

Paradox as an uncountable noun, means the use of statements that are a paradox in writing or speech.

5.      Industry 4.0

Industry 4.0 is a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things, cloud computing and cognitive computing.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Industrial 4.0: Noun
Definition: The term "Industry 4.0" represents the fourth revolution that has occurred in manufacturing, and a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It fosters what has been called a "smart factory".
https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/09/02/what-is-industry-4-0-heres-a-super-easy-explanation-for-anyone/#7420a9a49788
https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2016/04/05/why-everyone-must-get-ready-for-4th-industrial-revolution/#344e32f33f90

2. Digital Technology: Noun
Definition: American engineers began developing digital technology in the mid-twentieth century.

3. World Economic Forum (WEF): Noun
Definition: The World Economic Forum is the International Organization for Public-Private Cooperation. It was founded in 1971 as a not-for-profit organization. gained formal status in January 2015 under the Swiss Host-State Act, confirming the role of the Forum as an International Institution for Public-Private Cooperation. The Forum strives in all its efforts to demonstrate entrepreneurship in the global public interest while upholding the highest standards of governance. Moral and intellectual integrity is at the heart of everything it does.
https://www.weforum.org/about/world-economic-forum

4. ICT: Noun
Definition: Information and communications technology or (ICT) is extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), computers as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology

5. Value Chain Management: Noun
Definition: Value chain management aims systematically to reduce these sources of uncertainty through the active co‐operation of the key players in each value chain. By reducing uncertainty, total service is improved and overall cost is reduced.
https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/13598549910295000

6. Big Data: Noun
Definition: Big data is a term now generally used by lay audiences to refer to data sets that are too large or complex for traditional data-processing application software to adequately deal with. Data with many cases (rows) offer greater statistical power, while data with higher complexity (more attributes or columns) may lead to a higher false discovery rate.

7. Internet of things (IoT): Noun
Definition: The Internet of things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity which enables these things to connect, collect and exchange data.

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There are four design principles in Industry 4.0. These principles support companies in identifying and implementing Industry 4.0 scenarios.
1.Interconnection: The ability of machines, devices, sensors, and people to connect and communicate with each other via the Internet of Things (IoT) or the Internet of People (IoP).
2.Information transparency: The transparency afforded by Industry 4.0 technology provides operators with vast amounts of useful information needed to make appropriate decisions. Interconnectivity allows operators to collect immense amounts of data and information from all points in the manufacturing process, thus aiding functionality and identifying key areas that can benefit from innovation and improvement.
3.Technical assistance: First, the ability of assistance systems to support humans by aggregating and visualizing information comprehensively for making informed decisions and solving urgent problems on short notice. Second, the ability of cyber physical systems to physically support humans by conducting a range of tasks that are unpleasant, too exhausting, or unsafe for their human co-workers.
4.Decentralized decisions: The ability of cyber physical systems to make decisions on their own and to perform their tasks as autonomously as possible. Only in the case of exceptions, interferences, or conflicting goals, are tasks delegated to a higher level.

Link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_4.0

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Main idea: The article aims at surveying and analysing the impact and result of the application of digital technology on employment with a large number of examples and use the quantitative and qualitative skill.

Question:
Q1: What is the Industry 4.0?
Q2: What abilities are humans have that robot don't have?
Q3: What kind of occupation will be replaced by robot in this article? Present more example by yourself.
Q4: What aspects that author use in describing the difference between innovation and employment?
Q5:  Will robots replace humans？Give some reasons.

# data[].attributes.body
Industry 4.0:Industry 4.0 is a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things, cloud computing and cognitive computing. Industry 4.0 is commonly referred to as the fourth industrial revolution. And the technological opportunities mentioned in this article, such as 3D printing, Augmented reality(AR), Big data Analytics, all belong to industry 4.0 era.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_4.0

General Purpose Technologies(GPTs):  It means technologies that can affect an entire economy (usually at a national or global level). GPTs have the potential to drastically alter societies through their impact on pre-existing economic and social structures. Examples include the steam engine, railroad, interchangeable parts, electricity, electronics, material handling, mechanization, control theory (automation), the automobile, the computer, the Internet, medicine and the blockchain.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_purpose_technology

skill-biased technical change (SBTC): Skill-Biased Technical Change is a shift in the production technology that favors skilled over unskilled labor by increasing its relative productivity and, therefore, its relative demand. Traditionally, technical change is viewed as factor-neutral. However, the observed rapid rise in the relative wage of skilled workers in conjunction with an upward trend in their relative supply means that recent technological change has been skill-biased.
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/downloaddoi=10.1.1.577.3936&rep=rep1&type=pdf

ICTs:  Is extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), computers as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information. This term covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit or receive information electronically in a digital form, e.g. personal computers, digital television, email, robots.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology

Supercomputer Watson: Watson is a question-answering computer system capable of answering questions posed in natural language, developed in IBM's DeepQA project by a research team led by principal investigator David Ferrucci. Watson was named after IBM's first CEO, industrialist Thomas J. Watson.
The computer system was initially developed to answer questions on the quiz show Jeopardy! and, in 2011, the Watson computer system competed on Jeopardy! against legendary champions Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings winning the first place prize of $1 million.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_(computer)

Moravec paradox: Moravec's paradox is the discovery by artificial intelligence and robotics researchers that, contrary to traditional assumptions, high-level reasoning requires very little computation, but low-level sensorimotor skills require enormous computational resources. The principle was articulated by Hans Moravec, Rodney Brooks, Marvin Minsky and others in the 1980s. As Moravec writes, "it is comparatively easy to make computers exhibit adult level performance on intelligence tests or playing checkers, and difficult or impossible to give them the skills of a one-year-old when it comes to perception and mobility".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravec%27s_paradox

World Economic Forum: The World Economic Forum (WEF), based in Cologny-Geneva, Switzerland, was founded in 1971 as a not-for-profit organization. The Forum's mission is cited as "committed to improving the state of the world by engaging business, political, academic, and other leaders of society to shape global, regional, and industry agendas". The WEF is best known for its annual meeting at the end of January in Davos.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum

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1. Industry 4.0

It is a high-tech plan proposed by the German government. Also known as the fourth industrial revolution. The investment is expected to reach 200 million euros to improve the computerization, digitization and intelligence of the manufacturing industry. The core vocabulary of Industry 4.0 is the intelligent integrated sensing system, which is highly automated and can actively eliminate production obstacles. It is also mentioned in China Manufacturing 2025 and the US Manufacturing Revitalization Plan.

2. General Purpose Technologies (GPTs)

General-purpose technologies (GPTs) are technologies that can affect an entire economy (usually at a national or global level).

e.g. in ancient: Smelting of ore/Early metal tools/8000-7000 BC.

now: Computer/Digital Revolution/20th Century.

3. IPTS-ESTO (general equilibrium model)

Institute for Prospective Technological Studies and European science and technology observatory

It is a branch of theoretical economics, seeking to explain supply, demand, and price behavior within the framework of multiple interactive markets in the overall economy.

4. ICT

Information and communication technology; Communication technology and information technology in the past are two completely different categories: communication technology focuses on the transmission technology of message propagation, while information technology focuses on the encoding or decoding of information, and the transmission method in communication carriers with the development of technology. The technology is slowly becoming inseparable, and gradually merges into a category.

In the paper, When ICT started to diffuse widely, the skill structure in the US not change so much than in years 1973-1983, So there was no evidence show the link between computerization, upskilling and wage inequality. (Howell 1996).

5. supercomputer Watson

The computer system was initially developed to answer questions on the quiz show Jeopardy! and, in 2011, the Watson computer system competed on Jeopardy! against legendary champions Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings winning the first-place prize of $1 million.

In recent years, the Watson was developed. It is no longer purely a question answering (QA) computing system designed from Q&A pairs but can now 'see', 'hear', 'read', 'talk', 'taste', 'interpret', 'learn' and 'recommend'.

6. Google self-driving car

https://www.google.com/selfdrivingcar/

Waymo began as the Google self-driving car project in 2009. In recent years, it developed fast and make progress each year. In 2018, they partnered with Jaguar to create the world's first premium electric self-driving vehicle: the Jaguar I-PACE.

The incident report (a company that develops autonomous driving technology in California must be public) shows that the Waymo car has been involved in 30 small crashes, but only one incident was caused by Waymo.

Besides, after the Uber and Tesla incidents, the disturbing problems were re-emerged by public.

In fact, in 2016, Arizona had an average of nearly 350 crashes and 2 deaths per day. This is also the promoter of autonomous driving technology, talking about the fact that nearly 40,000 people die on American roads every year, and human error has caused more than 90% of car accidents. In theory, the machine will not be drunk, will not be distracted, and will not be drowsy, which will undoubtedly greatly weaken these horrifying data.

7. Moravec paradox

Unlike traditional assumptions, human high-level intelligence requires only very little computing power, such as reasoning, but unconscious skills and intuition require great computing power.

Therefore, Brooks will pursue a new direction in the research of artificial intelligence and robotics. He decided to build a machine that was unrecognizable and only capable of sensing and acting

8. output elasticity and income elasticity of demand

income elasticity of demand: In economics, income elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded for a good or service to a change in the income of the people demanding the good.

output elasticity: In economics, output elasticity is the percentage change of output (GDP or production of a single firm) divided by the percentage change of an input.

# data[].attributes.body
1) Digitalization (noun)
Definition: The use of digital technologies to change a business model and provide new revenue and value-producing opportunities; it is the process of moving to a digital business.

2) Contemporary (adjective)
Definition: Something that belonging to or happening in the present.

3) Computerisation (noun)
Definition: Noun of computerize, to use a computer to do something that was done by people or other machines before.

4) Demonization (noun)
Definition: the noun of demonizing something or make it demonlike.

5) Automation (noun)
Definition: Automation is the creation of technology and its application in order to control and monitor the production and delivery of various goods and services. It performs tasks that were previously performed by humans.

# data[].attributes.body
1. GPT (General Purpose Technologies)
In general, a GPT is a set of core technologies that have key functions of generating and spreading incremental or radical innovations in different fields, activities and sectors. Such technologies have substantial and pervasive societal and economic effects.

2. SBTC (Skill-biased Technical Change)
Skill-biased technical change is a shift in the production technology that favours skilled over unskilled labour by increasing its relative productivity and, therefore, its relative demand.

3. IBM's supercomputer Watson
Watson is an IBM supercomputer that combines artificial intelligence (AI) and sophisticated analytical software for optimal performance as a "question answering" machine. The supercomputer is named for IBM's founder, Thomas J. Watson. The Watson supercomputer processes at a rate of 80 teraflops (trillion floating point operations per second). To replicate (or surpass) a high-functioning human's ability to answer questions, Watson accesses 90 servers with a combined data store of over 200 million pages of information, which it processes against six million logic rules. The system and its data are self-contained in a space that could accommodate 10 refrigerators.

4. World Economic Forum
The World Economic Forum is the International Organization for Public-Private Cooperation. The Forum engages the foremost political, business and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas. Our activities are shaped by a unique institutional culture founded on the stakeholder theory, which asserts that an organization is accountable to all parts of society. The institution carefully blends and balances the best of many kinds of organizations, from both the public and private sectors, international organizations and academic institutions. We believe that progress happens by bringing together people from all walks of life who have the drive and the influence to make positive change.

5. ICT (Information and Communications Technology)
ICT, or information and communications technology (or technologies), is the infrastructureand components that enable modern computing. Although there is no single, universal definition of ICT, the term is generally accepted to mean all devices, networking components, applications and systems that combined allow people and organizations (i.e., businesses, nonprofit agencies, governments and criminal enterprises) to interact in the digital world.

6. Industry 4.0
Industry 4.0 is the digital transformation of industrial markets (industrial transformation) with smart manufacturing currently on the forefront. Industry 4.0 represents the so-called fourth industrial revolution in discrete and process manufacturing, logistics and supply chain (Logistics 4.0), the chemical industry, energy (Energy 4.0), transportation, utilities, oil and gas, mining and metals and other segments, including resources industries, healthcare, pharma and even smart cities.

Originally Industry 4.0 was conceived in the context of manufacturing, yet this has changed. So, while all these industries fall under the scope of Industry 4.0 and are tackled in the academic, governmental and industrial collaborations which led to ‘Industries 4.0’ but also to the evolutions after the term was coined you might still often read that Industry 4.0 is only about manufacturing, smart factories and activities, technologies and processes in the broader context of the factory, production and their most closely related areas. There is also a tendency to limit Industry 4.0 to (groups of) technologies such as IoT (the Internet of Things).

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Q1: What are the quantitative effects of innovation on employment in different levels?

Q2: What are the qualitative effects of innovation on employment?

Q3: How digital technology effects the employment?

Q4: Why manufacturing companies have a strategy on the application of digital technologies?

Q5: Why is IOT useful?

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1.Digitalization

definition: The use of digital technologies to change a business model and provide new revenue and value-producing opportunities; it is the process of moving to a digital business.

synonym : numeralization, quantization

eg:The present work tackles the issue of the effects of digitalisation on employment.

2.Pervasiveness

definition: the quality of filling or spreading throughout.

Synonym: universality

eg:I believe that the novelty and pervasiveness of digital technologies require more in-depth micro-level analysis in order to understand the extent to which new digital technologies are currently employed by leading manufacturing companies and the ways new technologies are affecting employment.

3.Demonization

definition: The reinterpretation of polytheistic deities as evil, lying demons by other religions, generally monotheistic and henotheistic ones. The term has since been expanded to refer to any characterization of individuals, groups, or political bodies as evil.

eg:The attention paid (in particular by media) to a number of spectacular successes in this respect has lent widespread appeal to the idea that technology always increases productivity, as has the demonization of computers and robots as being to blame for large-scale job losses, especially in the manufacturing industry.

4.Macroeconomic

definition: the study of financial systems at a national level.

eg:As summarised by this author, the quantitative effects of innovation on employ- ment can be studied at three different levels: at the firm, industry or macroeconomic level.

5.Paradox

definition: a situation that seems strange because it involves two ideas or qualities that are very different

eg:Other authors questioned the actual possi- bility to fully overcome the Polany’s paradox, sustaining that currently this has not happened yet as there are tasks that have proved to be very difficult to automate, in par- ticular those involving ‘‘flexibility, judgement and common sense’’ (Autor, 2015 p. 22).

6.Underpinning

definition: support from beneath

synonym: elements, basis, foundation,

eg:Even if, according to Andreopoulos and Tsotsos (2013) these products should still be considered as prototypes as the underpinning technologies are all improving quickly

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Industry 4.0 (The Fourth Industrial Revolution)

industry 4.0 is a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things, cloud computingand cognitive computing.

Industry 4.0 is the evolution to cyber-physical systems, representing the fourth industrial revolution on the road to an end-to-end value chain with Industrial IoT and decentralized intelligence in manufacturing, production, logistics and the industry.

General Purpose Technologies（GPTs）

It is a term coined to describe a new method of producing and inventing that is important enough to have a long-time impact and can affect an entire economy (usually at a national or global level). Electricity and information technology (IT) probably are the two most important GPTs so far.Examples include the steam engine, railroad, interchangeable parts, electricity, electronics, the automobile, the computer, the Internet, medicine.

Valenduc and Vendramin 2016

‘Work in the digital economy: sorting the old from the new’

Mass customisation refers to the ability to produce custom-made goods on a large scale at the same time as decentralising manufacturing to locations near to where the goods will be consumed and developing user-centric product design methods.

The Internet of Things will foster the development of cyber-physical systems (CPS) which make it possible to use a virtual representation of physical processes for their surveillance or control.

Skill-Biased Technical Change (SBTC)

The hypothesis that a burst of new technology caused a rise in the demand for highly skilled workers that in turn led to a rise in earnings inequality  -- has become known as the Skill Biased Technical Change (SBTC) hypothesis.

Internet of Things （IoT）

The Internet of things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors and connectivity which enables these things to connect, collect and exchange data. Simply, the Internet of Things is made up of devices – from simple sensors to smartphones and wearables – connected together"

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Industry 4.0:

a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things, cloud computing and cognitive computing. Industry 4.0 is commonly referred to as the fourth industrial revolution.

skill-biased technical change (SBTC):

a shift in the production technology that favours skilled over unskilled labour by increasing its relative productivity and, therefore, its relative demand.

Google self-driving car:

Google's development of self-driving technology began in 2009 at the company's secretive X lab run by co-founder Sergey Brin. The Google self-driving car project is now Waymo. Waymo began as the Google self-driving car project in 2009. It stands for a new way forward in mobility. It is a self-driving technology company with a mission to make it safe and easy for people and things to move around—without the need for anyone in the driver’s seat.

Internet of things (IoT):

the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity which enables these things to connect, collect and exchange data.

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1.  SBTC (Skill-Biased Technical Change)

Skill-Biased Technical Change is a shift in the production technology that favors skilled over unskilled labor by increasing its relative productivity and, therefore, its relative demand.

https://scholar.google.co.uk/citations?user=E7gOgRsAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra

2. Ground truth

the social implication geographic information system

https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=8ER-jC1VB90C&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=ground+truth&ots=rYRxlFt8rs&sig=Fz9AiaxZMAFLrlIsRrUJBmXEJJw

3. GPTs

general purpose technology

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2003.00200.x

4. Industry 4.0

Tempted by this future expectation, the term “Industry 4.0” was established ex- ante for a planned “4th industrial revolution”, the term being a reminiscence of software versioning.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12599-014-0334-4.pdf

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This article is a detailed analysis of the far-reaching impact of digitalization and employment on the manufacturing industry in Europe's advanced countries. The paper analyzes and elaborates on the status quo of manufacturing industry driven by different technologies between different technologies through five parts.

Three main points of this atricle

1. Robot may affect employment negatively from micro aspect.  But it not sure what effect it causes from Macro level. The scholars haven't meet an agreement because AI have not acquire some kinds of human skills.
2. Other kinds new technologies may bring opportunity on employment but its effect might be negative.
3. Manufacturer will need the employee with new type of skills.

Q1:  Why does the author think micro-level analysis is more important than the macro-level in this topic of study?

Q2:  According to former research, how much human labour jobs are possible to be taken by robots?

Q3:  What are the digital applications included under the spectrum of Industry 4.0? Why are they important for the interviewed companies?

Q4:  In page 395,what the author mean  if the growth of the innovative firms is made at the expenses of competitors, the overall system effect may be negative.

Q5:  Analysis the positive effect of digitalization on direct employment affect from the quantitative and qualitative both sides effects .

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•    Digitalization affects labour market, it will cancel many jobs

•    Digitalization increases the opportunities for consumption and business models
1.     What is AI

2.     What will happen if digitalization develops

3.   How does digitalization affect employment

4.  What is industry 4.0

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Question 1: what is the three main factors that driven growing interest both in the academic and policy arena at the global and European level?

Question 2: many studies focus on jobs will be risk based on which two assumption?

Question 3: the quantitative effects of innovation on employment can be studied at three different levels，what are those three different level?

Question 4: what is the leading result of 70 s favoured the growth of skilled workers who replaced unskilled labour?

Question 5: what is the example that author use to explain the limitation of artificial intelligence?

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1 .Digitization   Digitization refers to a comprehensive technology that uses 0 and 1 digit encoding to express and transmit all information, that is, telephone, telegraph, data, image and other information are converted into digital signals, transmitted in the same integrated service, and then restored by the receiver, which can be restored indefinitely without quality being affected. Any damage. Digitalization is a revolution in information processing.
2   Macroeconomy  refers to the total economic activity, that is, the overall activity of the national economy. It refers to the whole national economy or the whole national economy and its economic activities and operating conditions, such as the total supply and demand; the total value of the national economy and its growth rate; the main proportion in the national economy; the total level of prices; the total level of labor and employment and unemployment rate; the total size and growth rate of currency issuance; and the rate of entry and exit. The total scale of trade and its changes
3 Pervasiveness The quality of filling or spreading throughout.
4 Empirical   Derived from or relating to experiment and observation rather than theory
5 Big Data   Large data refers to the data set that can not be captured, managed and processed by conventional software tools within a certain period of time. Big data technology refers to the ability to get valuable information quickly from all kinds of data. Technologies for large data, including Mass Parallel Processing (MPP) databases, data mining grids, distributed file systems, distributed databases, cloud computing platforms, the Internet, and scalable storage systems.
6 Paradox  A statement containing two opposite ideas that make it seem impossible or unlikely
7 Pharmaceutical    Connected with making and selling drugs and medicines.

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1.Digitalization:

is the representation of an object, image, sound, document or a signal (usually an analog signal) by a discrete set of its points or samples. The result is called digital representation or, more specifically, a digital image.

2.innovation

is a new idea, device or process. Innovation can be viewed as the application of better solutions that meet new requirements

3.pervasiveness

Generally refers to something being present in all parts of a particular thing or place, and is used as a term in:

4. simulation

is an imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system.

5. paradox

is a statement that apparently contradicts itself and yet might be true

6.prototype

is an early sample, model, or release of a product built to test a concept or process or to act as a thing to be replicated or learned from

7. Computerization:

equipping something with or the usage of and associated automation by computers and software