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- How do I & others see me.

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Three Theroies of Identity Development:- 

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Three Theroies of Identity Development:- 

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1. Eriksons Psychosocial Theory
2. Marcia identity Status Theory
3. Coleman Focals Social Theory

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Erikson -Psychosocial theory.                       Identity vs Role Confusion. 

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Erikson -Psychosocial theory.                       Identity vs Role Confusion. 

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- Must search for sense of self & personal identity, though an intense exploration of personal values belief & goals.

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If the crisis goes unresolved, fail to find a place in society Identity confusion can result in four behaviors. 

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If the crisis goes unresolved, fail to find a place in society Identity confusion can result in four behaviors. 

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1) Negative Identity
2) Intimacy
3) Time Perspective
4) Industry

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Identity Diffusion/Confusion

Identity Foreclosure

Identity Moratorium

Identity Achievement

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Disagrees with Erikson & Marcia
Not a time of CRIS, time of CHANGE.
Spread out through the years of adolescence.

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From an early age, many children are interested in talking about right and wrong. They learn that good is rewarded in society and that "bad guys" are punished. However, explaining to inquisitive children why something is right and okay and why some things are simply morally wrong can be difficult. It may take adjusting the explanation to their "level" of reasoning. They may see rules as the unchangeable authority because disobeying them will lead to punishment. Other children may have a keen sense of what is "nice" or "not nice" and how to treat other people with kindness.

The American psychologist, and former professor at Harvard, Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) sought to discover how it is that children develop and mature in moral reasoning skills. When it comes to understanding children's moral behavior, it may be beneficial to consider how children view right and wrong according to Kohlberg's theory. His research on the motivations behind moral decisions is widely published and discussed among psychologists and developmentalists today.
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
Kohlberg was interested in the reasons why people made decisions that involved morality. Kohlberg believed that individuals progress through stages of moral reasoning in one specific order, without skipping any in between. His theory is based on research with hundreds of individuals of various ages, whom he presented with difficult moral dilemmas for them to respond to. He didn't care about the actual moral dilemmas that people faced as much as discovering how they came to their conclusions. Through his research, he developed a theory of moral development that included six stages of moral reasoning, which are divided into three levels. Kohlberg thought that most people did not reach the final level of moral reasoning. The following summary of the six stages is derived from a publication by the University of Central Florida:

Level One: Preconventional (also known as pre-moral) - Many, if not most, prisoners are still in this stage. However, ideally children move from this stage between the ages of 10 and 13 years old.

Level Two: Conventional - This stage is where most people peak as the typical age range in which this type of morality is displayed is between adolescence and middle age.

Level Three: Post-conventional - Very few people reach this stage of moral development. Typically it is not reached until after middle age.

When it comes to raising children, parents should fully understand that physical maturity does not equal moral maturity. While there are some, though very few, people who reach the ultimate stage of understanding universal ethical principles, there are many children and adults who only reach the earlier pre-conventional or conventional stages.

What does this mean for parents?

Just as every individual person is different, every child is different. Becoming a teen does not automatically translate into becoming more moral. To foster moral development in children parents should work to

develop a close relationship with their children from an early age,

monitor what's happening in their children's lives,

reduce their exposure to negative media influences, and

help them make appropriate moral judgments about what they experience outside the home.

Morality is a process of development that must be fostered and facilitated by parents, in addition to teachers and other community members such as neighbors, friends' parents, fellow church/mosque/synagogue/temple members-essentially everyone.
As adults, we are all tasked with helping the children in our community reach optimal development. We are also tasked with becoming the best people we can be for everyone's sake-children and adults.
For more information on raising children of good character, please view a blog previously published to the ACPeds website: Raising Children of Character in a Toxic Culture

" Click to show references

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From an early age, many children are interested in talking about right and wrong. They learn that good is rewarded in society and that "bad guys" are punished. However, explaining to inquisitive children why something is right and okay and why some things are simply morally wrong can be difficult.

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Recognition of distinction between good and evil/right and wrong.

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Three main theories of Moral Development:
1. Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development
2. Freud's Psychodynamic Theory of Moral Development
3. Social Learning Theory of Moral Development

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Lenny is 17 and is a Foyleside shopping center with his friends. They decide to steal a pair of shoes, however Lenny knows that this is wrong and unlawful and decides not to.

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According to Kohlberg Lenny in Level 2: Conventional Morality in Stage 4:Law & Order

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According to Freud Lenny has development strong morals from his Father through the Oedipus Complex

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ABNORMALITY 3 DEFINITIONS
1. statistical infrequency
2. deviation from social norms
3. deviation from ideal mental health

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PHOBIAS
1. Classical Conditioning= initiation of phobia
2. Operant Conditioning= maintaining phobia

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Throwing into the deep end (face your phobia head on)

SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION
1. talking therapy and breathing exercises
2.create fear hierarchy (8 steps)

3. EXPOSURE
in vitro & in vivo

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Karmen is 26 years old and she has a severe phobia of clowns.  When she was 4 she attended a birthday party and during this party a clown jumped out from behind a curtain and terrified her.  Karmen experienced a panic attack.
1.How it developed..
initiation through classical conditioning-when the clown jumped out it scared her and gave her a panic attack and so the she associated the panic attack with the clown.
2.Maintained...
maintained through operant conditioning, Karmen avoided parties and anywhere there would be clowns so the satisfaction gave her negative reinforcement that she was doing the right thing.
3.Treatment...
Systematic desensitization- Breathing techniques and relaxation, fear hierarchy from least fearful to most fearful. Exposure step by step using the relaxation techniques throughout.