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What is GMO [Genetically Modified Organism]?

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What is GMO [Genetically Modified Organism]?

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What is genetic modification? | The Royal Society

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The economical, environmental impacts of the BT cotton:

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The economical, environmental impacts of the BT cotton:

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Economical: BT cotton has caused 24% increase in cotton yield per acre through reduced pest spraying damage and a 50% gain in cotton profit among smallholders. These benefits are stable; there are even indications that they have increased over time. furthermore the use of BT cotton has raised consumption expenditures, a common measure of household living standard, by 18% during the 2006-2008 period. Bt cotton has created large and sustainable benefits, which leads to positive economic and social development in the world.

Environmental: Bt cotton is effective in controlling the primary pest of cotton, bollworm which also known as Helicoverpa armigera, and that there are no significant impacts on hunting natural enemies, there are unfortunate impacts on bloodsucking natural enemies of bollworm. Furthermore, populations of secondary pests, such as cotton aphids, cotton spider mites, thrips, lygus bugs, cotton whitefly, cotton leaf hopper and beet armyworm, increased in BT cotton fields after the target pest, {bollworm}, had been controlled, some of which then replaced bollworm as the primary pests and damaged cotton growth. The possibility of outset of certain pests in BT cotton was believed in much higher, due to lower stabilities of insect community, pest sub-community and pest-natural enemies sub-community, as well as the increased in the pest dominance, in BT cotton fields than in conventional cotton fields.

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Where should we see this in the real world?

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Where should we see this in the real world?

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It is predicted by the year 2050 there will be 9 billion mouths to feed and people to clothe,  representing 40% more than our current production rates. It is also estimated that out of the 7 billion people in the world, 1 billion are malnourished. The only solution is producing more food and  the only way this can happen is if there is enough arable land to grow crops {the future prospects for global arable land}. It is estimated that we have reached nearly 15% of the earths surface that is able to sustain farming.
According to many studies shown that BT cotton can help because it is more efficient than normal cotton crops and can produce higher yields on smaller plots of land. For the future it is more about using the land we have better than destroying natural habitats to find more arable land.

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The difference between BT & Non BT Cotton 

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The difference between BT & Non BT Cotton 

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1- “What Is a GMO?” Edited by Non GMO Project, Non GMO Project, Non GMO Project, 2016, www.nongmoproject.org/gmo-facts/what-is-gmo/. [Accessed on 16 May 2018].

2- Hazra, Ditipriya. “BT Cotton.” In, Slideshare, Slideshare, 12 Apr. 2014, www.slideshare.net/ditipriyahazra/bt-cotton-33450404. [Accessed on 19 May 2018].

3- “Disadvantages of GM Bt Cotton .” Edited by Weebly, Weebly.com, Weebly, gmcropsbtcottonthegr8deb8.weebly.com/disadvantages-of-gm-bt-cotton.html. [Accessed on 18 May 2018].

4- FBAE. “What's the Difference between Bt and Natural Cotton?” Foundation for Biotechnology Awareness and Education, FBAE, 2008, www.fbae.org/2009/FBAE/website/false-propaganda_whats-the-difference.html. [Accessed on 17 May 2018].

5- Advantages Of GM Bt Cotton.” Edited by Weebly, Weebly , Weebly, gmcropsbtcottonthegr8deb8.weebly.com/advantages-of-gm-bt-cotton.html. [Accessed on 18 May 2018].

6- Ching, Lim Li. “The Health and Environmental Impacts of Bt.” Science in Society Archive, Institute of Science in Society, Science in Society Archive, 2 July 2002, www.i-sis.org.uk/btreview.php. [Accessed on 18 May 2018].

7- Begemann, Sonja. “3 Ways Bt Technology Has Changed Cotton Production for the Better.”AG Web, Powered By Farm Journal, AG Web, 8 Jan. 2016, 12:30 PM, www.agweb.com/article/3-ways-bt-technology-has-changed-cotton-production-for-the-better--naa-sonja-begemann/. [Accessed on 18 May 2018].

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.The disadvantages of BT cotton includes:

The high cost of seeds: Although BT cotton seeds are affordable  for large scale agriculture, the seeds are too expensive for small industry farmers. {transgenic BT cotton}. This is a major problem in India where the farmers are struggling to make a living.

Negative long term affects such as the BT cotton resistance: As cotton began to gain high popularity, in 2009, a group of entomologist from Monsanto corporation found and confirmed  the pink bollworm (a major cotton pest) has developed resistance to BT cotton  in 4 states in India {Monsanto}. This was the world's  first recorded instance of resistance to BT cotton.

.The advantages of BT cotton includes:

Increases yield of cotton due to effective control of three types of bollworms, viz. American, Spotted and Pink bollworms.

Insects belonged to Lepidoptera (Bollworms) are sensitive to crystalline endotoxic protein produced by Bt gene which in turn protects cotton from bollworms.

Reduction in insecticide use in the cultivation of Bt cotton in which bollworms are major pests.

Potential reduction in the cost of cultivation (depending on seed cost versus insecticide costs).

Reduction in environmental pollution by the use of insecticides.

BT cotton exhibit genetic resistance or inbuilt resistance which is a permanent type of resistance and not affected by environmental factors. Thus protects crop from bollworms.

BT cotton is eco-friendly and does not have adverse effect on parasites, predators, beneficial insecticides and organisms present in soil.

It promotes multiplication of parasites and predators which help in controlling the bollworms by feeding on larvae and eggs of bollworm.

No health hazards due to rare use of insecticides particularly who is employed in spraying insecticides.

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Understand better about how BT cotton works and what it is

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Understand better about how BT cotton works and what it is

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For almost thousand of years cotton has been a significant crop especially for India

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Understand Bt Cotton and its impact on the sector

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Genetically modified cotton is an engineered in order to produce a natural pest killer not just reduce the spraying of pesticides that enhances the population of the beneficial insects.
According to many studies shown that the employment of BT cotton as part of the BT crops may cause biocontrol services in order to enhance the economic benefits not only in
Bt cotton was created through the addition of genes encoding toxin crystals in the Cry group of endotoxin.
Since 1996, cotton farmers have had access to Bt technology, which they say has resulted in higher yields, fewer trips with the sprayer and increased beneficial insects in their fields, and then when an insect consumes a plant, such as cotton, with BT proteins on, the proteins enter the insect's body and kills them within the gut. At the end however, the farmers skip conventional use of spraying, which happens after insects have already eaten away at leave and fruit, damaging yield. Instead, the protection is within the plant, which both reduces the need to spray and reduces the likelihood of yield losses. It's a big change. Before the BT cotton technology, insects damage could cause many farmers to spray multiple times in order to prevent their cotton crop.

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Strains and the pedigree of the bacterium Bacillus Thuringiensis produce over 200 different BT toxins, each harmful to different insects. Mostly known that, BT toxins are insecticidal to the larvae of moths and butterflies, beetles, cotton bollworms and Ghtu flies but are harmless to other forms of life.

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Why are people influenced by the BT cotton?

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Why are people influenced by the BT cotton?

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Cotton is grown in more than 120 countries by over 20 million cotton producers. There are two responses to this concept of how it can influence people, one of them is the development of genetically modified cotton products which is also known for 82% of the world's cotton growing area are growing under genetically modified cotton [Truscott, 2010].

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What is really a GMO & What is the BT cotton?

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What is really a GMO & What is the BT cotton?

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Now these day, because of increasing in population, the use and demand of clothing increases than ever before.
GMO (Genetically Modified Organism), which refers to the organism whose genetic is changed by using genetic engineering or transgenic technique [Non GMO Project, 2016].
Genetic modification affects many of the products we consume on the daily basis.
Fluffy cotton tree is one of genetically modified crops which it is modified in order to produce
BT cotton is a genetically modified cotton toxin which attains from the bacterium [Bacillus Thuringiensis] that is harmful to the cotton bollworm.
There are several differences between BT & Non BT cotton which includes that BT cotton compete departure from this safe, long and tested sustainable approach. In this case by altering the DNA structure of the plant by artificially introducing a gene cell from another organism which may not be a plant. It may be from an insect, animal, bird, fish, worm, virus, bacteria or any other organism.
BUT on the other hand however, Non BT cotton, the nature has kept unrelated species apart, and let each one be unique and have its own role in the environment. The nature of biological organisms is completely different than the machines. The former are living things that go through continuous cycles of growth, reproduction and death for which they need no help from man.

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What are the benefits of this technology?

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What are the benefits of this technology?

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The benefits of GM cotton or on the other word BT (Bacillus Thuringiensis) give a yield superiority, more profit, and is more eco-friendly in a way that it  crop because it reduces the amount of pesticide used on cotton.
The other BT cotton benefits are that it causes big changes in cotton production, it increases yield due to decreased the plant stress. Since the plant isn’t constantly dealing with defending itself from repeat feeding insects, it can focus on making a fruit and making more of it. “Twenty years ago our biggest challenge in cotton was insect pests,” says Gaylon Morgan, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension cotton agronomist. “Bt provides a more consistent protection which helped cotton plants reach their full yield potential. It decreases trips across the field with insecticides.This saves time and money from fuel and insecticide. “We’re not spraying ten times for caterpillar pests anymore,” says David Kern, associate professor of cotton and Jack Hamilton Regent’s Chair in cotton production at Louisiana State University. “They’ll spray maybe once or twice, but in many areas they rarely spray anymore. The reduction in sprays means you have more insects, especially beneficial ones, in your fields. Keeping beneficial insects doesn’t just make you sound good to environmentalists; it also can help you control some of the more troublesome pests in your fields.  Beneficial insects make sure there is competition for new flights of moths, which decreases the likelihood of an epidemic, for example.