# data[].attributes.body
- Interdependent:

Mutual dependence at a global level. One country depends on another country for something and that country may depend on another country, which eventually creates global interdependence. Importing and exporting of goods and services highly contributes to global interdependence.

- Economic Globalisation:

This is an Irreversible Trend. It refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies.

# data[].attributes.body
- What is a "migration corridor"?

A route or path consistently and largely taken by migrants to reach a particular destination.

- What does "migrant stock" mean?
The term 'stock' refers to the total number of persons born in a country other than that in which they reside.

- What were the main international corridors and which one contained the most "migrant stock"?

1. Asia to Asia
2. Europe to Europe
3. LA & Caribbean to North AM
4. Asia to Europe
5. Africa to Africa

Largest Migrant Stock - Russia

# data[].attributes.body
- Refugee

"a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster"

- UNHCR

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The UN Refugee Agency, is a United Nations programme with the mandate to protect refugees, forcibly displaced communities and stateless people, and assist in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country.

- Asylum Seeker

"A person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another"

# data[].attributes.body
Summarise how these differ according to the economic, social and political needs of a country. (I.E, ACs v LIDCs)

In some LIDCs emigration is encouraged so they can receive remittances to help develop the country economy and to gain skills and ideas from migrants returning.
However in politically unstable countries they may not be as keen for the migration of woman as they have a lesser status.

E - High
S - High
P - Controlled

In ACs they encourage skilled immigrants, especially in the Schengen zone in the EU where there is free movement of people. An example of this is Greek doctors moving to Germany after the economic crisis in their country of origin. Different political parties have different views on immigration and there are still a lot of negative stereotypes associated with immigrants.

E - Low
S - Medium
P - Free but Challenges

# data[].attributes.headline
Summarise the contemporary  inter-regional migration patterns which demonstrate new source and host destination.

# data[].attributes.subject
Summarise the contemporary  inter-regional migration patterns which demonstrate new source and host destination.

# data[].attributes.body
Mexico towards the United States

Rural China towards Urban China

Eastern Europe to Western Europe

Southern Africa to Northern Africa

South SA to North East SA

# data[].attributes.body
- How has the percentage of women and girl migrants changed in the 21st Century?

Gradual Increase from 40 to 50%

- Which two continents did NOT have a greater % of female participation in international migration?

Africa & Asia

- Summarise the reasons for the growth in the number of female migrants over the last two decades.

1. Enhancement of Education: Access and Availability to Women and Girls across deprived areas

2. Change in Opinion/Culture: Asian, Muslim, Secular and African countries are gradually empowering women through enabling them to work, learn and migrate

- What is the OECD?

The mission of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development is to promote policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world. It provides a forum in which governments can work together to share experiences and seek solutions to common problems.

- Where were the main destinations for the highly skilled women migrating?

New Zealand from China & India

US, Canada, Australia globally

# data[].attributes.headline
Summarise the 6 factors which have increased South-South flows significantly in the 21st century:

# data[].attributes.subject
Summarise the 6 factors which have increased South-South flows significantly in the 21st century:

# data[].attributes.body
1. Fast-Growing Economies in South

2. Increased Awareness of Ops in S

3. Improved Communications

4. Developing Social/Bus. Networks

5. Preventative Costs from Rich. Na.

6. Restrictive Admin Barriers - Re-routing from North to South

# data[].attributes.headline
Look at these current figures for refugees and asylum seekers.

# data[].attributes.subject
Look at these current figures for refugees and asylum seekers.

# data[].attributes.body
We are now witnessing the highest levels of displacement on record

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
We are now witnessing the highest levels of displacement on record.

An unprecedented 65.6 million people around the world have been forced from home. Among them are nearly 22.5 million refugees, over half of whom are under the age of 18.

There are also 10 million stateless people who have been denied a nationality and access to basic rights such as education, healthcare, employment and freedom of movement.

In a world where nearly 20 people are forcibly displaced every minute as a result of conflict or persecution, our work at UNHCR is more important than ever before.

How we gather our data

Full-time statisticians in UNHCR's Field Information and Coordination Section track the number of people forced to flee so that when a major displacement crisis erupts, we are able to predict how many people need help, how much help they need and how many staff we must deploy.

These figures are released every year in our Global Trends and Global Appeal reports.

Staff figures

Our staff are the backbone of UNHCR. As of 30 June 2017, we employ 10,966 staff members, of whom around 87 per cent are based in the field.

We work in 130 countries, with staff based in a mixture of regional and branch offices and sub and field offices. Our staff work hard to help the displaced, specializing in a wide range of disciplines, including legal protection, administration, community services, public affairs and health.

Financial figures

We are funded almost entirely by voluntary contributions, with 87 per cent from governments and the European Union. Three per cent comes from other inter-governmental organizations and pooled funding mechanisms, while a further nine per cent is from the private sector, including foundations, corporations and the public. Additionally, we receive a limited subsidy (one per cent) from the UN budget for administrative costs, and accept in-kind contributions, including items such as tents, medicines and trucks.

UNHCR was launched on a shoestring annual budget of US$ 300,000 in 1950. But as our work and size have grown, so too have the costs. Our annual budget rose to more than US$ 1 billion in the early 1990s and reached a new annual high of US$ 7.7 billion in 2017. For up to date information about UNHCR's financial needs visit our Global Focus website.

Our yearly budget includes programmes that support continuing operations and supplementary programmes to cover emergencies, such as the Syria crisis or large-scale repatriation operations.

Statistics and operational data

Our accurate, relevant and timely data and statistics are crucial to refugee operations. This key resource is used by all partners to respond to the needs of refugee populations.

UNHCR's Statistics Database provides data, reports and other information essential for field operations. It also carries statistical reports on people of concern - refugees, asylum seekers, returned refugees, the internally displaced and stateless people. Detailed information on country of asylum, place of origin, gender, age, location and legal status of refugees is available. Indicators on the quality of refugee protection and UNHCR operations are increasingly being collected.

For more information, please see our Statistical Yearbooks, mid-year trends and asylum trends.

More figures and data sources

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
We are now witnessing the highest levels of displacement on record. An unprecedented 65.6 million people around the world have been forced from home. Among them are nearly 22.5 million refugees, over half of whom are under the age of 18.

# data[].attributes.body
Migration that occupies two simultaneous directions - USA and Mexico, for example.

# data[].attributes.body
Alleviation of National Problems
Diasporic Communities
Counter-Migration
Training Overseas
Depletion of Crime/ Neg Stats

# data[].attributes.body
What does "ASEAN" mean?

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations was formed in 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand to promote political and economic cooperation and regional stability.

What is cyclical migration?

Circular migration or repeat migration is the temporary and usually repetitive movement of a migrant worker between home and host areas, typically for the purpose of employment. It represents an established pattern of population mobility, whether cross-country or rural-urban.

What is the "southern cone"?

the region of South America comprising the countries of Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, and southern Brazil.

What is "return migration"?

Return migration might refer to: Repatriation, the voluntary or involuntary return of travellers and migrantsto their place of origin. Circular migration, a phenomenon in human migration in which migrants repeatedly travel between origin and destination

# data[].attributes.headline
Summarise the reasons for and the trends shown by young migrant workers.

# data[].attributes.subject
Summarise the reasons for and the trends shown by young migrant workers.

# data[].attributes.body
- What is the main reason younger elements of the labour force move?

More mobile, trafficking, more disposable income, completion of national service or avoidance, educational training, permissions

- Using Fig. 7.12 compare the population structures of international migrants of Asia and Europe

Asia: International Migrants are predominantly middle aged with the largest age demographic being 30-34 with 25-29 and 35-39 occupying similar positions, however 65+ is larger than any of the categories below 19 years of age.

Europe: International Migrants are predominantly over the age of 65+ but there is a general balance between middle-aged persons from 25 up to 49 years of age, with relatively low numbers of youth.

# data[].attributes.headline
Summarise the Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast intra-regional migration flow

# data[].attributes.subject
Summarise the Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast intra-regional migration flow

# data[].attributes.body
Employment Opportunities, Higher Wages, Cocoa and Coffee Plantations, Sufficient Income Disparity, Migrant Farmers' Opportunities, Shared Language per former French Colonial Admin, Cultural System shared, easier to travel.

# data[].attributes.headline
Summarise the main reasons for large numbers of refugees globally. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Summarise the main reasons for large numbers of refugees globally. 

# data[].attributes.headline
Summarise the key reasons for the strong bilateral migrant corridors.

# data[].attributes.subject
Summarise the key reasons for the strong bilateral migrant corridors.

# data[].attributes.body
Immigration Policy
Family Reunification
Business Reasons
Political Stability
Lax Control on Border

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7_2ru-u5RA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgvqYkd3Vu0

# data[].attributes.headline
Find a link or video to illustrate one of these examples summarised above.

# data[].attributes.subject
Find a link or video to illustrate one of these examples summarised above.

# data[].attributes.body
ASEAN Explained:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAnfj8v5acM

# data[].attributes.headline
Summarise the changes to contemporary internal migration patterns. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Summarise the changes to contemporary internal migration patterns. 

# data[].attributes.body
What is FDI?

It is an investment made by a company or individual in one country in business interests in another country, in the form of either establishing business operations or acquiring business assets in the other country, such as ownership or controlling interest in a foreign company.

# data[].attributes.headline
Summarise the Myanmar to Thailand intra-regional migration flow

# data[].attributes.subject
Summarise the Myanmar to Thailand intra-regional migration flow

# data[].attributes.body
Thailand fastest growing economy, attraction economically, need to resolve labour shortages, agriculture, manufacturing, construction and domestic services, legal min wage 10x higher than Myanmar equivalent, proximity geographically, escaping forced labour, ASEAN, freer flows.

# data[].attributes.headline
Find a link or video to illustrate one of these examples summarised above.

# data[].attributes.subject
Find a link or video to illustrate one of these examples summarised above.

# data[].attributes.body
OECD: Explained
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5XGiihBfaU

# data[].attributes.headline
Find a link or video to illustrate one of these examples summarised above.

# data[].attributes.subject
Find a link or video to illustrate one of these examples summarised above.

# data[].attributes.body
Myanmar to Thailand Migration: Explained
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V9rUP6lZ45g

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
What began as a peaceful uprising against Syria's President Bashar al-Assad six years ago became a full-scale civil war that has left more than 300,000 people dead, devastated the country and drawn in global powers.

How did the war begin?

Long before the conflict began, many Syrians complained about high unemployment, widespread corruption, a lack of political freedom and state repression under President Bashar al-Assad, who succeeded his father, Hafez, in 2000.

In March 2011, pro-democracy demonstrations inspired by the Arab Spring erupted in the southern city of Deraa. The government's use of deadly force to crush the dissent soon triggered nationwide protests demanding the president's resignation.

As the unrest spread, the crackdown intensified. Opposition supporters began to take up arms, first to defend themselves and later to expel security forces from their local areas. Mr Assad vowed to crush "foreign-backed terrorism" and restore state control.

The violence rapidly escalated and the country descended into civil war as hundreds of rebel brigades were formed to battle government forces for control of the country.

Why has the war lasted so long?

In essence, it has become more than just a battle between those for or against Mr Assad.

A key factor has been the intervention of regional and world powers, including Iran, Russia, Saudi Arabia and the United States. Their military, financial and political support for the government and opposition has contributed directly to the intensification and continuation of the fighting, and turned Syria into a proxy battleground.

External powers have also been accused of fostering sectarianism in what was a broadly secular state, pitching the country's Sunni majority against the president's Shia Alawite sect. Such divisions have encouraged both sides to commit atrocities that have not only caused loss of life but also torn apart communities, hardened positions and dimmed hopes for a political settlement.

Jihadist groups have also seized on the divisions, and their rise has added a further dimension to the war. Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, an alliance formed by what was once the al-Qaeda-affiliated al-Nusra Front, controls large parts of the north-western province of Idlib.

Meanwhile, so-called Islamic State (IS), which controls large swathes of northern and eastern Syria, is battling government forces, rebel brigades and Kurdish militias, as well as facing air strikes by Russia and a US-led multinational coalition.

Thousands of Shia militiamen from Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, Afghanistan and Yemen say they are fighting alongside the Syrian army to protect holy sites.

Why are so many outside powers involved?

Russia, for whom President Assad's survival is critical to maintaining its interests in Syria, launched an air campaign in September 2015 with the aim of "stabilising" the government after a series of defeats. Moscow stressed that it would target only "terrorists", but activists said its strikes mainly hit Western-backed rebel groups.

Six months later, having turned the tide of the war in his ally's favour, President Vladimir Putin ordered the "main part" of Russia's forces to withdraw, saying their mission had "on the whole" been accomplished. However, intense Russian air and missile strikes went on to play a major role in the government's siege of rebel-held eastern Aleppo, which fell in December 2016.

Shia power Iran is believed to be spending billions of dollars a year to bolster the Alawite-dominated government, providing military advisers and subsidised weapons, as well as lines of credit and oil transfers. It is also widely reported to have deployed hundreds of combat troops in Syria.

Mr Assad is Iran's closest Arab ally and Syria is the main transit point for Iranian weapons shipments to the Lebanese Shia Islamist movement Hezbollah, which has sent thousands of fighters to support government forces.

The US, which says President Assad is responsible for widespread atrocities, has provided only limited military assistance to "moderate" rebel groups, fearful that advanced weapons might end up in the hands of jihadists. The US has conducted air strikes on IS in Syria since September 2014, and, in the first intentional attack on Syria itself, hit an air base which it said was behind a deadly chemical attack, in April 2017.

Sunni-ruled Saudi Arabia, which is seeking to counter the influence of its rival Iran, has been a major provider of military and financial assistance to the rebels, including those with Islamist ideologies.

Turkey is another staunch supporter of the rebels. However, it has sought to contain the Kurdish Popular Protection Units (YPG) militia whose fighters are battling IS as part of the US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) alliance. Ankara accuses the YPG of being an extension of the banned Turkish Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).

In August 2016, Turkish troops backed a rebel offensive to drive IS militants out of one of the last remaining stretches of the Syrian side of the border not controlled by the Kurds. Since then, they have taken control of some 2,000 sq km (772 sq miles) of territory, according to the Turkish military, and forced the US to deploy troops to the SDF-controlled town of Manbij to prevent clashes.

What impact has the war had?

The UN says at least 250,000 people have been killed in the past five years. However, the organisation stopped updating its figures in August 2015. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, a UK-based monitoring group, puts the death toll at more than 321,000, while a think-tank estimated in February 2016 that the conflict had caused 470,000 deaths, either directly or indirectly.

Five million people - most of them women and children - have fled Syria, according to the UN. Neighbouring Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey have struggled to cope with one of the largest refugee exoduses in recent history.

About 10% of Syrian refugees have sought safety in Europe, sowing political divisions as countries argue over sharing the burden. A further 6.3 million people are internally displaced inside Syria.

The UN estimates it will need $3.4bn (£2.7bn) to help the 13.5 million people who will require some form of humanitarian assistance inside Syria in 2017.

Almost 85% of Syrians live in poverty, with more than two-thirds of the population in either extreme or abject poverty. More than 12.8 million people in Syria require health assistance and more than seven million are food insecure amid rising prices and food shortages. Households spend up to a quarter of their income just on water. Some 1.75 million children are out of school.

The warring parties have compounded the problems by refusing humanitarian agencies access to many of those in need. Some 4.9 million people live in besieged or hard-to-reach areas.

What's being done to end the conflict?

With neither side able to inflict a decisive defeat on the other, the international community long ago concluded that only a political solution could end the conflict. The UN Security Council has called for the implementation of the 2012 Geneva Communique, which envisages a transitional governing body with full executive powers "formed on the basis of mutual consent".

Peace talks in early 2014, known as Geneva II, broke down after only two rounds, with the UN blaming the Syrian government's refusal to discuss opposition demands.

A year later, the conflict with IS lent fresh impetus to the search for a political solution in Syria. The US and Russia persuaded representatives of the warring parties to attend "proximity talks" in Geneva in January 2016 to discuss a Security Council-endorsed road map for peace, including a ceasefire and a transitional period ending with elections.

The first round broke down while still in the "preparatory" phase, as government forces launched an offensive around Aleppo. The talks resumed in March 2016, after the US and Russia brokered a nationwide "cessation of hostilities" that excluded jihadist groups. But they collapsed the following month.

Turkey and Russia brokered another truce after the fall of Aleppo. In January 2017, they and Kazakhstan hosted the first face-to-face meeting between rebel fighters and government officials since the war began. That was followed by a fresh round of UN-mediated talks in Geneva, which UN envoy Staffan de Mistura said "achieved much more than many people had imagined we could have".

What is left of rebel territory?

The fall of Aleppo means the government now controls Syria's four biggest cities. But large parts of the country are still held by other armed groups.

Rebel fighters and allied jihadists are estimated to control about 15% of Syrian territory, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.

US officials said in early December 2016 that there were 50,000 or more "moderate" rebels, concentrated in the north-western province of Idlib and the western Aleppo countryside.

Rebels also control smaller areas in the central province of Homs, the southern provinces of Deraa and Quneitra, and the eastern Ghouta agricultural belt outside Damascus.

Kurdish forces, who say they support neither the government nor the opposition, meanwhile control much of Syria's border with Turkey, as well as a large part of the country's north-east.

And although they have suffered extensive losses in the past two years, IS militants still hold large parts of central and northern Syria, including the city of Raqqa.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
What began as a peaceful uprising against Syria's President Bashar al-Assad six years ago became a full-scale civil war that has left more than 300,000 people dead, devastated the country and drawn in global powers.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Syrian refugee crisis: All your questions answered

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
More than five million people have fled Syria since the conflict began, and half of them are children.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The number of Syrian refugees who have fled the conflict has reached a million, the UN has said.

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Syria: Seven years of war explained - BBC News