# data[].attributes.body
Shaped by assumptions
Step made using reasoning and evidence

# data[].attributes.body
An idea or claim that is unproved or formed on concepts of incomplete information.

# data[].attributes.body
Basic Science- Driven by curiosity
Applied Science- Driven by research

# data[].attributes.body
Believing what makes sense.

# data[].attributes.body
survey
case study
correlational study
*used frequently in natural settings*

# data[].attributes.body
Try to know who funds the research. The people behind the funding of the research may have their own agenda and ignore/skew the data reporting of the findings.

# data[].attributes.body
Scientists should be able to communicate their questions, observations and results in a manner that allows members of the public to use their own empirical skills

# data[].attributes.body
Begins with systematic observations of the world around us. By “systematic,” we mean that we use precise rules to select the people and circumstances we wish to observe rather than taking a more hit-or-miss approach.

# data[].attributes.body
Researchers can succumb to motivated reasoning: tenure, employment, grants, money, glitz, fame. They feel pressure to conduct experiments that are "snazzy" rather than meaningful.

# data[].attributes.body
Replication isn't always necessary, but it is often forgotten

# data[].attributes.body
Internal Validity - was the research done right. Does the study do what it says it is going to do?
External Validity- The ability to apply our results on people beyond those involved in the initial study.

# data[].attributes.body
a summary of a large number of independent studies

# data[].attributes.body
an idea that you accept as true or certain to happen without any proof

# data[].attributes.body
states that we use one of two pathways, central or peripheral, when evaluating information (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986). We use the central route when an issue is important to us and we already know quite a bit about it. We use a peripheral route for everything else.

# data[].attributes.body
Just because 2 variables are related does not, necessarily, mean that one causes the other.

# data[].attributes.body
When a hypothesis is scientifically tested. In a controlled experiment, an independent variable (the cause) is systematically manipulated and the dependent variable (the effect) is measured; any extraneous variables are controlled.

# data[].attributes.headline
Empiricism, Citizen Scientists, Students & Technology

# data[].attributes.subject
Empiricism, Citizen Scientists, Students & Technology

# data[].attributes.body
Remembering the work of Jane Goodall points out that student engagement is enhanced using this method. Citizen Science is coming into its own and more and more apps are available to support this informal research. Students, especially K-6, would love this ability to explore the world. By starting with empiricism and not just the scientific method may dispel many of the misconceptions.

# data[].attributes.body
How do we better collect and analyze data to come to a better understanding of what the experiment tells us?

# data[].attributes.body
In theory (pun intended), a data driven decision has value and merit. But I find the term thrown around by administrators to either give validity to what they want to do or to devalue what someone is currently doing (as not "data driven"). What should a valid data driven decision look like?

# data[].attributes.body
the ability of a study or measure to do what it’s advertised to do.

# data[].attributes.body
The ability to repeat the findings of a particular research study

# data[].attributes.body
Gaining knowledge through direct observation

# data[].attributes.body
Our ability to apply our results beyond the people participating in our immediate study.

# data[].attributes.body
A fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially one whose cause or explanation is in question.

# data[].attributes.body
Having the ability to be assessed for accuracy using currently available technologies and ethical constraints.

# data[].attributes.body
A theory is an explanation for observations of the natural world that has been constructed using the scientific method, and which brings together many facts and hypothese
A hypothesis is a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

# data[].attributes.body
Despite the common misconception by many psychology is a science. Unfortunately many scientists do not see it as one

# data[].attributes.body
Bottom Up
Observation
Pattern
Hypothesis
Theory

# data[].attributes.body
Reasoning is top down
Theory
Hypothesis
Observation
Confirmation

# data[].attributes.body
Research that aims to solve a practical problem, goal is to improve human well-being

# data[].attributes.body
Driven by a scientists curiousity

# data[].attributes.body
Recreating an experiment with identical variables.

# data[].attributes.body
Sets of facts and relationships among facts that explain and predict natural phenomena. They provide models showing how or why something works.

# data[].attributes.body
Highly controlled situation which allows scientist to make conclusions about the causes of an outcome

# data[].attributes.body
Science is only one of several ways of “knowing.” Science comes from the Latin word scientia, which literally means “knowledge.” The knowledge provided by science is dependent upon observation and experimentation.

# data[].attributes.body
When we "reject the null hypothesis", we are rejecting the idea that what we see in our study happened purely by chance.

# data[].attributes.body
Cultivate open minded and non judgemental perspective on process/outcome.

# data[].attributes.body
Is an experiment ethical, if you don't agree with the practice?
(Your scientists were so preoccupied with whether they could, they didn't stop to think if they should. Ian Malcolm Jurassic Park)

# data[].attributes.body
Is science a step-by step process? If you don't follow these "steps," does that not make it valid science?

# data[].attributes.headline
Experimental methods (controlled environment) vs. non-experimental methods (natural settings)

# data[].attributes.subject
Experimental methods (controlled environment) vs. non-experimental methods (natural settings)

# data[].attributes.body
Bottom Up- Form a theory from observation- associated with
Observational and other Qualitative Research

# data[].attributes.body
"Common Sense," "Rules of thumb," and "educated guesses" that we sometimes use may not be as correct as thought

# data[].attributes.body
The variable manipulated by the experimenter

For example, we might manipulate the amount of caffeine consumed by students (independent variable)

# data[].attributes.body
An outcome measure

(Example continued from IV)... and observe their performance on a memory test (dependent variable) to determine whether caffeine consumption affects memory.

# data[].attributes.body
A set of untested/ untestable ideas presented as science. Example: Astrology/ Aroma Therapy/ Handwriting Analysis

# data[].attributes.body
Believing people who seem to be credible. (celebrity, royalty, spokes-people aren't right just because they're famous or seem knowledgeable about a subject)

# data[].attributes.body
Defeat the misconceptions that research and the concept of science is difficult and only made for smart or really well-educated people

# data[].attributes.body
Learned through sight and experience with the experiment

# data[].attributes.body
1. What is the question
2. What Assumptions are being made
3. What evidence supports the conclusion
4. What other ways can the evidence be interpreted
5. What evidence is needed
6. What are the most reasonable conclusions

# data[].attributes.body
Top Down- Have a theory seek to test it - Associated with Quantitative methods like the true experiment.
Experimental Research