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Firewall is a network security device that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic and decides whether to allow or block specific traffic based on a defined set of security rules.

Firewalls have been a first line of defense in network security for over 25 years. They establish a barrier between secured and controlled internal networks that can be trusted and untrusted outside networks, such as the Internet.

A firewall can be hardware, software, or both.

Packet filtering Firewalls: This is the original type of firewall, it operates inline points

It is good to close all ports that are on open in the system as the means hackers cant take advantage of the open port to get into the system.

Firewalls are a wall of fire for your computer

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What is social engineering?
Social engineering is the art of manipulating people so they give up confidential information. Criminals use social engineering tactics because it is usually easier to exploit your natural inclination to trust than it is to discover ways to hack your software.

What is a username and why would you need one?
A username is a name that uniquely identifies someone on a computer system. For example, a computer may be setup with multiple accounts, with different usernames for each account. Many websites allow user to choose a username so that they can customize their settings or set up an online account.

What are the characteristics of a strong password?
A strong password consists of at least six characters (and the more characters, the stronger the password) that are a combination of letters, numbers and symbols (@, #, $, %, etc.) if allowed. Passwords are typically case-sensitive, so a strong password contains letters in both uppercase and lowercase.

How many combinations are there for a 4 number password?

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How can passwords be used as a protection mechanism?

Passwords are usually secret words or a string of characters that are used for user authentication to prove identity or for access approval to gain access to a resource. A password is usually written by the user, however in some cases the user is given a randomly generated password to use. Passwords are used to prevent other people from accessing their account, therefore making it a protection mechanism, as without the password to an account one cannot access the users account.

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In January of 1986, the first virus written for Windows based PCs was born. Known simply as “Brain,” it was written by two brothers, Basit and Amjad Farooq Alvi, who were only 17 and 24 years old at the time.

CryptoLocker. When it comes to malware, ransomware is the new kid on the block. ...

ILOVEYOU. While ILOVEYOU sounds like a cheerful bon mot you might find printed on the inside of a Valentine's Day card, it's actually far, far more sinister than that. ...

MyDoom. ...

Storm Worm. ...

Anna Kournikova. ...

Slammer. ...

Stuxnet.

A keylogger (short for keystroke logger) is software that tracks or logs the keys struck on your keyboard, typically in a covert manner so that you don’t know that your actions are being monitored. This is usually done with malicious intent to collect your account information, credit card numbers, user names, passwords, and other private data.

A polymorphic virus is a complicated computervirus that affects data types and functions. It is a self-encrypted virus designed to avoid detection by a scanner. Upon infection, the polymorphic virusduplicates itself by creating usable, albeit slightly modified, copies of itself.

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A computer virus is a type of malicious software program ("malware") that, when executed, replicates itself by modifying other computer programs and inserting its own code. When this replication succeeds, the affected areas are then said to be "infected" with a computer virus.

Virus writers use social engineering deceptions and exploit detailed knowledge of security vulnerabilities to initially infect systems and to spread the virus. The vast majority of viruses target systems running Microsoft Windows, employing a variety of mechanisms to infect new hosts, and often using complex anti-detection/stealth strategies to evade antivirus software. Motives for creating viruses can include seeking profit (e.g., with ransomware), desire to send a political message, personal amusement, to demonstrate that a vulnerability exists in software, for sabotage and denial of service, or simply because they wish to explore cybersecurity issues, artificial life and evolutionary algorithms.

Computer viruses currently cause billions of dollars' worth of economic damage each year, due to causing system failure, wasting computer resources, corrupting data, increasing maintenance costs, etc. In response, free, open-source antivirus tools have been developed, and an industry of antivirus software has cropped up, selling or freely distributing virus protection to users of various operating systems. As of 2005, even though no currently existing antivirus software was able to uncover all computer viruses (especially new ones), computer security researchers are actively searching for new ways to enable antivirus solutions to more effectively detect emerging viruses, before they have already become widely distributed.

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A host is the type of virus that require an active host program or an already-infected and active operating system for the virus to spread. It causes damage and infect other files by self-replicate and propagate trough computer networks. For the virus to be transmitted mainly is attached to an executable file or any word documents mainly they spread using Pear to pear file sharing  .Once a virus finds its way onto your system, it will remain dormant until the infected host file or program is activated, which in turn makes the virus active enabling it to run and replicate on your system.
Computer worms can exploit network configuration errors (for example, to copy themselves onto a fully accessible disk) or exploit loopholes in operating system and application security. Many worms will use more than one method in order to spread copies via networks. There are different categories of viruses, the most common and well known being Trojans and Worms.

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Phishing- pronounced like fishing, phishing is a term used to describe a malicious individual or group of individuals who scam users. They do so by sending emails or creating web pages that are designed to collect an individual's online bank, credit card, or other login information. Because these e-mails and web pages look like legitimate companies users trust them and enter their personal information.

Example of famous scams:
The Met Police's Action Fraud unit estimated that £59m worth of fraud was prevented in the UK after three men were convicted of launching sophisticated phishing scams to access the accounts of bank customers in 14 countries.
US and Egyptian authorities charged 100 people in 2009 for using phishing scams to steal account details from hundreds, possibly thousands, of people and transferring about $1.5m into fake accounts.

Identity theft is when a person is using some one else`s personal detail for commercial use.Involves the unauthorized taking of a victim’s personal possessions, however it does involve the perpetrator of the crime taking the victim’s personal information and then using this in an unauthorized way for their own personal gain.

Identity fraud- your identity is one of your most valuable assets. If your identity is stolen, you can lose money and may find it difficult to get loans, credit cards or a mortgage.Your name, address and date of birth provide enough information to create another ‘you’. An identity thief can use a number of methods to find out your personal information and will then use it to open bank accounts, take out credit cards and apply for state benefits in your name.