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Definition:
Reading play, making sense of what is going on
Own definition:
Having awareness of what is going on within the environment
Example:
In a game of rugby an example is being aware of whether or not your team is about to make a play where they kick the ball so you have to be ready to run.
Importance to skill learning:
Perceptiveness is effective within games because when timing matters within competitive games and being able to identify situations where you are needed it is an effective attribute to have in order to bring about value (scoring).

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Definition:
A game is a system within which adaptive agents are interdependent in affecting each other in the pursuit of some valued resource.

Own definition:
A game is a system of where agents must make interactions with other agents or the environment to reach a goal.

Example:
Rugby.

Importance to skill learning:
Games develop and exercise creativity, understandings of affordances and constrains , develop social skills and helps develop understanding of self.

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Definition:
is a process in which things come into being as a result of their relational dynamics.
Own understanding:
The result/outcome of interactions between elements.
Example:
Within connectivity e.g setting up a player to shoot a goal, the emergence of the connection is the ability of interdependence to score the goal.
Importance to skill learning:
We are able to see what results come about from interactions of elements

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Definition
A way of carrying out a particular task especially the execution of specific work or a scientific procedure.

Own definition:
Ones own way of making a movement successful.

Example:
Using a straight arm for a golf swing.

Importance to skill learning:
Developing correct technique early on when learning a sport e.g the technique of professionals although it may be difficult to master at first and uncomfortable to learn, the progress of practicing correct technique will make much more progress in the later years than being good but practicing the wrong technique.

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Definition:
Looking at skill as it's whole context.
Own understanding:
Being able to identify a whole movement necessary to complete.
Example:
Identifying a two on one situation within a game and being able to draw both defenders in and make a pass.
Importance to skill learning:
It prepares the athlete mentally as they dig up memory's of learned motor skill they must preform again.

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Definition:
The use of imagination or origional ideas to create inventiveness.
Own definition:
The ability to be or produce something unpredictable or unusual.
Example:
In a rugby game, on attack if you preform a move that is hardly used in the game e.g kicking the ball off the heel of your foot from behind your back, the skill is considered unusual.

Importance to skill learning:
Being creative creates enables athletes to explore posibilites and learn about possibile outcomes as they observe from peers which as a whole develops their overall skill and understanding of the game.

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Definition:
“We must perceive in order to move, but we must also move in order to perceive’

Own understanding:
In order to take action we must understand what we see.

Example:
An example of action couplings is that when we see (perceive) an object e.g a soccer ball we are able to take action and kick the ball.
Importance to skill learning:
Understanding how athletes perceive situations we are able to help them identify the most effective plans of actions to take.

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Definition:
A pedagogy that recognises skill as relational, dynamical and
complex (many interacting and interdependent parts).

Own definition:
Non linear pedagogy is simply the method of teaching that enables the agent to explore possibilities within a game context themself to gain practical sense and an understanding of the relationships between the environment and other agents.

Example:
When a coach breaks down the contents of what to do in a certain scenario for instance in basketball on defence to help the team practice in a certain zone where they lose alot of points, the coach will let the athletes practice in that area where the lose alot of points to help them figure out on their own how to prevent points being scored in that are. The game will be free flowing and game specific.

Importance to skill learning:
This is important to skill learning because it helps the athlete identify the mistakes on his own and the athlete will get better in that situation and develop a variety of solutions for different problems and overall better game play as they become more familiar with situations they react poorly in. This is important for coaches to identify and address because practical sense develops alot faster this way.

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Definition: Plan of action to optimise a successful outcome.

Own definition:
More of a coach approach / plan. Plan of action to optimise a successful outcome

Example:
A stratergy would be looking for mismatches in the field of play so that teams or players are able to focus on weaker parts in the oppositions attack or defence in competitive games.

Importance to skill learning:
Developing strategy works on the skills of being creative and adaptive to ones environment. Becoming efficient in strategy one is able to make decisions that bring about desired outcome simply by plan of action. Stratergy helps individuals identify what works well and what dosent.

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Definition:
Linear Pedagogy focuses in more depth on the dynamic aspects of a sport. Linear pedagogy adapts to a ‘criteria lead coaching’ approach to sport.

Own definition:
Linear pedagogy is pedagogy that's taught to the agent with exact instruction and a one way of performing with little variety and lots of feedback.

Example:
An example of linear pedagogy within a basketball context could be the repetitive practice of a lay up with taught instruction on technique and the order of how to preform the skill.

Importance to skill learning:
The importance linear pedagogy is that this type of pedagogy only works within some games and situation that has less variety because the movements learned in linear pedagogy would only be effective for that one specific situation and not so much as the game as a whole. An example of when it would be effective is within golf, the technique would be broken down and it would be useful but within basketball where more variety is present it would be less useful for game situations but useful in developing techniques e.g for free throws.

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Definition:
a process where some form of overall order arises from local interactions between its competent parts- alan

Own understanding:
Self organisation is when a complex system organises into some kind of order by decision.

Example:
being spread out evenly and constantly moving on a soccer field when on attack waiting for the ball.

Importance to skill learning:
Being able to self organise effectively and make decisions based on perception of the environment will allow players to be in positions that are effective to produce outcomes of value (scoring).

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Definition -
The learned ability to bring about pre-determined results with maximum certainty; often with the minimum outlay of time or energy or both.

Own definition : Skill is the ability to utilise information that has been learnt to do something efficiently and effectively.

Example : In a game of rugby a person who is able to offload the ball during a tackle is an example of that skill being learnt.

Importance to skill learning:
In a game of rugby the athlete who has a few amount of learned skill is the one who would no be able to bring about results as often as someone who has more skill. Therefore skill has links to attaining the value in a game context or links to effective performance.

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Definition:
Managing independent and interdependent parts that
control movement in a complex system that work together to
make co-ordinated/ skilful movement.
Own definition:
A degree of freedom is the outcome of movement between parts.

Example:
An example of when degree's of freedom is used within sports rugby for example, our body joints move in alot of different ways with a variety independent & interdependent movements that allow us to preform tasks e.g when pushing players away degree's of freedom are present within the shoulder joint as one example

Importance to skill learning:
From understanding the variety of degree's of freedom and what our body's allow us to do we are able to identify effective movements of the body by the range of motion we use in a game context. By knowing our degree's of freedom we are better able to understand the capabilities of our movement and practice/work towards things that will effectively display ranges of motion with degrees of freedom interactions.

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Definition:
The application of typical elements of game playing (e.g.
point scoring, competition with others, rules of play) to
enhance engagement and learning activity.

Own definition:
The application of game concepts to non game activities to invite and persuade and add new elements to part take in a different type of enjoyment.

Example:
Video games have the same properties of actual physical games e.g points, objectives and leaderboards.

Importance to skill learning:
Strategies and problem solving situations present within video games enhance their understandings of the environment giving them more exposure to a variety of ways to react in different situations. This being reason for teachers to be able to create games to keep engagement and activity high if using the same principles between both types of games.

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Definition:
Affordance theory states that the world is perceived not only in terms of object shapes and spatial relationships but also in terms of object possibilities for action (affordances) — perception drives action.

Own definition:
The affordances of the environment is what it offers the animal so that the adaptive agents is able utilise it to their advantage.

Example:
In a game of basketball when players shoot the basketball from a distance the ball acts as an affordance by spinning it backwards creates uplift and a better trajectory to go into the hoop.

Importance to skill learning:
When playing non linear games or drills identifying affordances allow players to utilize the environment or even agents (players) to afford them to make effective decisions

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The capacity to make choices based upon information and act upon information and act upon those choices autonomously to affect the state of their environment.

Own definition:
Agency is the ability make decisions independently and the ability to make decisions that alters their situation.

Example:
An example of agency in football is how some players will not pass the ball with their left (non-dominant) foot. This making this decision of only right footed passes a result of an influencing factor which is a lack of ability.

Importance to skill learning:
Because the athlete is unable to pass with their left hand because they are aware of their abilities. It then becomes evident to the athlete and the coaches to develop the ability or skill to pass the ball with both feet as it is more effective in a game context.

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Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which the organism learns through the consequences of it's behaviour

Own definition: Within operant conditioning a connection is made between a behaviour and the consequences of that behaviour.

Example:
An example of operant conditioning is how an athlete understand's his environment and makes decisions that will bring about rewards of his behaviour in preference over punishments.
For instance within a training drill when the athletes preform skills and execute stratergies well they get praise/ positive reinforcement from their coaches such as being allowed to play fun games (plesent stimuli), but when they are unable to execute the assigned tasks they receive negative reinforcement and are made to do fitness training drills (unpleasent stimuli)

Importance to skill learning:
It is important to understand the reinforces of operant conditioning and the effects that they have on athletes. By understanding your athletes and how they respond to the different types of reinforces you are better abled to coach more effectively.

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Definition: Behaviourism assumes that a learner is essentially passive, responding to environmental stimuli and also believes that a learner starts out with a clean slate, and behaviour is shaped by positive and negative reinforcement

Own understanding:
Behaviourism is determined on the type of reinforcement individuals are given e.g positive or negative & also reward or punishment when they preform a certain skill.

Example: A person completes correct skills with knowledge of what is right because they are positively reinforced about the skill.

Importance to skill learning: Children develop a wider range of skills willingly when exposed to positive reinforcement.

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Definition:
Cognitive theory brought with it an interest in the learner’s cognitive processing and stressed that learners constructed their own knowledge. Active role of the learner with the teacher creating the appropriate environment for learning and guiding thinking towards more complex understandings.
Own definition:
The student and teacher have equal amounts of input. The teacher provides the student with a new task and provides an example of how to do the task but does not directly explain how to do it rather the learner observes and preforms in a similar manner.

Example:
In a game of badminton the teacher will display a variety of skills that the learner can observe and then the learner will soon mimic the same moves from the oberrvation.

Importance to skill learning:
This type of pedagogy is enables the student identify and select effective movements from what they have been taught and gives them their own personal interpretation of what is effective.

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Definition:
Socially constructed learning theories shifted attention to co-constructive models of learning in which both learner and teacher are view as active.

Own definition:
Social constructivist theory is where the learning is more interactive as students that cannot learn by themselves make interaction with teachers to learn what they have no knowledge of (scaffolding).

Example:
In a game of rugby with beginners although they know that the basics e.g passing , kicking & scoring strategies such as teaching a player how the player can drop kick the ball over the posts in certain situations to get more points (value).

Importance to skill learning:
This theory makes it clear that students are able to learn as much as their teachers within skill learning but only to an extent which is when the student must find a new teacher that they can learn from in order to keep the knowledge continuous.

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Definition: The process by which individuals adapt their schema in  response to new information, knowledge and understanding.

Own understanding: Adaption is making use of a known structure/ system/ game and applying it to a new/unexperienced system or game.
Example: For example when a hundred meter runner has to make changes to running a 4x100 relay they are adapting to the transitioning or passing a baton as well as performing the sprint.

Importance to skill learning: Adaption is useful because with a variety of experienced games one has knowledge of they become competent and participate in new games/activities with more ease and understanding of how it works.

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Definition
Decisions and actions made in relation to the action in which the player is situated.

Own definition
Tactics are the ability to identify opportunities to act upon to gain a certain objective.

Example:
A tactic within the game of rugby be would be to tackle the bigger players on the legs to create more of a chance to reach the goal (putting the attacker on the ground) and this tactic also reduces the possibility of the attacker making a break or getting past.

Importance to skill learning:
Tactics are important to know within a game context because they enable the learner to make decisions that provide more effectiveness to attain the objective within the game of play.

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Definition: Phase transitions provide a physical mechanism for the cooperative action of neurons. Phase transitions also provide a natural switching mechanism without any switches at all. Variability, rather than a source of undesirable noise, proves to be an essential source of flexibility and adaptability.
Own understanding: Phase transitions is the cognitive process of when to transition into another system of game play in order for the most effective outcome.

Example: In a game of rugby when the ball is turned over to the opposition you make a phase transition from attacking to defending in order to prevent the opposition from scoring. Because you switch from attack to defence it is in order to produce the best possible outcome where as if you stayed attacking without defence the opposition has the ball and scoring becomes simple for them.

Importance to skill learning: It enables the athlete to become competent in a wider variety of situations and helps them better understand movements because of the different perspectives they can understand how to produce good outcomes e.g scoring.

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The distance between a learner's developmental level and their current schema and the level of potential development when scaffolded through interactions with a teacher or more capable peers

Own understanding: The zone of proximal development is the in-between part of the individuals capability's of can and can't  but are able to complete things with assistance from someone more capable.

Example: A student cannot effectively throw a ball but with assistance on technique and stance this enables the individual to preform the throwing of the ball.

Importance to skill learning: It enables a wider variety of skill because it is of much more ease to be taught than self taught.

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Definition: A schema is a set of rules concerning the execution of movement linked to feedback (Schmidt's 1975).

Own definition: A schema is a mental structure you form in your mind when you have an idea. Additionally it is organised knowledge stored in units within the brain that act as shortcuts to interpret information within our encountered situations.

Example: generalised motor patterns for running , kicking.
general motor systems that we apply to new situations.
If you can do long jump theorists believe you can do tripple jump because of the similar motor patterns.
Importance to skill learning: Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts in interpreting the vast amount of information that is available in our environment.

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Definition:Practical sense is an acquired system of preferences, of principles of vision and division...and also a system of durable cognitive structures.

Own understanding:
Practical sense is a players interpretation of what,when and how to preform skills in a game context.

Example: An example of practical sense in a football game is a player will know to shoot the football in close open range in order to score rather than to pass or to dribble in that situation because it will lead to a missed opportunity to accomplish the objective (score).

Importance to skill learning : It is a building block for effective decision making as it gives players clarity of their objectives and helps them identify what to do in different situations.

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Definition: Complexity is the state of having many parts or being difficult to understand or find the answer to. We can understand complexity as a perimeter. It is a measurement of something, and is the measurement of the number of elements within our systems.

Own understanding:
Complex systems are non linear, non hierarchal, unpredictable and have many interacting parts or elements unlike a simple system. Within a complex systems parts are able to make decisions and choices and also have the ability to adapt to their environment.

Example: The butterfly effect-small changes within the system can have large effects elsewhere.

Importance to skill learning:
Because the interaction between people within sport is considered a complex system this means that diverse development of behaviour is an outcome of it and also produces rich order for example an outcome of it is co-ordination through the process of self-organisation.

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Definition: The engagement in an activity for enjoyment and recreation purpose rather than a serious or practical purpose. Learning occurs through doing and playing with the environment, often with the help of others. We learn to be skilful through play and in doing so we not only develop skill but also a sense of self.

Own definition: Taking part in an activity in ones leisure out of ones own will and want. Learning occurs unintentionally through experience.

Example: Playing backyard rugby which helps kids to understand human movement and it's capability.

Importance to skill learning: Play develops abstract thinking and increases the ability to think and solve problems at faster rates.

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Definition: Refers to the physical embodiment of cultural capital, to the deeply ingrained habits, skills, and dispositions that we possess due to our life experiences.

Own definition: Habitus is learnt behaviours responsible for ones subconscious dispositions like adapting to certain environments such as getting used to the rugby habitus and understanding the culture of a rugby player where it's the habitus to act manly because of how pain is a big factor in the sport and because it is inflicted or received it's considered to be manly.

Example: In a sporting context like basketball people shoot the basketball with one hand particularly

Why it's important for skill learning: to understand the adaption of individuals and how they fit into a specific environment.

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Definition:
The faculty or action of forming new ideas, or images or concepts of external objects not present to the senses. 'Imagination is the internalisation of children's play' - Vygotsky's theory.

Own understanding: Imagination are the thoughts of possible scenario's that could happen with in an environment.

Example: Self visualisation of scoring a try within rugby.

Importance to skill learning: Acts as an internal affordance. By building an imagination of possibilities and solutions to problems helps athletes to picture themselves in solving problems in the future (before it actually happens).

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Definition: “set of internal processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for skilled behaviour.”  Fitz & posners stage theory "movement becomes automatic as individuals progress through the learning continue"

Own understanding: Motor learning comprises of three stages: Cognitive- where athletes have to constantly think about what they are doing and movements are learnt step by step.
Associative stage- Movements becoome fluent in moteion.
Autonomous stage: Little cognitive effort.

Example: A skill level of a difference between a beginner , intermediate and a professional.

Importance to skill learning: An understanding of motor learning theory for coaches will give coaches the ability to identify athlete levels and how to best design training for each individuals needs.

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Definition: Physical and Informational variables that

both afford or limit interaction of the learner, task and/ or

environment.

Own definition: A constraint is something that has the intention of unorthodox practice for the weaker areas of an individuals skill set and capabilities in order to strengthen them.

Example: Having a group of right handed athletes to play ultimate frisbee with your non dominant hand only.

Why it's important for skill learning: It enables athletes to strengthen weak areas in their abilities/capability's.

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Definition: Linear, pre-determined predictable simple outcome, not-self organising. Simple one to one relationships between parts

Own understanding: Simple systems are things that can be determined because we are able to draw direct lines between the cause and effects.

Example: Playing pool and hitting other balls. Playing pool has a simple cause (hitting the ball) & effect (falling into a pocket).

Importance to skill learning:
When a person has a wide range of different simple systems learnt/experienced/practiced they become more efficient and affiliated with identifying new cause and effect scenarios and preform them more efficiently than those who havent.