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LT4

CD1: “First, he sought to consolidate rule into absolute rule by the Emperor. In order to consolidate his authority, he established complex rituals and he tightened the bureaucracy to allow for absolute control.” (The Rise of the Ming Dynasty, p.1)

CM: Ming Hong Wu gave himself immense political power by making his role of Emperor the absolute ruler. He abolished old positions and gave their responsibilities to himself, taking lots of responsibilities on to himself. He did not only care about power (he also supported scholarship), he just thought it would be better.

CD2: “Hongwu’s agricultural reforms increased rice production and improved irrigation. He also encouraged fish farming and growing commercial crops, such as cotton and sugar cane.”(China Limits European Contacts, p536)

CM:  By encouraging production of crops, Hongwu ensured that people living in Ming China would have more jobs. In addition, the crops helped feed people as well. This helped the economic power of China, thus maintaining the power of the dynasty.

LT5

“He made all occupations hereditary in order to prevent social mobility. All members of Chinese society were grouped into three large hereditary classes: peasants, craftspeople, and soldiers” (The Rise of the Ming Dynasty, p2)

“These expanded Chinese families favored sons over daughters. Only a son was allowed to perform vital religious rituals. … As a result, females were not valued, and many female infants were killed.” (China Limits European Contacts, page 541)

CM: This shows an inequality between men and women. Women were not

LT6

Rise:

“A peasant’s son, Hongwu, commanded the rebel army that drove the Mongols out of China in 1368. That year, he became the first Ming emperor.” (China Limits European Contacts, p536)

CM: This quote explains how the Ming dynasty rose. It tells us that Hongwu was the leader of a rebel force, so he was involved with military, providing background for the ruler.

Peak:

“The Chinese experienced a commercial revolution that included extensive trade with foreign countries, including direct trade with Europe. By the late sixteenth century, China was intimately a part of the growing global economy.” (The Rise of the Ming Dynasty, page 3)

CM: Here we can see the peak of the Ming dynasty. Because China was involved in a lot of trade, it was able to thrive economically.

Fall:

“There are numerous causes for the decline and fall of the Ming. The most immediate and direct cause of the fall of the Ming were the rebellions that racked the country in the seventeenth century because the imperial government exacted increasingly burdensome taxes on the common people.” (The Rise of the Ming Dynasty, page 3)

CM: This explains how Ming China eventually fell. One of the main causes for this was the taxation of the common people by the government. This taxation led to rebellions, and eventually, the fall of the empire.

LT7

“Hongwu used respected traditions and institutions to bring stability to China. For example, he encouraged a return to Confucian moral standards. He improved imperial administration by restoring the merit-based civil service examination system” (China Limits European Contacts, page 536)

CM: The ideas that Confucius had left behind impacted China later on. Here, the impact of Confucianism can be seen: by returning to values that he had proposed, Hongwu was able to bring stability to Ming China.

“China did not become highly industrialized for two main reasons. First, the idea of commerce offended China’s Confucian beliefs. Merchants, it was said, made their money ‘supporting foreigners and robbery’”(China Limits European Contacts, p537)
CM: This shows another way Confucianism impacted Ming China. While it had the potential to become very industrialized, it didn’t because of the beliefs of the people.

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Lt4 : These expeditions sailed to East Asia, Southeast Asia, Southern India, the Persian gulf, and Africa. Trading from Africa to Southeast Asia, these expeditions made China the world's greatest commercial naval power in the world at the time, far superior to any European power."(The rise of the Ming Dynasty, 2).

CM: China had strong ships, which allowed them to trade much easier than others. This gave them an advantage, and a form of economic power.

"His son Yonglo emerged victorious. Yonglo continued many of his father's policies, although he moved the royal court to Beijing" (China Limits European Contacts 536).

CM: Yonglo continued many of his father's teachings and ways of rule but he became "a ruthless tyrant" when conducting purges of the government and killing officials. Yonglo maintained the good power his father held and expanded opportunities.

LT5: "Before the Ming dynasty, China was divided into four classes: merchants, farmers, artisans, and gentry. In the Ming dynasty, city life was further established, which led to economic and urban development."(The Rise of the Ming Dynasty, Social Structure 2).

CM: Having this social hierarchy had a positive impact on the development of different areas of China's society.

"AS a result, females were not valued, and many female infants were killed. Although men dominated the household and their wives, women had significant responsibilities" (China Limits European Contact 541)

CM: Women weren't treated as equals but held great responsibilities like managing finances, working in the fields, and educating children. Without the women society wouldn't function.

LT6:

rise: "Hongwu continued to rule from the former Yuan capital of Nanjing in the south. He began reforms designed to restore agricultural lands devastated by war, erase all traces of Mongol past, and promote China's power and prosperity; Hongwu's agricultural reforms increased rice production and improved irrigation. He also encouraged fish farming and growing commercial crops, such as cotton and sugar cane"(China Limits European Contact, 536).

peak: "He improved imperial administration by restoring the merit-based civil service examination system. Later in his rule, however, when problems developed, Hongwu became a ruthless tyrant."

fall: "The most immediate and direct cause of the fall of the Ming were the rebellions that racked the country in the seventeenth century because the imperial government exacted increasingly burdensome taxes on the common people:(The Rise of the Ming Dynasty, 3).

LT7: "But China did not become highly industrialized for two main reasons. First, the idea of commerce offended China's Confucian beliefs. Merchants, it was said, made their money 'supporting foreigners and robbery'"(China Limits European Contact, 537).

CM: Confucianism was one of the reasons that China did not become industrialized. This was a big effect that their beliefs had on the dynasty.

"The Ming Dynasty social structure had evolved over hundreds of years and was influenced by Confusion thought" (Social Structure The rise of the ming dynasty 5)

CM: They divided China into four classes that all had responsibilities that contributed to the function of society

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LT4:

CD1: “The single most important innovation that the HongWu emperor instituted in Chinese imperial government was the abolishment of the office of Chief Minister” (The Rise of the Ming Dynasty, p.2)

CM: From the way that Hongwu maintained power in his dynasty (by abolishing the office of Chief Minister, "Hong Wu essentially took over the administration of China" (p.2). This caused him to be the person with the most power and the one who could make the most influencial decisions for his country.

CD2: "Later in his rule, however, when problems developed, Hongwu became a ruthless tyrant. Suspecting plots against his rule everywhere, he conducted purges of the government, killing thousands of officials" (China Limits European Contacts, p.536).

CM: This shows how, in order to maintain power in his dynasty, he would kill many of the officials he even suspected were plotting against him, totally wiping out the opposition and ensuring that there were not as many people who would be willing to go against him to become the new emperor.

LT5:

CD1: "In addition, however, he made all occupations hereditary in order to prevent social mobility. All members of Chinese society were grouped into three large hereditary classes: peasants, craftspeople, and soldiers" (The Rise of the Ming Dynasty, p.2).

CM: This impacted Ming China because it prevented people from being able to move up the social hierarchy, which in turn could cause social unrest among the people. It also created the problem that the people who inherited the job or occupation from their parents, might not even be as good at it as their fathers before them were.

CD2: "These expanded Chinese families favored sons over daughters. Only a son was allowed to perform vital religious rituals. A son also would raise his own family under his parents' roof, assuring aging parents of help with the farming. As a result, females were not valued, and many female infants were killed" (China Limits European Contacts, p.541).

CM: This shows how the hierarchy was not only broken down into heretical classes, women were also less valued than the men. This meant that most women were "forced to remain secluded in their homes" (China Limits European Contacts, p.541).

LT6:

CD1: "The most direct cause of the fall of the Ming were the rebellions that racked the country in the seventeenth century because the imperial government exacted increasingly burdensome taxes on the common people" (The Rise of the Ming Dynasty, p.3).

CM: This show how one of the articles thinks that the fall of the Ming dynasty was most likely to have happened. The many rebellions finally took its toll on the country, causing the Ming Dynasty to fall.

CD2: " A peasant's son, Hongwu, commanded the rebel army that drove the Mongols out of China in 1368. That year, he became the first Ming emperor. Hongwu continued to rule from the former Yuan capital of Nanjing in the south" (China Limits European Contacts, p.536).

CM: This shows how the Ming Dynasty began. It started with a simple rebel army that overthrew the Mongols and reclaimed the land as theirs, making Hongwu the emperor.

LT7:

CD1: "Hongwu used respected traditions and institutions to bring stability to China. For example, he encouraged the return to Confucian moral standards" (China Limits European Contacts, p.1).

CM: This shows how after starting his dynasty again, with new rules and reforms, he thought that Confucius's ideas were the best way to go. They taught his people how they should act, and what their moral standards should be.

CD2: "He improved imperial administration by restoring the merit-based civil service examination system" (China Limits European Contacts, p.1).

CM: This last quote shows that by putting the Confucian moral standards into place, he was able to change the imperial administration and make it better for the people of China.

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LT4:

LT6:

Rise:

Peak:

Fall:

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LT4:

CD1: "... he established complex rituals and he tightened the bureaucracy to allow for absolute control." (The Rise of the Ming Dynasty, pg. 1)

CM1: BY establishing these rules he made it so he couldn't lose his power. Even with the Mandate of Heaven.

CD2: "He began reforms designed to restore agricultural lands devastated by war, erase all traces of the Mongol past, and promote China’s power and prosperity." (China Limits European Contacts, pg.536)

CM2: By improving China he promoted his power and gained respect from the citizens.

LT5:

CD1: "In the Ming Dynasty, city life was further established, which led to economic and urban development. There were four occupations in Ming society and they were: Shi, Nong, Gong, and Shang."

CM1: The social structure in Ming Dynasty was more advanced, and it made their economic and urban life more developed. It differed from previous Hierarchies because most of all the social classes were very important for society.

CD2: "These expanded Chinese families favored sons over daughters."

CM2: Women weren't valued as much as men but they still held responsible duties at their homes, such as: supervising the children's education and managing finances.

LT6:

Rise: "A peasant’s son, Hongwu, commanded the rebel army that drove the Mongols out of China in 1368. That year, he became the first Ming emperor." (China Limits European Contacts, pg.536)

CM: This shows how Huang Wu came to power.

Peak:

Fall: "The most immediate and direct cause of the fall of the Ming were the rebellions that racked the country in the seventeenth century because the imperial government exacted increasingly burdensome taxes on the common people." (The Rise of the Ming Dynasty, pg.3)

CM: This shows the most important reason why the Ming Dynasty fell. By rebellions due the government raised the taxes on the common people.

LT7:

CD1: "The Ming Dynasty social structure had evolved over hundreds of years and was influenced by Confucian thought."

CM1: The belief of Confucianism created more sophisticated roles in the Ming Dynasty.

CD2: "Hongwu used respected traditions and institutions to bring stability to China. For example, he encouraged a return to Confucian moral standards."

CM2: By returning to Confucius' beliefs Huang Wu brought stability back to China.

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LT4:

CD1: “First, he sought to consolidate rule into absolute rule by the Emperor. In order to consolidate his authority, he established complex rituals and he tightened the bureaucracy to allow for absolute control.” (The Rise of the Ming Dynasty, pg. 1)

CM: By giving himself all the power, Hong Wu made it harder for anyone who he didn't agree with to have any.

CD2: "He improved imperial administration by restoring the merit-based civil service examination system." (China Limits European Contacts, pg. 536)

CM: By doing this it encouraged people to do good instead of bad.

LT5:

CD1: “ In China the Shi class was considered to be as an elite class of people… The nong were peasant farmers. The played a highly significant role to the Empire, because they were considered the producers of food which sustained the empire… The gong were artisans and craftsmen. They were much like farmers,however, they had the skills to make goods of daily use for the society… The Shang were merchants and traders.” (The Rise of the Ming Dynasty, pg. 5)

CM: This was the social hierarchy, but it was much different than the others because the farmers were very high up on the pyramid, while in other empires the farmers were always just above slaves, and this seems to reflect the Chinese ways of life.

CD2: "Only a son was allowed to perform vital rituals. A son also would raise his own family under his parents roof, assuring aging parents of help with the farming" (China Limits European Contacts, pg. 541)

CM: This showed how people viewed men as leaders and of their families.

LT6:

Rise: "A peasant's son, Hongwu, commanded the rebel army that drove the Mongols out of China in 1386. That year, he became the first Ming emperor." (China Limits European Contacts, pg. 1)

CM: This is how Hongwu came to power.

Peak: “The Chinese experienced a commercial revolution that included extensive trade with foreign countries, including direct trade with Europe.” (The Rise of the Ming Dynasty, pg. 3)

CM: They became a 'global superpower', because they started trade with many different countries, and exporting more.

Fall: "The most immediate and direct cause of the fall of the Ming were the rebellions that racked the country in the seventeenth century because the imperial government exacted increasingly burdensome taxes on the common people." (Rise of the Ming Dynasty, pg. 3)

CM: They people of the Ming Dynasty were becoming rebellious when the taxes got raised.

LT7:

CD1: "Hongwu used respected traditions and institutions to bring stability to China. For example, he encouraged a return to Confucian moral standards." (China Limits European Contacts, pg. 536)

CM: Hongwu wanted Confucius's standards and beliefs to come back into China.

CD2: "But China did not become highly industrialized for two main reasons. First, the idea of commerce offended China’s Confucian beliefs." China Limits European Contacts, pg. 537)

CM: Because Hongwu believed in Confucianism, he didn't want to expand and go against that.

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LT4: How was power established and maintained in the Ming Dynasty?

CD:“He established complex rituals and he tightend the bureaucracy to allow for absolute control.

Hong Wu allowed for no dissension or critisism of the emporer from administartors and scholars” (The rise of the ming dynasty 1).

CM: China was very strict and people who did not like were punished, so no one could start a “revelution” or Uprising.

CD: "Hongwu used respected traditions and institutions to bring stability to China. For example, he encouraged a return to Confucian moral standards. He improved imperial administration by restoring the merit-based civil service examination system" (China limits european contacts 536).

CM: This shows that Hang Wu established power by going back to traditions and Confucianism ways

LT5: In what ways did hierarchy impact Ming China?

CD: China was divided into four classes: merchants, farmers, artisans, and gentry. In the Ming Dynasty, city life was further established,

which led to economic and urban development." (The rise of the Ming Dynasty)

CM: Due to the social classes in China these social structures led economic and urban development.

CD: "These expanded Chinese families favored sons over daughters. Only a son was allowed to perform vital religious rituals. A son also would raise his own family under his parents’ roof, assuring aging parents of help with the farming. As a result, females were not valued, and many female infants were killed." (China limits European contacts)

CM: The evidence reveals that china had little value for women which led to a set social structure in china that had men over women and men

could do more and have better jibs than women.

LT6: I can identify the critical components of historical empires

CD: “The Ming dynasty rose up out of a pleasest rebellion to create a grand new dynasty” (the rise of the Ming dynasty 1)

CM: This reveals that the empire before had lost their mandate of heaven which led to the downfall and now the new beginning of the

Ming Dynasty.

CD: "Everywhere Zheng He went, he distributed gifts including silver and silk to show Chinese superiority. As a result, more than 16 countries sent Tribute to the Ming court." (China limits European contacts)

CM: The peak of the Ming dynasty was its trade. The Ming had many ships to trade silver and silk to 16 other countries that led them to economic

Success.

CD: "Its problems grew—ineffective rulers, corrupt officials, and a government that was out of money. Higher taxes and bad harvests pushed millions of peasants toward starvation." (China limits European contacts)

CM: As time went on China started to downfall with corrupt leaders, high taxes, bad agriculture and peasants on the verge of starvation.

LT7: In what ways did Confucianism impact Ming China

CD: "For example, he encouraged a return to Confucian moral standards."

CM: Hong Wu had an emerging empire on his hands and his success can be credited him going back to onfucianism ways which led to improved

agriculture and rice production and irrigation.

CD: "The Hong Wu emperor also worked tirelessly on a code of laws for china, and to revive scholarship and philosophy that had fallen into bad days

under the Mongols." (The rise of the Ming Dynasty)

CM: Hong Wu stressed about philosophy and scholarship when emperor just like Confucianism ways for studying and learning philosophy which led to

an increase of scholars all through out the Ming Dynasty