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A1601332
SARA BINTI IMRAN

This video helps me to understand more about transport system in plant and the functions of xylem and phloem in plants.

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A1601343
SHALIN BINTI SHAHEEZAM KHAN

By watching this video, I could know more how to use compound microscope and at the same time be prepared for my practical instrument test.

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See the cool things you can observe with a stereo microscope, and get help choosing one that's right for you in this Home Science Tools video. To find out more, visit http://www.homesciencetools.com/stereo-microscopes-dissecting-microscopes/c/18/

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A1601409
SITI SARAH BT AZIZAN

From this video , i found that its easy to understand the control of respiration in human.

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Control Of Respiration (regulation of breathing)

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https://youtu.be/xbJ0nbzt5Kw

A1601054
NUR ILMI BINTI MOHAMAD SUHARTO

from this short video i found on youtube, i now understand more about the electron tranport chain in the formation of ATP

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A1600162
ANIS BINTI ABDULLAH

By watching this video, I could finally understand the complicated process of Glycolysis .

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Overview of glycolysis | Cellular respiration | Biology | Khan Academy

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A1600162

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A1601159
NURFAZLIN SHAHIRA BINTI MOHD FAUZI

This interesting video learning helps me to improve my understanding about the complicated topic which is Krebs Cycle easily.

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Krebs / citric acid cycle | Cellular respiration | Biology | Khan Academy

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AI601159

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A1601310
REINCCE RHYL ANAK BRUEN SCOTT

This video help me understand electron transport chain better. It provides easy to understand video animation.

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Cellular Respiration (Electron Transport Chain)

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A1600350
FATINI BINTI FARED

This video help me to understand more effectively about the explanation of Glycolysis process . This video is quite interesting and very helpful

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A1601113
NUR SYAFIQAH NATSHA BT MOHD REDZUAN

I can learn and be able to understand how the process of electron transport chain that happened in the mitochondrial matrix by watching this video.

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A1601194
NURSHAIRA BT MAZLAN

I obtained more additional informations regarding the Krebs Cycle to enhance my understanding towards this topic

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In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, which lack mitochondria, the citric acid cycle reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

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A1601136
NURAAINAA ZULAIKHA NAJWA BINTI MEDIAN
I understand and i see the structure of many types of epithelial tissues and their specific functions.

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Integumentary System for Anatomy and Physiology

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Integumentary System : Types of Epithelial Tissues (06:03)

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Integumentary System : Types of Epithelial Tissues (06:03) Lesson 3 in The Integumentary System series. This is part of our Anatomy and Physiology lecture series. In this video, we look at the types of epithelial tissues. In the previous videos, we saw how to classify them, this video examines their structures and functions.

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A1601531
I understand more about endocytosis and exocytosis through this video

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A1600839
MUHAMMAD ZULFIKRI BIN ZULKEFLI
This video helps me to understand more detail about cellular respiration process

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Introduction to cellular respiration | Cellular respiration | Biology | Khan Academy

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A1600651
MUHAMAD HAIKAL BIN HARUN
This web and images further understands me the concept of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis although gluconeogenesis does not in my syllabus.

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Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. Gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in liver. Gluconeogenesis occurs to a more limited extent in the kidney and small intestine under some conditions.

The biosynthesis of a carbohydrate from simpler, non-carbohydrate precursors such as Oxaloacetate and Pyruvate is called "Gluconeogenesis".
Few basics before continue,

The starting point of gluconeogenesis is pyruvic acid, although Oxaloacetic acid and dihydroxyacetone phosphate also provide entry points.

Lactic acid, some amino acids from protein and glycerol from fat can be converted into glucose.

Gluconeogenesis is similar but not the exact reverse of glycolysis, some of the steps are the identical in reverse direction and three of them are new ones.

Without going into detail, the general gluconeogenesis sequence is given in the graphic on the left.

Notice that oxaloacetic acid is synthesized from pyruvic acid in the first step. Oxaloacetic acid is also the first compound to react with acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle. The concentration of acetyl CoA and ATP determines the fate of oxaloacetic acid.

If the concentration of acetyl CoA is low and concentration of ATP is high then gluconeogenesis proceeds. Also notice that ATP is required for a biosynthesis sequence of gluconeogenesis.

Gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the liver with a small amount also occurring in the cortex of the kidney. Very little gluconeogenesis occurs in the brain, skeletal muscles, heart muscles or other body tissue. In fact, these organs have a high demand for glucose. Therefore, gluconeogenesis is constantly occurring in the liver to maintain the glucose level in the blood to meet these demands.

Synthesis of glucose from pyruvate utilizes many of the same enzymes as Glycolysis.

Kreb's pointed out that energy barriers obstruct a simple Reversal of Glycolysis:

1. Between Pyruvate and PEP ( Pyruvate Carboxylase and Phosphoenol pyruvate Carboxylase-PEPCK)

2. Between Fructose-1,6-bis P and Fructose-6-P ( Fructose-1,6-BisPhosphatse)

3. Between Glucose-6-P and Glucose ( Glucose-6-Phosphatase)

4. Between Glucose-1-P and Glycogen ( Glycogen Synthase)

Three reactions of Glycolysis have forward direction that they are essentially irreversible (see lecture notes on Glycolysis):

These steps must be bypassed in Gluconeogenesis. Two of the bypass reactions involve simple hydrolysis reactions.

Below is the forward reaction catalyzed by each of these Glycolysis enzymes, followed by the bypass reaction catalyzed by the Gluconeogenesis enzyme.

In Glycolysis, First step is Phosphorylation

Glucose + ATP -> Glucose-6-phosphate + ADP

Enzyme: Hexokinase or Glucokinase (Glycolysis)

In Gluconeogenesis, the first step in Glycolysis is reversible.

Enzyme: Glucose-6-phosphatase

Glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme is embedded in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in liver cells.

Evidence indicates that the catalytic site is exposed to the ER lumen. Another subunit of the enzyme is postulated to function as a translocase, providing access of substrate to the active site.

In Glycolysis, Step 3 is

Fructose-6-phosphate + ATP -> fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP

Enzymes: Phosphofructokinase

In Gluconeogenesis, the step 3 in glycolysis is reversible.

Enzyme: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
In Glycolysis, the step 9 is
Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP -> pyruvate + ATP

Enzyme: Pyruvate Kinase

For bypass of the Pyruvate Kinase reaction of Glycolysis, cleavage of 2 ~P bonds is required. The free energy change associated with cleavage of one ~P bond of ATP is insufficient to drive synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), since PEP has a higher negative DG of phosphate hydrolysis than ATP.
In Gluconeogenesis,
The two enzymes that catalyze the reactions for bypass of the Pyruvate Kinase reaction are the following:
a) PEP Carboxylase Reaction
Enzyme: Pyruvate Carboxylase

(b) PEP Carboxykinase Reaction:

Oxaloacetate + GTP -> Phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO₂

Enzyme: PEP Carboxykinase

Contributing to spontaneity of the two-step pathway are the following:

Free energy of cleavage of one ~P bond of ATP is conserved in the carboxylation reaction.Spontaneous decarboxylation contributes to spontaneity of the 2nd reaction (PEP synthesis).

Cleavage of a second ~P bond of GTP also contributes to driving synthesis of PEP.

Pyruvate Carboxylase utilizes biotin as prosthetic group.

Biotin has a 5-carbon side chain whose terminal carboxyl is in an amide linkage to the e-amino group of a lysine of the enzyme.

The biotin and lysine side chains together form a long swinging arm that allows the functional group of biotin to swing back and forth between two active sites.

Biotin carboxylation is catalyzed at one active site of Pyruvate Carboxylase.

ATP reacts with HCO₃⁻ to yield carboxyphosphate. The carboxyl is transferred from this ~P intermediate to N of a ureido group of the biotin ring system.

Overall:
Biotin dependent enzymes in animals

Pyruvate Carboxylase
First reaction in pathway that convers 3-carbon precursors to glucose (gluconeogenesis)

Acetyl~coA carboxylase
Commits acetate units to fatty acid synthesis by forming malonyl~coA

Propionyl~coA Carboxylase
Converts propionate to succinate, which can then enter citric acid cycle.

beta-Methylcrotonyl~coA carboxylase
Catabolism of leucine and certain isoprenoid compounds

Other Reactions in Gluconeogenesis:

The enzyme converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate, is allosterically activated by acetyl coenzyme A. The adaptive value of this regulation relates to the interconnectness of the pathways shown at right.

Acetyl CoA enters Krebs Cycle by condensing with oxaloacetate, whose concentration tends to be limiting for Krebs Cycle. When Gluconeogenesis is active in liver, oxaloacetate is diverted to form glucose (via PEP).

Oxaloacetate depletion hinders acetyl CoA entry into Krebs Cycle. The resulting increase in [acetyl CoA] activates Pyruvate Carboxylase to synthesize more oxaloacetate.

The major breakdown product of anaerobic glycolysis in muscle is lactic acid. Muscle tissue is called Lactic acid. Muscle tissue is, however, not capable of re-synthesizing glycogen from lactate.

This conversion therefore, takes place entirely in liver. Muscle lactate is transported by the blood to liver where it is converted to Glucose and glycogen by enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis.

Liver glycogen then breaks down to glucose and is carried back to muscles by blood. This conversion of muscle lactic acid to glucose in liver and its re-entry into muscle is called Cori cycle.

The major portion of glucose formed in gluconeogenesis come from amino acids. Glycogenic amino acids are converted to either citric acid cycle intermediates or pyruvate. These substances from glucose in liver.

Pyruvate is carboxylated to form OAA by pyruvate carboxylase and ATP in mitochondria. Further reactions in the formation of glucose take place in cytoplasm and therefore oxaloacetate must come out of mitochondria.

Oxaloacetate, however, does not readily permeate through mitochondrial membrane and thus requires conversion to a compound which could diffuse out of mitochondria. This is achieved mainly by its conversion to malate which readily passes through mitochondrial membrane. In cytoplasm, malate is reconverted to oxaloacetate.

Oxaloacetate is then decarboxylated to form phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) by phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase and GTP. The conversion of phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) to fructose-1, 6-diphosphate is carried out by enzymes of glycolysis found in all tissues.

The hydrolysis of fructose diphosphate to form fructose-6-phosphate requires a specific fructose diphosphatase. Frusctose-6-phosphate also requires a specific glucose-6-phosphatase for its conversion to Glucose. Both the abovementioned specific enzymes are found only in liver and kidney tissues.

Glycerol arising from the breakdown of triacylglycerides is also a good source for the synthesis of glucose in liver. It requires initial phosphorylation by ATP followed by reduction to form DHAP (Dihydroxyacetone phosphate) which enters the pathway of gluconeogenesis.

A continual supply of Glucose is necessary as a source of energy, especially for the Nervous system and the Erythrocytes.

Gluconeogenesis mechanism are used to clear the products of the metabolism of other tissues from the blood, eg: Lactate, produced by Muscle and erythrocytes and Glycerol, which is continuously produced by adipose tissue.

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Gluconeogenesis: Why this is very Important? (Simple Notes)

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Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. Gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in liver. Gluconeogenesis occurs to a more limited extent in the kidney and small intestine under some conditions. The biosynthesis of a carbohydrate from simpler, non-carbohydrate precursors such as Oxaloacetate and Pyruvate is called "Gluconeogenesis".

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A1601480
WAN MUHAMMAD NAJMI BIN WAN ZAINUDDIN
THIS VIDEO LEARNING DELIVERED BY KHAN ACADEMY TAUGHT ME A LOT ABOUT ''ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN'' ITS MADE ME UNDERSTOOD VERY WELL ABOUT THIS SUBTOPIC AND EASIER TO CATCH UP FOR THIS MATTER !

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A1601405
SITI NURUL QAMARINA BT ABD HAYUM
This video made me understands the overview of electron transport chain.

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Electron Transport Chain Animation Overview Chemiosmosis HQ

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Nguồn: youtube Mục đích: lưu giữ thông tin.

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A1600051
AHMAD IRSYADUDDIN BIN LOKHMAN
Google image help me to know about mass spectrometer clearly

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A1601405
SITI NURUL QAMARINA BINTI ABD HAYUM

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Electron Transport Chain Animation Overview Chemiosmosis HQ

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Nguồn: youtube Mục đích: lưu giữ thông tin.

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A1600300
ENGKU NAZRI BIN ENGKU NASIR
From Google image , i found this image. Then a little bit help me to understand what wide area network refer for?

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A1601368
SITI FATIMAH BINTI MD HANIPAH
By watching this video, I managed to understand better about the circulatory system in human and memorise the process as the song in  video is very catchy.

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A1600562
Mohamad Norsyahizi Haikal bin Mansor.

This video help me to understand how our tissue works for us

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A1601434
SYAHIRAH NABILAH BINTI MUHAMMAD SABRI

Let's sing together to undertand and memorise the Krebs Circle easily and  simple. ;)

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A1600130
AMBER ANAK ANDREW RAGAI

watching this video helps me understand the topic clearly

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Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells | Biology | Khan Academy

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A1600569
I learned from watching from this video and i understand it clearly

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Krebs / citric acid cycle | Cellular respiration | Biology | Khan Academy

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A1601012
NUR DIYANA BINTI JAMALI

I used this image to improve my understanding on this topic. It makes me memorise it easier.

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NUUR A'FINI BINTI MOHD HAZLI HADEI
A1601273

This video helps me to improve my knowledge on glycolysis and it certainly makes me memorise it easier!

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A1600664
MUHAMAD ZARIF BIN MAHDA
Understanding all biology learning unit is made easier for me to memorize especially in Krebs Cycle.

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A1601518
'AINI AKMA RASYIDAH BINTI MOHD SUFI
This video helps me a lot to understand celullar respiration easily and the explaination is simple yet compact with infomation

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A1600544
MOHAMAD DANIAL BIN MOHAMAD ISMAIL
I managed to effectively understand the Electron Transport Chain

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A1601025
NUR FATIN AUNI BINTI RAYA
By watching this video, I am able to understand how the lymphatic system works on human body.

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Lymphatic System: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #44

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A1600477
Khaliesah Thuraya Bt Eizar Azlan
let's RAP together ya

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A1600477

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A1600477

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A1600

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A1601518
'AINI AKMA RASYIDAH BINTI MOHD SUFI
This video has helped

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A1601518
'AINI AKMA RASYIDAH BINTI MOHD SUFI
This video has helped

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A1601518
'AINI AKMA RASYIDAH BINTI MOHD SUFI
This video has

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A1601518
'AINI AKMA RASYIDAH BINTI MOHD SUFI
This video

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A1601518
'AINI AKMA RASYIDAH BINTI MOHD SUFI
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A1601518
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A1601518
'AINI AKMA RASYIDAH BINTI MOHD SUFI
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A1601518
'AINI AKMA RASYIDAH BINTI MOHD SUFI

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A1600004
A'zim Irfani JC Bin Mohammad Ravi JC
With this image, I learn how the cycle works and what is being produced.

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A1601518
'AINI AKMA RASYIDAH BINTI MOHD SUFI

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A1601518
'AINI AKMA RASYIDAH BINTI MOHD

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A1601518
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A1601203
NURUL AFIKAH HAMDZAN
By watching this video i can understand glycolysis process much better since the explaination comes together with grap

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A1601046
NUR HAZIRA BINTI ADAM
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Widefield Binocular Stereo Microscope Arm Stand

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See the cool things you can observe with a stereo microscope, and get help choosing one that's right for you in this Home Science Tools video. To find out more, visit http://www.homesciencetools.com/stereo-microscopes-dissecting-microscopes/c/18/

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A1600084
AINI DARWINA BINTI DAUD

By watching this video, i am able to understand a little bit more about Krebs Cycle and the process involved.

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Krebs / citric acid cycle | Cellular respiration | Biology | Khan Academy

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A1601203
NURUL AFIKAH BINTI HAMDZAN

by watching this video animation, i can understand glycolysis process much better since the explanation comes together with diagram and help me to achieve my objective to score in biology

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AINI DARWINA BINTI DAUD

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AINI DARWI

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A1600321
FARAH ALIA BINTI MOHD ZANI

From this video animation, I can understand Krebs Cycle process much better

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Cellular Respiration 3 - TCA Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

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A1601552
olivia labang

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Krebs / citric acid cycle | Cellular respiration | Biology | Khan Academy

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A1601552
oliviq

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Krebs / citric acid cycle | Cellular respiration | Biology | Khan Academy

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A1601552
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Krebs / citric acid cycle | Cellular respiration | Biology | Khan Academy

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Krebs / citric acid cycle | Cellular respiration | Biology | Khan Academy

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Krebs / citric acid cycle | Cellular respiration | Biology | Khan Academy

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A1600912
NOR NAJIHAH BINTI ANUAR

From this video,I can understand the Glycolysis Proses better and studying can be more interesting...and yes, even fun!!

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A1600321

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A1601071
NUR LIYANA BINTI MAZLAN

From this image, I can understand and learn easier about glycolysis

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A1601284
PUTERI ELYSA ALIA BINTIMOHD BADRI

By using this image, I can be more understand about the circulation of blood in human heart and it is much easy for me to memorize

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A1600881
NGUMBANG TAMBI

By watching this youtube video,now i able to explain and described how does blood pressure can give negative effects to our body

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A1600620
MOHD.QUSYAIRI BIN MOHD.RIDZWAN
By using google image,i have figured out how electron transport chain happened

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A1600620
MOHD.QUSYAIRI BIN MOHD.RIDZWAN
By using google image, i figured

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A1601501 ZAKIAH YUSRA BINTI ZULKIFLI by watching this video ,now i can really understand how does a lymphatic system works on human and i can imagine the structure of lymphatic organ