# data[].attributes.headline
Photographing the changes to the Lower Lea Valley in pictures

# data[].attributes.subject
Photographing the changes to the Lower Lea Valley in pictures

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Olympic legacy: photographing the Lea Valley - in pictures

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Polly Braden and David Campany started taking photographs of the Lea Valley in 2004, before London won its Olympic bid and the area began to change dramatically

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Research summaries | Masterplanning and town planning | London 2012

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Manor Gardens Allotments: a Scandalous Legacy | Games Monitor

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The real scandal is the deal which has been cooked up by Waltham Forest and the Lea Valley Regional Park Authority, which owns the land at Eton Manor. The LVRPA doesn't want the allotments on its land and is acting in cahoots with Waltham Forest.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Were The Olympics Good Or Bad For London?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Were The Olympics Good Or Bad For London? Yuck, what a horrible question. Very few things in life are wholly good or bad, especially something as big and complex as London 2012. Yet its interesting to drill down into specific areas, which are more measurable and objective.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Lance Forman, owner of a fourth generation London-based family business, doesn't have much time for the Olympics, or at least the ones held in London in 2012. During the period leading up to the event, Lance and his salmon curing business H. Forman & Son were forced to sell their premises to the government because it was on land designated for the Olympic stadium.

But not before a tremendous tussle between the family and the UK government took place. Lance even went to court to challenge the compulsory purchase of the land his businesses was based on. "There was a period of my life during the fight with the London Development Agency [the government body concerned] when I felt like a cross between an enemy of the state and some character out of the Da Vinci Code," he says.

Although Lance wasn't able to stop the compulsory purchase - the old premises were pretty much smack bang on the site where the 100 metre track in the Olympic stadium is today - he was able to get compensation from the LDA to build new premises for the business very close to the old location. That's probably just as well, because H. Forman has been linked to London's East End since the business was founded in 1905. Legacy and heritage are essential to the business, and the family.

The business was established by Lance's great grandfather Harry Forman and was one of many fish curing firms in the East End. Like H. Forman, many of them were established by Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe - Lance's family originally came from Odessa. Today, H. Forman employs around 70 people, has diversified into the hospitality and home delivery businesses, and runs a restaurant and an art gallery at the top of its new building, which is shaped like a salmon and overlooks the Olympic park.

Lance says that the salmon curing business in the East End was all but wiped out by the onset of fish farming in the 1980s and 1990s. "Smoked salmon became commoditised and devalued. All the smokehouses tried to compete and every single one went out of business as a result." But H. Forman followed a different strategy, says Lance. "We didn't try to compete and continued doing things in our very old fashioned way, with a big emphasis on quality."

Forman uses salmon from Scotland, not Norway, where two-thirds of UK smoked salmon comes from. "It takes four days to get the fish to the UK from Norway, whereas Scottish salmon is on our doorstep," he says. "Fresh fish only has a shelf life of one week; if you've lost half of the shelf life before you get it here, why bother? The whole point about smoking salmon in the first place was to preserve the flavour, not to make it taste like a kipper. Never compromise on quality because ultimately quality survives."

Forman is also known for its mild cure that enhances the natural flavour of the fish, known as the London Cure. As a result, it's popular with many of the world's top restaurants and caterers.

Lance reckons being a family business has helped them get through difficult times like the Olympics saga. "There's no doubt families have their positives, but they also have their negatives," he says. "The big positive is that you have a whole different approach to the way you do business, based on long-term decision making. We don't just slash costs to improve our short-term profitability. And we take a satisfying rather than maximizing approach to profits. The big negative is that you've got the weight of history on you running the business. You feel this pressure dragging you into it."

Despite the weight of history, Lance says the third generation put no pressure on him to join the family business. But they must have seen considerable potential if he decided to do so. The 52 year-old gained a degree from Cambridge University, was president of the Cambridge Union, trained as an accountant at PwC and then worked as a special advisor to one of the UK's top politicians.

The young Lance could have chosen a host of promising careers if he decided never to join H. Forman, but the weight of history proved too much of a draw. Did his outside experience help with the running of the family business? Lance isn't so sure. "After qualifying as an accountant I could audit Lloyds Bank, but could I help my friends fill in a tax return? No. So, I'm not so sure being a trained accountant helps you run a family business."

Like his parents, Lance isn't putting any pressure on his kids to join the business - the eldest, 23, has just graduated from university. "My wife and I have said to all of our kids, don't even think about coming into the family business." he says. "When families put too much pressure on the next generation to join the business it often leads to failure. If the next generation join without any experience they've nothing to bring to the business. It also often creates friction with existing employees."

He adds: "People are living longer. The next generation have got to ask themselves: do you necessarily want to be stuck in the same business for 50 years?" If history is any guide to the future, in 50 years time, the Olympics will be due to come back to London. A problem, or perhaps an opportunity, for future generations of Formans to deal with.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Interview: why salmon-smoker Lance Forman is in the pink

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Lance Forman, owner of a fourth generation London-based family business, doesn't have much time for the Olympics, or at least the ones held in London in 2012. During the period leading up to the event, Lance and his salmon curing business H.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Lance Forman, owner of the closest business to the Olympic Stadium, says London 2012 created a 'Disney-style bubble' which didn't help local businesses.

Last Updated: 09 Oct 2013

'How can you regenerate an area by building a Disneyland-style bubble in it and not letting people get out and explore the area? They may as well have built the Olympic Park on the moon - and I'm certainly not the only one who feels this way,' says Lance Forman, chief executive of H Forman & Son.

'My overriding impression of the International Olympic Committee is it is a private club for members and sponsors, going around looking after themselves and putting on a circus. It goes around destroying cities, playing on their national pride, but at what cost?'

H Forman & Son is a salmon smoking business based in Hackney Wick's Fish Island. Its complex, which includes a smoking factory, restaurant and gallery space, was, according to Mr Forman, 'the closest a commercial building has ever been to an Olympic Stadium'. It sounded like a dream come true. During the Games, Lance Forman should have been fighting off business with a stick.

'Financially it was a huge disaster,' says the family business owner.

Forman is not alone. A study by AXA Insurance has found only 2% of the small businesses polled by the insurance giant had seen positive effects in the year since the Games. A mere 15% felt the Olympics had been positive for business and only 13% thought it had been positive during and after the Games. Despite AXA's press team spinning the study with relentless positivity, (would you believe the pitiful amount of positive sentiment expressed this year is three times the amount that was expressed by businesses last year), it certainly isn't good news for the London Legacy Development Corporation.

'Jeremy Hunt, Seb Coe and various Olympic committees insisted the London Olympics were about regeneration, but going by the way they behaved, they had no interest in east London at all,' says Forman.

Admittedly, Forman has been through the mill. In 1998, his factory was gutted by a fire, and shortly after its refurbishment in 2000, it was destroyed by a flood. Settled in his third factory in as many years for just 12 months (aided by funding from the London Development Agency), Forman read in a newspaper that the Olympic Park was to be built in the same spot as his business. He and 250 other firms were to be displaced.

'The area was a thriving hub of manufacturing, but it was portrayed by Tessa Jowell and pals as a derelict wasteland,' he tells MT.

What followed was an incredibly painful government compulsory purchase order (CPO) process, which cost many Hackney Wick manufacturing businesses dearly.

'Around 75 of the 250 closed down, and many couldn't get compensation,' says Forman.

Forman's salmon smoking business, which claims to be the oldest in the UK, managed to come out of the CPO process in tact. Forman managed to rebuild his premises not far from its original position: he even added some of his own cash to the compensation pot to create a mammoth venue, its design resembling a huge salmon, on the banks of the river Lee. To observers, it looked like a major coup.

H Forman & Son Image: Flickr Diamond Geezer

'I would say we benefited and suffered,' he tells MT. 'Once the Olympic Park started going up, we realized just how close we were going to be, so we decided to invest in creating a venue space and restaurant.

'In the two years leading up to the Olympics, we held 80% of the Olympic authorities' and sponsors' events - and we did quite well out of it. People kept telling us how our venue would be a goldmine during the Games.

'Having lost a lot of ground with our core business while we had been fighting for survival, we thought, "let's invest in the Olympics, and maybe those three weeks will pay back all we've lost".'

They didn't. Forman ploughed 'hundreds of thousands of pounds' into developing a hospitality Mecca in his salmon smoking factory, replete with 40 palm trees from Italy and a tiki yacht. One of Simon Cowell's team apparently dubbed it 'San TropE3' and Forman marketed the area as Fish Island Riviera. But despite his creation of a dream Olympic venue, the punters didn't turn up.
Fish Island Riviera
'The corporate clients we had anticipated didn't come - they were afraid of the draconian rules LOCOG had in place around the use of the word 'Olympics' - they asked, "how can we send invites to our clients when we can't write 'Olympics'?"

'We decided to work on attracting the public, but when people were heading towards the western gates of the Park towards us, they were shouted at by people with megaphones telling them to go the other way, back to Stratford. We even tried putting up signs on lampposts but they pulled them down.'

With his enthusiastic investment having failed, Forman was faced with building his original business back up to where it had been. But surely something good must have come from the whole saga?

'The Olympics has been a real roller coaster, from having our survival threatened, turning it into a positive and then blowing it all on investment,' says Forman.

'We have had positive support because of the media publicity. People are more aware of our brand now, and we're doing more business with big players such as Waitrose. But our smaller clients now think we're bigger than we actually are and a few have said they'd rather deal with a smaller company,' he explains.

And what of Hackney Wick? The area is a patchwork quilt of industrial infrastructure, sewn in with creativity. Artists' communities have grown among the factories and to outsiders, the area appears punctuated with the icons of gentrification: coffee shops selling trendy 'flat whites' and breweries serving posh pizzas. Isn't this a good thing?

'There's lots of construction going on in the Park, new cafes and a thriving artists' community, so there is a lot of potential there, if cost were not a consideration and the regeneration question was set aside, there is no question, this was a spectacular spectator event for our city,' says Forman.

'But they spent £10bn on the Olympics and that money could have gone a lot further if they behaved differently. The positive things happening in this area were happening anyway - if anything, the Olympics only slowed them down.'

A bad review for a global event grounded in speed and agility. But with the Olympic Park slowly opening its grounds to the public once more and the megaphones well and truly gone, with any luck Forman's new complex will pay off in the long-term and he'll be grateful it's not on the moon after all.

Forman's Olympics in figures

£100 - £200k - Amount made in corporate events prior to the Games

'High six figures' - Amount invested in the venue top get ready for the Games

1 - Number of corporate clients resident at Forman's for the duration of the Games

1,000 - Number of visitors needed each day of the Games to break even

750 - Average number of visitors per day

£150 per head - Cost of corporate hospitality gourmet lunch (with unlimited bubbly and free access to Fish Island Riviera)

100m - Distance from Olympic Stadium to H Forman and Sons ('Under ten seconds if you're Usain Bolt' - Lance Forman)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
ONE YEAR ON: 'They may as well have built the Olympic Park on the moon'

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Lance Forman, owner of the closest business to the Olympic Stadium, says London 2012 created a 'Disney-style bubble' which didn't help local businesses. Last Updated: 09 Oct 2013 'How can you regenerate an area by building a Disneyland-style bubble in it and not letting people get out and explore the area?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
he London Olympics claimed that its most enduring legacy would be "the regeneration of an entire community for the direct benefit of everyone who lives there". It is clear however, four year on, that without a rethink the housing legacy will be marked by the rapid gentrification of Stratford and surrounding areas and a negligible gain of genuinely affordable housing.

From the start there was a degree of vagueness about what the housing legacy would be, though terms such as "much" and "many" were used in reference to the proportion of affordable housing that would be provided and this won over opposition to the demolition of existing housing. There was also tension between the vision of the Greater London Authority with ambitions for 50% affordable housing on new developments and the London Borough of Newham which while supportive was keen to encourage more market housing in Stratford.

The conversion of the Athletes' Village into East Village stands as a marker of success while highlighting the tensions in delivering genuinely affordable housing. It is a mixed-tenure development that includes 49% affordable housing. Half of this is for social rent and the rent formula was agreed under previous targets for social renting that make it genuinely affordable. The other half is "intermediate", including a mix of shared ownership and units for rent at costs more closely linked to the market and at odds with local incomes. In 2015, median household incomes in Newham were just under £29k, yet a two-bedroom intermediate unit required a minimum household income of £48k and a three-bedroom shared ownership property a minimum household income of £73k.

It was always assumed that the Olympic Park itself would be a key dimension of housing legacy. However, targets for affordable housing there have been revised down from 35%-40% in 2010 to a minimum of 20% and maximum of 35% in 2011, and a maximum of 31% in 2013. These cuts have been justified by the need to pay back debts and the loss of an uplift in land values following plans to accelerate development of two neighbourhoods.

It was also expected that hosting the games would accelerate the regeneration of the Lower Lea Valley and in 2005 "planning gain" was an important mechanism for levering affordable housing on new developments. However with concerns about the viability of schemes, there is evidence of developers making minimal contributions. Five towers being built or recently completed in Stratford include only 8% on-site affordable housing, all of which is intermediate. Some of these schemes do include financial contributions to off-site housing for social rent, yet this excludes low income families from taking advantage of the area's improvements. These contradictions have led to local campaigns such as the Focus E15 Mums and Boleyn 100.

Overall then we are not on track for an inclusive housing legacy. The policy context of 2016 is very different from 2005. Key instruments crucial to deliver affordable housing a decade ago no longer apply. Cuts to housing subsidy; the introduction of the 80% of market rates as the "affordable rent" model (in addition the introduction of the benefit cap and universal credit) and the declining value of planning gain will make it increasingly difficult for families on low incomes to live in high value areas. Plans for affordable housing have been diluted despite the increasing need for it. With a new London mayor committed to increasing affordable housing in the park is there a chance to return to the original promises? Since 2012, Newham has recorded the largest property price rises of any London borough and the area around the East Village has emerged as a "buy to let" hotspot. Rental costs have also shot up and a combination of rising rents and the benefit cap make it increasingly difficult for households on low incomes to find accommodation in the area.

Housing built on the park and in surrounding areas could become a test bed for new models of housing finance and delivery, with a minimum of 50% affordable housing. A key challenge for the London Legacy Development Corporation is the need to repay debts, yet some of these should be written off and the substantial increase in land values could be levered to fund genuinely affordable housing. The legacy could capitalise on the extensive construction knowledge in East London and establish its own building company guaranteeing decent wages and cross-subsidising housing for sale with housing for rent. The legacy has to be lasting and should be exempt from "right to buy". This would remain in perpetuity as a gift to the people of London. Above all what is needed to realise the housing legacy promised by the London Olympics is the political will to achieve it.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
London Olympics has brought regeneration, but at a price locals can't afford | Penny Bernstock

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
he London Olympics claimed that its most enduring legacy would be "the regeneration of an entire community for the direct benefit of everyone who lives there". It is clear however, four year on, that without a rethink the housing legacy will be marked by the rapid gentrification of Stratford and surrounding areas and a negligible gain of genuinely affordable housing.

# data[].attributes.body
How successful was the rebranding of the Lower Lea valley for the Olympic park?

# data[].attributes.headline
Up in smoke: Loosing out to the Olympic games

# data[].attributes.subject
Up in smoke: Loosing out to the Olympic games

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
As Lance Forman conducts a guided tour of his fish-smoking factory in a run-down industrial area of east London he stops in the middle of a refrigerated room to make a dramatic point.

Gesturing across the freezing-cold factory where each day hundreds of Scottish salmon are prepared by hand then smoked, destined for the finest menus in the land, he says: "This area would be right in the middle of the Olympic stadium."

The family-run Forman & Son, with a staff of 50, is the oldest salmon smokery in Britain and celebrates its centenary this year. But while busy concocting commemorative recipes to mark the occasion - such as salmon smoked with lemon and cinnamon - serious issues are at hand.

For the firm is one of 300 being forced out of the Lower Lea Valley so that the groundwork on the 2012 Games can begin.

"We'd be happy for the athletes to run around us, but there might be a problem when it comes to the javelin," says Mr Forman. Since London won the 2012 bid in July, his company, and others in the area, have faced the prospect of a forced move to make way for the Olympics.

It is yet another setback for the company founded in 1905 when Harris Forman arrived as a Jewish immigrant from eastern Europe and set up a smokery in Stepney Green. The company has been based in the East End ever since.

Contrary to popular belief salmon smoking in the UK started not in Scotland but in London when immigrants copied the method used since the 19th century in eastern Europe, the London businesses initially using fish imported in barrels of brine from the Baltic. And Forman's was at the forefront of this.

The company's original recipe, still used today, was brought to Britain by Harris Forman. This tradition was continued by Louis Forman into the early 1960s and brought to many of the world's leading chefs by Marcel Forman. Lance, the current head of the business, has concentrated on developing the brand. Since earlier this year the company has been the only surviving salmon smokery in the East End.

They resisted the pull to Scotland in the 1970s when fish farming began, surviving in the south by adhering to traditional methods. The family scorns the mechanised mass-production adopted in Scotland opting instead for what they consider to be the superior "London cure" which is milder and more delicate.

At the factory, which stands out from its industrial surroundings with a salmon pink façade and a giant banner protesting their Olympic plight, a team of fish handlers starts work at 4am so the freshest fish can be served at lunchtime.

Whole salmon caught the day before are beheaded, de-scaled and filleted - chief filleter Terry can slice the backbone out of 120 fish in 20 minutes.

They are then lightly salted, losing 15 per cent of their weight, and hung in walk-in kilns where they are smoked over oak sawdust for 24 hours. A glass-fronted kiln designed at a cost of £30,000 to mark their centenary has had to be mothballed due to the company's forced relocation.

Forman's smoke a range of home-caught fish as well as imported tuna and marlin but their piece de resistance is smoked wild salmon, bought and frozen during the summer and defrosted and smoked throughout the year to satisfy demand. The wild variety costs £300 for a typical 3kg fish compared to £100 for the equivalent farmed variety.

A key part of the business is the kitchen where the chef Lloyd Hardwick, who established the restaurant at the Tate Modern gallery, oversees 50 luxury dishes such as lobster bisque, fish terrines and miso sauce.

With luxury produce, Forman's aims at the top end of the market, supplying Fortnum & Mason, Selfridges, Harrods, lunches in City boardrooms and sushi to Nobu, Zuma and Yo Sushi. It also supplies hotels from Park Lane to Bangkok's Oriental and Sandy Lanes in Barbados. Ironically, when the British Olympic Association wanted to celebrate the Athens medal haul, Forman's flew out the athletes' sumptuous seafood buffet.

"It is a very special business" said Mr Foreman.

"We maintain artisans' skills, we export 30 per cent and we train people. It is just the sort of thing that should be encouraged. We need two years to relocate and the clock is ticking. It took us one-and-a-half years to get this place up and running - and that was with a ready-built factory which I am unlikely to get now."

Mr Forman is now heading a campaign for proper compensation for his and other businesses being pushed out by the Games, the majority of which are clustered on the Marshgate Lane industrial part site of the proposed 80,000-capacity Olympic stadium and athletes' village.

They have complained that Ken Livingstone's London Development Agency (LDA) has undervalued their land and that many of the alternative sites would put them at a disadvantage. With the bulldozers due to move in by July, they feel the time to act is fast approaching.

For Forman's, it is the latest in a series of recent difficulties. In 1998 the company was forced out of its factory by a fire, and they moved to new premises near their current site. But when the River Lea flooded they were on the move again - this time with grant aid through their current nemesis, the LDA, to the new site inside the proposed Olympic Park.

The Lower Lea Valley, with its contaminated waterways and skyline dominated by electricity pylons and car and rubble dumps, may not be the most prestigious address but many businesses rely on the fact that they are close to central London.

Forman & Son have been offered a site slightly further east, which is the "wrong" side of the busy Leighbridge Road as expected congestion due to Olympic works is likely to add significantly to delivery times to central London - and put the whole business at risk.

"Chefs in top London restaurants often do not know until midnight what stock they want for the following day. They will ring up and leave a message with their order and the fact that we can respond so quickly is key to our survival" says Foreman.

Three months after Sebastian Coe and his team pulled off their sensational defeat of Paris in Singapore, only around 20 of the companies based on the 500-acre plot of land have agreed to vacate the Olympics area. Meanwhile relations between the recently formed Marshgate Lane business group have gone from bad to worse. Advised by media lawyer Mark Stephens, the businesses wrote to the International Olympic Committee saying London's plans were flawed and they threatened to take the protest to the Singapore meeting.

Before a session of the London Assembly last month there were angry exchanges between Forman and Mike Lee, a director of London 2012, who accused the businesses of trying to wreck the bid. Once inside, a member of the group told Mr Livingstone that his "land grab" made him no better than Robert Mugabe.

They complained that their requests for information from the LDA were not being answered and that letters to sports minister Richard Caborn and Olympics minister Tessa Jowell had not even been acknowledged. Meanwhile London 2012 chairman Lord Coe, whose Canary Wharf offices practically overlook the site, has not yet visited to hear business concerns.

The two sides seem incapable of agreeing on the issues. The businesses claim that 11,000 jobs in the area will go while the LDA says that a more realistic figure is 5,000 for the number of full-time employees currently based there. Local firms are holding out saying they want valuations that reflect rising property prices while Neale Coleman, the mayor's Olympics advisor has challenged them to go valuation tribunals to test their claim.

Meanwhile some of the 170 business on Fish Island, a largely industrial plot which takes its name from the surrounding network of waterways, claim that they are being moved as much for the future value of their land as for the fact that they occupy an area earmarked for a temporary car park - an allegation firmly denied by the LDA. "Given all the land that needs to be bought it would be absurd for the LDA to be trying to buy a single square foot of land that was not absolutely needed to deliver the Olympics" said Mr Coleman.

At a meeting tomorrow between the LDA and the affected businesses some of these issues may be resolved. In the meantime, Mr Forman, like many of the businesses was eager to stress that he is not against the Olympics. "I am a fan of the Olympics," he says. "But I must be concerned about my livelihood. When the bid was won in Singapore they had television pictures of children dancing in the streets of Stratford. On the same day when I got home my kids asked me: 'Daddy does this mean you don't have a job.'"

Thirty-two traveller families in the East End will be uprooted. A dozen families have been living at Clays Lane in Newham for more than 30 years. It is a similar story for more than 20 families living at Waterden Crescent in Hackney
East Marsh, HACKNEY MARSHES
Hackney Marshes, the largest expanse of football fields in Europe, will become a coach park, which will destroy rare trees and disturb wildlife in a nearby conservation area

Swiss-owned Sortex, which employs 140 to make sorting machines for catering, is the biggest employer to be moved out of the Lower Lea Valley. It won the UK National Business Award in 2004 and the Queen's Award For Export and Import

Kingsway International Christian Centre, Europe's largest independent church, occupies a 9.5-acre site, with a 4,000-seat auditorium and attracts 12,000 worshippers. It has offered to build a £36m arena and vacate during the period of the Games
Art Deco Theatre, DALSTON
Built in the 1820s, it has housed a circus, theatre, nightclub, cinema and car auction house. Praised by English Heritage, but likely to be demolished to build a Tube line

The family-run steel components company FH Brundle, which employs 40, must move to make way for temporary tennis facilities. Richard Brundle says he was offered £800,000 an acre but neighbouring residential land is valued at £6m.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Up in smoke: The firm that lost out in the Olympics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As Lance Forman conducts a guided tour of his fish-smoking factory in a run-down industrial area of east London he stops in the middle of a refrigerated room to make a dramatic point.

# data[].attributes.headline
Success of the London 2012 Games and Re branding of the Lower Lea Valley

# data[].attributes.subject
Success of the London 2012 Games and Re branding of the Lower Lea Valley

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A group of east London teenagers were among those streaming towards a gleaming new Stratford Underground station after the fireworks had faded at the Opening Ceremony on 27 July 2012. They had been given last-minute golden tickets to the ceremony and were excited, but too savvy to swallow all of the hype about regeneration in their backyard.

Tarome Hemmings, a 19-year-old student from Hackney summed up their reservations. "It feels like you're part of history to be here," he said. "But we need to make sure that the legacy is more than just talk."

Almost a year later and that gleaming Tube station they were walking towards is still one of the most tangible signs that the Games provided something more than talk for east London. The infrastructure improvements to what had previously been a forgotten far-eastern outpost of the capital have been phenomenal.

The Olympics brought more than £9bn of investment to east London, much of which went into transport.

Stratford is now second only to King's Cross as the most connected part of London.

As well as two Underground lines, a high-speed "javelin" train to King's Cross and the Docklands Light Railway, it may soon be a stop-off for the Eurostar to Paris.

"A lot of major developments and improvements have been moving eastwards in the capital for decades now," Dennis Hone, chief executive of the London Legacy Development Corporation told The Independent.

"I'm in my 50s and I remember the East End when if you lived on the Isle of Dogs you had to get two buses to get to Stratford to shop. Now its transformed."

The second of the five legacy pledges made in Britain's pitch for the Games was that it would "transform the heart of east London". At the Olympic Park site - now rebranded the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park - there is tangible evidence of change.

The athletes' village, once draped with national flags and buzzing with people hoping to catch Usain Bolt or Mo Farah in the dinner queue, has been relaunched as a housing estate called the East Village.

In September, its first non-athletes will move into their new apartments, which have had kitchens added and walls knocked through.

Promisingly, almost half of these 2,818 new homes will be affordable. This is just the start of a much-needed boost to housing in the region. Olympic parkland - as well as some of the surrounding area - will eventually become five new neighbourhoods housing 8,000 people, with about 40 per cent in affordable homes.

But Anne Power at the London School of Economics, who is examining the legacy of the Games, has warned against assuming this housing will be within the reach of most people.

She wrote last summer: "The 'affordable rents' for the 2,800 new homes that will be converted from the athlete's village will be unaffordable to Newham's poorest households. As one-third of all children in the borough live in workless households, their families will almost certainly be excluded."

This is particularly problematic following reforms to the way the Government subsidises housing. It now classes "affordable" housing as being at 80 per cent of the market rent - an increase of 10 per cent from the rate under Labour. In London, this means many families are priced out.

A chronic shortage of school places in Hackney and Newham will be alleviated in September, when a much-needed new school opens in the grounds of the park. Chobham Academy will be a primary, secondary and nursery school, as well as a sixth form and adult learning facility.

When a deal for the last of the eight permanent sporting buildings in the park was secured two months ago, a lot of the most serious concerns about Olympic-sized white elephants were allayed.

The final building to be signed off was the £300m media centre, which will now primarily house Infinity - a data company who want to store information for large corporations.

Beyond the building and transport developments around the park itself, however, questions remain about whether a more substantial transformation has taken place in the area.

Rushanara Ali, MP for Bethnal Green and Bow, in the Olympic borough of Tower Hamlets, said: "The impact of the infrastructure investment has been really fantastic... But - and there's a big but - in my borough unemployment actually went up during the Olympics."

Ali argues that the Games did not deliver on the promise to improve unemployment levels, which would have helped lift many of these still-deprived boroughs out of poverty.

She said: "During the construction of the Olympics, very few jobs were created for local people. There are still high levels of unemployment in the borough and it was a missed opportunity to train people up for work. Tower Hamlets got very little out of the Olympics."

It will probably be a decade - or more - before we can say with any certainty whether the Games improved east London's employment prospects. But the money spent on transport and housing is already providing the beginnings of a legacy that is "more than just talk".
Urban renewal Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park
Five new neighbourhoods are on the way in and around the grounds of the Olympic Park. These will provide about 8,000 much-needed homes to the area. From this month, much of the grounds being kept as parkland will be open to the public for use as a picnicking and play area.
Aquatics Centre
This beauty, designed by architect Zaha Hadid, will put its two 50m pools to good use as facilities for the community and schools, as well as elite athletes. It will be open to the public for the same cost as other pools in the host boroughs.
Lee Valley Velopark
The fiendish BMX track, which caused so many faceplants in the Games, will be made a little less terrifying and be combined with the velodrome, a road circuit and mountain biking track to create the Lee Valley VeloPark.
The Olympic Village
From September people will begin to move into properties once slept in by Olympic champions. Rebranded the East Village, apartments in the former Olympic Village have had walls knocked down and proper kitchens added. Almost half of the 2,800 flats will be affordable housing.
The Media Centre
The former Olympic broadcast studio, where 20,000 members of the media worked during the Games, will be converted into one of Europe's largest data storage facilities. As well as the data company Infinity, Loughborough University and Hackney Community College are confirmed tenants. BT Sport will also broadcast live Premier League games from new studios there.
Copper Box
The arena will become a multi-sports centre for community use and international competition. Its 7,500 capacity means it will also be an extra venue for concerts and corporate events.
Riverbank Arena
The neon pink hockey facility has been moved to join the tennis courts at Eton Manor to create a mixed sports facility next to the velodrome. It will also offer five-a-side pitches.
The Olympic Stadium
It seemed for a while this was going to be the Olympics' answer to the Dome. But West Ham is confirmed as the 'anchor tenant' from 2016 and moveable seating means it will also host everything from cricket to the Rugby World Cup in 2015 and the 2017 World Athletics Championships.
Follow the Independent Sport on Instagram here, for all of the best images, videos and stories from around the sporting world.
Reuse content

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Olympics legacy: Did the Games succeed in rejuvenating East London?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A group of east London teenagers were among those streaming towards a gleaming new Stratford Underground station after the fireworks had faded at the Opening Ceremony on 27 July 2012. They had been given last-minute golden tickets to the ceremony and were excited, but too savvy to swallow all of the hype about regeneration in their backyard.

# data[].attributes.headline
Regeneration and re-branding of Lowe Lea Valley. London 2012 Olympic Park - A sustainable legacy?

# data[].attributes.subject
Regeneration and re-branding of Lowe Lea Valley. London 2012 Olympic Park - A sustainable legacy?

# data[].attributes.headline
The Dark Side of London Olympic Games part 1 

# data[].attributes.subject
The Dark Side of London Olympic Games part 1 

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Dark Side of the London Olympics (Part 1/4)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
VICE takes an in-depth look at the British public's reaction to The Games in London and the negative impact it's having on certain people's lives. One thing that's great about the Olympics is all the fabulous regeneration in East London.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Stratford Regeneration after the London Olympic Games

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
London Legacy Development Corporation - Stratford Regeneration after the Olympic Games.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Lee Valley Regional Park Authority is playing an active part in what will be the most exciting event in the world - the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games.

# data[].attributes.headline
Lower Lea Valley Regeneration Information

# data[].attributes.subject
Lower Lea Valley Regeneration Information

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Regeneration - Lee Valley Regional Park Authority

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Lee Valley Regional Park Authority is playing an active part in what will be the most exciting event in the world - the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games.

# data[].attributes.headline
Olympic Games website for information about London 2012 Regeneration

# data[].attributes.subject
Olympic Games website for information about London 2012 Regeneration

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
On the obverse, the traditional goddess of victory flies into the Panathinaikos stadium bringing victory to the best athlete. For these Games, the figure of victory is accompanied by the specific inscription: " XXX Olympiad London 2012 ".

The reverse features an abstract design with the 2012 Games emblem at its centre as a metaphor for the modern city. The design also includes a ribbon representing London's Thames river and an interlocking grid pattern that radiates from the centre and pulls the design together, giving it a sense of outreach while also representing the achievements and efforts of Olympic athletes. A square, which encases the balance of the design, opposes the circular shape of the medals and emphasizes its focus on the centre, reinforcing the sense of 'place, as in a map inset.

Wenlock

Wenlock takes his name from the town of Much Wenlock in Shropshire, which still hosts the traditional Much Wenlock Games. These were one of Pierre de Coubertin's sources of inspiration for the modern Olympic Games.

Number of torchbearers: around 500 in Greece and 8 000 in Great Britain
Total distance: 15 775 km including 2 900 km in Greece and 12 875 in Great Britain
Countries crossed: Greece, Great Britain

London 2012: An edgy look

In what was a first in Olympic history, the logo did not feature the city or the country, but the year - 2012.
Four strong, loud colours, inspired by the worlds of media, communication and fashion.

The official report published by the LOCOG consists of a single set of two commemorative books published by Wiley (The official commemorative book; The Games, Britain's Olympic and Paralympic Journey to London 2012) and a DVD, "London 2012 Olympic Games: official report". This bilingual DVD, in English and French, contains all the official texts and results, plus the "Official Film of the IOC report".

London 2012

The official report published by the LOCOG consists of a single set of two commemorative books published by Wiley (The official commemorative book; The Games, Britain's Olympic and Paralympic Journey to London 2012) and a DVD, "London 2012 Olympic Games: official report".

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
On the obverse, the traditional goddess of victory flies into the Panathinaikos stadium bringing victory to the best athlete. For these Games, the figure of victory is accompanied by the specific inscription: " XXX Olympiad London 2012 ". The reverse features an abstract design with the 2012 Games emblem at its centre as a metaphor for the modern city.

# data[].attributes.headline
Designing a school for the mixed community

# data[].attributes.subject
Designing a school for the mixed community

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
High School of the Future : DesignShare Projects

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
'I'm really excited that at last we're going to have a night tube," says the mayor of London, Sadiq Khan. Until now, innumerable nights out in the capital have been brought to a premature end by "the last train": after midnight, normally quick journeys become impossible odysseys. Uber has provided a welcome (if costly) alternative, but the biggest change to Londoners' nightlife will be the advent of the 24-hour tube on Friday. On Fridays and Saturdays, underground trains will run every 10 or 20 minutes on the Central and Victoria lines (Jubilee, Northern and Piccadilly will follow in the autumn).

Khan continues: "As far as I'm concerned, it's a win-win situation. London is the theatre capital of the world, we have fantastic concerts, we have some of the world's best restaurants and hotels, so it's about connecting those dots. Four out of five tourists come to London because of our cultural offer, and you can't have a situation where people are worried about how they get home."

The night tube will provide a valuable boost to London's night-time economy, and later this year Khan will announce a "night tsar", who will champion the importance of the city's nightlife while balancing the needs of businesses, workers, residents and party-goers.

Similar positions exist in Paris, Toulouse and Zurich, but perhaps the most established is former club promoter Mirik Milan, who has been night mayor of Amsterdam since 2013. Milan believes a vibrant night-time economy benefits a city from social, cultural and economic perspectives: "Socially, it's about people meeting: we're looking more at our screens than looking people in the eye, so it's really important. Culturally, look at the club scene in New York in the 1980s - it was a home to the LGBT community, where they could express themselves. And economically, if companies are thinking 'Where will I place my new headquarters', they're looking at schooling, housing, social structures, but also at what there is to do. Not everybody moves to London for the weather. If you want to be competitive, leisure and hospitality is much more important nowadays."

Policy thinker and writer Ben Rogers, director of think tank Centre for London, suggests that to maximise efficiency, London's infrastructure should be put to use throughout the night, for example with night-time deliveries to reduce levels of congestion, or by using space inventively. "You walk down Oxford Street, arguably the world's most famous retail street, at 9.30pm, and it's absolutely dead, there's no after-hours offer, you can't get a drink. Why isn't John Lewis turning its ground floor into a series of pop-up eateries? If we're going to get serious about this, there's huge potential to do things in a creative and interesting way."

The night-time economy - made up of pubs, clubs, bars, restaurants, music venues and so on - is the UK's fifth biggest industry: according to economic research consultancy TBR, it accounts for 1.3m jobs, and has a yearly revenue of £66bn (6% of the UK total). This week a report for independent body London First estimated that London's night-time economy could be worth nearly £30bn annually by 2030. Khan says: "Bearing in mind the jobs it creates and the businesses it supports, a night-time economy is part and parcel of being one of the world's greatest cities, and that's why it's important that we allow it to flourish and thrive rather than be at risk. If we're not careful, other cities - from Amsterdam to Paris to Berlin to New York to Tokyo - will overtake us, which will mean bad news for our economy."

Thousands of Londoners work through the night, and many of them take two or three night buses to get to work

In March this year the former London mayor, Boris Johnson, set up the Night Time Commission, an investigation into how to protect and manage London's night-time economy, which will report its findings in the autumn. Its members are diverse: local councillors, TfL staff, Home Office representatives, club owners and various creatives, including Undertones vocalist Feargal Sharkey. How does everyone get along? "It's taken a bit of time," says Alan Miller, NTC member and former owner of Vibe Bar in east London. "Everyone had their concerns initially but they're starting to recognise that it's bigger than any one of us or our groups. Most of the police recognise that it's far better to have things lit up, with eyes and ears on the street."

But negotiating something that works for everyone isn't easy: a balance needs to be found between revellers and residents, who tend to have conflicting needs. Jo Negrini, NTC member and chief executive of Croydon council, says: "The night tube is going to increase people's participation at night in London generally, which is a really good thing. But how do you balance that with the big issue of residential amenity? That will be the biggest challenge: wanting people to enjoy the city 24 hours a day but also being clear that it's a place where people do other things, live, work, enjoy outdoor spaces, use the city in a whole range of different ways."

The NTC is also looking at diversifying nightlife: boutiques, yoga, gyms, cafes, bookshops, poetry nights. More varied activities would attract a range of ages at night, but it also means more people working late. Transport for London estimates the night tube will support 2,000 additional permanent jobs and boost the economy by £360m. It will also make commuting easier for Londoners who already work nights. Khan says: "There are thousands of Londoners who work through the night - nurses, doctors, bodyguards, porters - and many of them take two or three night buses to get to work."

Negrini believes that, although it will have an impact for councils in terms of basic services such as street cleaning and waste disposal, the night tube will have positive effects on areas outside of London's Zone 1. "It's about decentralising everything: what you would want is an increase in opportunities for people in terms of employment and generating economies in places like Croydon and at the different ends of the tube lines."

Nevertheless, night work comes with its own problems: it has been associated with health issues including obesity, diabetes and breast cancer, and adverse effects on home life and relationships. It is also a source of unhappiness for many who have it thrust upon them: after plans for the night tube were announced, tube drivers were involved in a number of controversial strikes. This, said RMT general secretary Mick Cash, was "to protect their work/life balance and not fall into a trap where they will be forced to wreck their home lives in order to [...] plug the staffing gaps in the night tube plans".

Keeping all this in mind, Ben Rogers suggests increasing minimum wage and living wage rates for night work: "I'm all for night-time activity in London but I think it's important to attend to the welfare of night workers. A higher rate of pay would take into account some of the costs associated with shift work."

Another central concern is safety: with the police increasingly stretched, and predictions that sex offences will rise on the night tube, keeping Londoners safe will be a challenge. In March, British Transport Police identified 12 "red stations" at risk of increased crime and antisocial behaviour, which will receive extra patrols, and announced that 100 officers would be patrolling the 144 open stations, which will continue to be staffed. "It's really important that people feel safe using the night tube," says Khan. "We'll be announcing additional officers in London when full services are under way, with at least as many officers out during the night as would be during the day."

This is who we are, we go out, we eat, we drink and dance and socialise

Mirik Milan acknowledges that nightlife has both an upside and a downside but feels that the problems need to be addressed pragmatically. One solution he implemented in Amsterdam was negotiating 24-hour licensing in 10 venues in and around the city: he argues that if you force everyone out of clubs at the same time, they'll still be full of energy, be annoyed and make noise, while unrestricted opening hours mean people leave gradually, quietly and in their own time. "It was an amazing, tangible step forward for Amsterdam, and a lot of venues have benefited from it."

After a relaxation of UK licensing laws in 2005, it is theoretically possible to serve alcohol 24 hours a day in Britain, but venues need to follow the regulations set by their local council. As a result, many pubs still stop serving at 11pm. Negrini thinks that London's local licensing regulations "will absolutely need to be reviewed. All the local authorities need to be working together on that to make sure that there's a common approach across the city."

Alan Miller is leading a campaign, #nightlifematters, encouraging local residents who value nightlife to write to their MPs and councillors so that they don't just hear the complaints side. "It's about getting the voice of the silent majority to be heard," he says. Nightlife is also an important part of individual and national identity, adds Miller: "Quite rightly, when the Bataclan happened, people in France said: 'This is who we are, we go out, we eat, we drink and dance and socialise.'"

The night tube arrives at a difficult time in Britain's after-hours scene, with 45% of UK nightclubs shutting down in the past 10 years and London losing 35% of its grassroots music venues between 2007 and 2015. Khan is planning a policy that protects music venues and nightclubs based on the "agent of change" principle: if housing developers are planning to build homes nearby, the cost of the noise insulation will fall to them. He adds: "We're also going to make sure that planning law is such that if you want to change a music venue or a nightclub from what it's currently being used for to luxury flats, you need to have very good reasons."

Expectations for the night tube are high, then, but London's night-time economy won't be transformed overnight. "Often people hope that when something changes, it's like a magic wand," says Milan. "But it's always a slow process: you will only get behavioural change if people invest more in their communities, if they have more sense of belonging. But the night tube is a really good step forward, and I think London has the obligation to do it, to keep it liveable and attractive for young people."

For thousands of Londoners, young and old, Friday will be momentous. Will Khan be there? "You betcha. The question is whether I'll be allowed to go in the driver's cabin or not."

Night-time economies around the world

Berlin

As the techno capital of the world, Berlin is famed for its unregulated and never-ending nightlife. By banding together to form a club commission, more than 100 club owners have ensured that they speak with one voice and protect their cause. For example, new arrivals to an area cannot complain about noise that predated their move.

Buenos Aires

Evening meals starting at midnight, late-night ice -cream vendors, and 2am cinema screenings are just some of the things that are keeping residents, young and old, from heading home. But the city's night culture is increasingly under pressure: the Argentinian capital is one of the noisiest places on the planet, and the government is introducing fines for owners emitting noise in excess of 90 decibels.

Finding bars and clubs open until 4am is not a problem in Hong Kong, one of the least regulated night-time economies on earth. But many licensed venues are struggling because of the competition they face from convenience stores selling cheap alcohol 24 hours a day. Venues are pushing the government to impose greater restrictions.

Responding to problems with alcohol-fuelled violence, the New South Wales government imposed a curfew on clubs and bars: no more customers after 1.30am and no alcohol after 3am. The restrictions had mixed results: while street incidents were cut by 40%, footfall in the whole district plummeted by 82% last year, and 40 clubs have closed.

Facebook Twitter Pinterest

Clubbing in Tokyo. Photograph: Yoshikazu Tsuno/AFP/Getty Images

New regulations came into force in June this year, letting clubs apply for a licence to stay open until 5am, and overturning a 67-year-old law forbidding dancing in clubs after midnight. To keep locals on side, a campaign called Playcool was recently set up, encouraging artists and musicians to get together and clean the streets before dawn.
Harri Davies
Topics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Countdown to a non-stop capital: London goes 24-hour

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
'I'm really excited that at last we're going to have a night tube," says the mayor of London, Sadiq Khan. Until now, innumerable nights out in the capital have been brought to a premature end by "the last train": after midnight, normally quick journeys become impossible odysseys.

# data[].attributes.headline
Hidden Australia Documentary about Wilcannia - A very effective example of social inequality and deprivation.

# data[].attributes.subject
Hidden Australia Documentary about Wilcannia - A very effective example of social inequality and deprivation.

# data[].attributes.body
There is some quality synopsis within this case study between socio-economic, political, environmental and cultural place and space Geographies. I would highly recommend a watch.
Once you have watched it you could make your own regeneration and re-branding plan which could re build the image of this down trodden town.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Black in the Outback, Reggie Yates: Hidden Australia - BBC Three

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Why do Australia's indigenous people suffer extreme social deprivation and inequality?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.entities[].name
Community Development Advocates of Detroit

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Community Development Advocates of Detroit

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In the summer of 2015 CDAD awarded seven placemaking projects to Detroit neighborhoods. This video highlights a few of those projects and the importance of neighborhood placemaking.

# data[].attributes.headline
Place making in Melbourne Street in Adelaide 

# data[].attributes.subject
Place making in Melbourne Street in Adelaide 

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Beyond the High Street: Birmingham Analysis - Centre for Cities

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As part of 'Beyond the High Street' this paper looks in more detail at Birmingham's city centre economy.

# data[].attributes.headline
World's 8 richest people have same wealth as the poorest 50%

# data[].attributes.subject
World's 8 richest people have same wealth as the poorest 50%

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The world's eight richest billionaires control the same wealth between them as the poorest half of the globe's population, according to a charity warning of an ever-increasing and dangerous concentration of wealth.

In a report published to coincide with the start of the week-long World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, Oxfam said it was "beyond grotesque" that a handful of rich men headed by the Microsoft founder Bill Gates are worth $426bn (£350bn), equivalent to the wealth of 3.6 billion people.

The development charity called for a new economic model to reverse an inequality trend that it said helped to explain Brexit and Donald Trump's victory in the US presidential election.

Oxfam blamed rising inequality on aggressive wage restraint, tax dodging and the squeezing of producers by companies, adding that businesses were too focused on delivering ever-higher returns to wealthy owners and top executives.

The World Economic Forum (WEF) said last week that rising inequality and social polarisation posed two of the biggest risks to the global economy in 2017 and could result in the rolling back of globalisation.

Oxfam said the world's poorest 50% owned the same in assets as the $426bn owned by a group headed by Gates, Amancio Ortega, the founder of the Spanish fashion chain Zara, and Warren Buffett, the renowned investor and chief executive of Berkshire Hathaway.

The others are Carlos Slim Helú: the Mexican telecoms tycoon and owner of conglomerate Grupo Carso; Jeff Bezos: the founder of Amazon; Mark Zuckerberg: the founder of Facebook; Larry Ellison, chief executive of US tech firm Oracle; and Michael Bloomberg; a former mayor of New York and founder and owner of the Bloomberg news and financial information service.

Last year, Oxfam said the world's 62 richest billionaires were as wealthy as half the world's population. However, the number has dropped to eight in 2017 because new information shows that poverty in China and India is worse than previously thought, making the bottom 50% even worse off and widening the gap between rich and poor.

With members of the forum due to arrive on Monday in Switzerland, where guests will range from the Chinese president Xi Jinping, to pop star Shakira, the WEF released its own inclusive growth and development report in which it said median income had fallen by an average of 2.4% between 2008 and 2013 across 26 advanced nations.

Norway, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Iceland and Denmark filled the top five places in the WEF's inclusive development index, with Britain 21st and the US 23rd. The body that organises the Davos event said rising inequality was not an "iron law of capitalism", but a matter of making the right policy choices.

The WEF report found that 51% of the 103 countries for which data was available saw their inclusive development index scores decline over the past five years, "attesting to the legitimacy of public concern and the challenge facing policymakers regarding the difficulty of translating economic growth into broad social progress".

Basing its research on the Forbes rich list and data provided by investment bank Credit Suisse, Oxfam said

the vast majority of people in the bottom half of the world's population were facing a daily struggle to survive, with 70% of them living in low-income countries.

It was four years since the WEF had first identified inequality as a threat to social stability, but that the gap between rich and poor has continued to widen, Oxfam added.

"From Brexit to the success of Donald Trump's presidential campaign, a worrying rise in racism and the widespread disillusionment with mainstream politics, there are increasing signs that more and more people in rich countries are no longer willing to tolerate the status quo," the report said.

The charity said new information had shown that poor people in China and India owned even fewer assets than previously thought, making the wealth gap more pronounced than it thought a year ago, when it announced that 62 billionaires owned the same wealth as the poorest half of the global population.

Mark Goldring, chief executive of Oxfam GB, said:"This year's snapshot of inequality is clearer, more accurate and more shocking than ever before. It is beyond grotesque that a group of men who could easily fit in a single golf buggy own more than the poorest half of humanity.

"While one in nine people on the planet will go to bed hungry tonight, a small handful of billionaires have so much wealth they would need several lifetimes to spend it. The fact that a super-rich elite are able to prosper at the expense of the rest of us at home and overseas shows how warped our economy has become."

Mark Littlewood, director general at the Institute of Economic Affairs thinktank, said: "Once again Oxfam have come out with a report that demonises capitalism, conveniently skimming over the fact that free markets have helped over 100 million people rise out of poverty in the last year alone."

The Oxfam report added that since 2015 the richest 1% has owned more wealth than the rest of the planet. It said that over the next 20 years, 500 people will hand over $2.1tn to their heirs - a sum larger than the annual GDP of India, a country with 1.3 billion people. Between 1988 and 2011 the incomes of the poorest 10% increased by just $65, while the incomes of the richest 1% grew by $11,800 - 182 times as much.

Oxfam called for fundamental change to ensure that economies worked for everyone, not just "a privileged few".

Topics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
World's eight richest people have same wealth as poorest 50%

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The world's eight richest billionaires control the same wealth between them as the poorest half of the globe's population, according to a charity warning of an ever-increasing and dangerous concentration of wealth.

# data[].attributes.headline
Information about Tax groups, progressive Tax and Tax exemption

# data[].attributes.subject
Information about Tax groups, progressive Tax and Tax exemption

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Investment and Financial Dictionary by InvestorWords.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
InvestorWords - The Most Comprehensive Investing Glossary on the Web! Over 18000 financial and investing definitions, with links between related terms.

# data[].attributes.headline
Governments exacerbating poverty and inequality

# data[].attributes.subject
Governments exacerbating poverty and inequality

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The size, scope and role of government in Britain has reached a point where it is now inhibiting, not advancing the progressive aims of reducing poverty, fighting inequality, and increasing general wellbeing. Indeed, there is a worrying paradox - because of its effect on personal and social responsibility, the recent growth of the state has promoted not social solidarity, but selfishness and individualism.

But just because big government has helped atomise our society, it doesn't follow that smaller government would automatically bring us together again. A simplistic retrenchment of the state which assumes that better alternatives to state action will just spring to life unbidden is wrong. Instead we need a thoughtful reimagination of the role, as well as the size, of the state.

In the fight against poverty, inequality, social breakdown and injustice I want to move from state action to social action. But I see a powerful role for government in helping to engineer that shift.

Since the immediate postwar period, the most significant extension of the state has taken place under the current Labour government. Did the rapid expansion since 1997 succeed in tackling poverty? Did it reduce inequality? It would be churlish to deny that some progress has been made. But - quite apart from the fact that it turns out much of this has been paid for on account, creating debts that will have to be paid back by future generations - a more complete assessment of the evidence shows that, as the state continued to expand under Labour, our society became more, not less, unfair.

In the past decade, the gap between the richest and the poorest got wider. Indeed, inequality is now at a record high. The very poorest in our society got poorer - and there are more of them. And studies by the Sutton Trust indicate that social mobility has effectively stalled - people are no more likely to escape the circumstances of their birth than they were 30 years ago.

So what's the alternative? Our answer is twofold: first, making opportunity more equal - in which education plays the key role - and, second, actively helping to create a stronger, more responsible society.

Making opportunity more equal means better early-years provision for the poorest families. It means better education so if families fail, children have a second chance. And it means better adult education so people without skills can lift themselves up later in life.

An emphasis on responsibility is absolutely vital. When the welfare state was created, there was an ethos, a culture to our country - of self-improvement, of mutuality, of responsibility. You could see it in the collective culture of respect for work, parenting and aspiration. But as the state continued to expand, it took away from people more and more things that they should and could be doing for themselves, their families and their neighbours.

The big government approach has spawned multiple perverse incentives that either discourage responsibility or actively encourage irresponsibility. The paradox at the heart of big government is that by taking power and responsibility away from the individual, it has only served to individuate them. What is seen in principle as an act of social solidarity has in practice led to the greatest atomisation of our society. The once natural bonds that existed between people - of duty and responsibility - have been replaced with the synthetic bonds of the state - regulation and bureaucracy.

But just because big government has undermined our society, it does not follow that retrenchment of the state will automatically trigger its revival.

Our alternative to big government is not no government - some reheated version of ideological laissez-faire. Our alternative to big government is the big society. But we understand that the big society is not just going to spring to life on its own: we need strong and concerted government action to make it happen. We need to use the state to remake society.

The first step is to redistribute power and control from the central state and its agencies to individuals and local communities. That way, we can create the opportunity for people to take responsibility. Our plans for decentralisation are based on a simple human insight: if you give people more responsibility, they behave more responsibly. So we will take power from the central state and give it to individuals where possible - as with our school reforms that will put power directly in the hands of parents.

Where it doesn't make sense to give power directly to individuals, for example where there is a function that is collective in nature, then we will transfer power to neighbourhoods.

So our new local housing trusts will enable communities to come together, agree on the number and type of homes they want, and provide themselves with permission to expand and lead that development.

Where neighbourhood empowerment is not practical we will redistribute power to the lowest possible tier of government, and the removal of bureaucratic controls on councils will enable them to offer local people whatever services they want, in whatever way they want, with new mayors in our big cities acting as a focus for civic pride and responsibility.

How do we guarantee that the big society advances as big government retreats? By creating a new role for the state: galvanising, catalysing, prompting, encouraging and agitating for community engagement and social renewal. It must help families, individuals, charities and communities come together to solve problems. We must use the state to help stimulate social action.

The era of big government has run its course. Poverty and inequality have got worse, despite Labour's massive expansion of the state. We need new answers now, and they will only come from a bigger society, not bigger government. That's why it's now clear to me that the Conservatives, not Labour, are best placed to fight poverty in our country.
David Cameron is leader of the Conservative party. This is an edited extract from his Hugo Young lecture, delivered at Kings Place in London last night. Read a longer version, Polly Toynbee's critique, and join the debate, at theguardian.com/commentisfree Topics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Big society can fight poverty. Big government just fuels it | David Cameron

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The size, scope and role of government in Britain has reached a point where it is now inhibiting, not advancing the progressive aims of reducing poverty, fighting inequality, and increasing general wellbeing. Indeed, there is a worrying paradox - because of its effect on personal and social responsibility, the recent growth of the state has promoted not social solidarity, but selfishness and individualism.

# data[].attributes.headline
How governments influence social inequality

# data[].attributes.subject
How governments influence social inequality

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
What's the Government's Role?

The U.S. government is already working to address income inequality and poverty. Some people believe that the government should be doing more, some believe it should be doing less, and some feel that the current role is about right.

Here are some of the policies that the government has in place to address income inequality and assist poor households:

Progressive income tax: A progressive income tax taxes people with higher incomes at higher rates. In 2001, U.S. federal tax rates started at 15 percent and climbed to 39 percent, with three intermediate brackets. Except for transfer payments and public assistance programs, all U.S. citizens receive the same basic federal services in terms of defense, law enforcement, food and drug regulation, and so on. Yet wealthier citizens pay more for these services. This smacks of the Marxist principle, "from each according to his means," yet most Americans (but not all) feel that progressive taxation is ultimately fair. So, while the wealthiest Americans have a larger share of the income pie, they also pay more in taxes.

Public assistance programs: Federal unemployment insurance, Medicare, and federal welfare programs, such as Food Stamps, all help poor and temporarily hard-pressed households make ends meet. While Social Security is not a welfare program (because workers pay a specific Social Security tax for these benefits), it does provide financial assistance to millions of retirees and people unable to work.

Economic development programs: Federal programs that help finance minority- and women-owned business, such as those of the Small Business Administration, help redress the imbalances created by job discrimination in the past, and so do efforts that encourage these businesses to apply for government contracts. Federal money also finds its way into state and municipal programs to train unskilled workers and encourage business formation, for instance in "enterprise zones" designed to foster redevelopment in the inner city.

Managing the economy: The federal government implements economic policies aimed at generating full employment as well as low inflation. While this benefits wealthy Americans as well as the less well off, the emphasis on controlling unemployment arguably helps wage earners more than it does "the moneyed class."

EconoTalk

A progressive income tax levies higher taxes on higher incomes. Typically, marginal income is taxed at marginally higher rates. For example, income up to $20,000 may be taxed at 15 percent, income between $20,000 and $35,000 at 20 percent, and so on. (If only the tax code were that simple.) In other words, the higher rate does not apply to all income, but rather to the marginal income.

All of that said, the United States generally provides its citizens with a lower level of government support for health and human services than most developed European nations. This is true for services that benefit the middle class as well as those for the poor. Most European nations provide, insure, or mandate higher levels of health care, childcare, employee benefits, and job security. They also generally levy higher taxes on their citizens, particularly on the wealthiest, to finance these programs.

In Hey, Big Spender! The Federal Budget and Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth, we will examine the role of the federal government in managing the economy. The government's role in addressing income inequality falls into the political realm, and this is not about political economics. Very few people, regardless of their political persuasion, want to see their fellow human beings in poverty. However, there is no political consensus on further addressing the effects of poverty in the United States.

Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Economics © 2003 by Tom Gorman. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Used by arrangement with Alpha Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.

To order this book direct from the publisher, visit the Penguin USA website or call 1-800-253-6476. You can also purchase this book at Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble.

What's the Government's Role?

The U.S. government is already working to address income inequality and poverty. Some people believe that the government should be doing more, some believe it should be doing less, and some feel that the current role is about right.

Here are some of the policies that the government has in place to address income inequality and assist poor households:

Progressive income tax: A progressive income tax taxes people with higher incomes at higher rates. In 2001, U.S. federal tax rates started at 15 percent and climbed to 39 percent, with three intermediate brackets. Except for transfer payments and public assistance programs, all U.S. citizens receive the same basic federal services in terms of defense, law enforcement, food and drug regulation, and so on. Yet wealthier citizens pay more for these services. This smacks of the Marxist principle, "from each according to his means," yet most Americans (but not all) feel that progressive taxation is ultimately fair. So, while the wealthiest Americans have a larger share of the income pie, they also pay more in taxes.

Public assistance programs: Federal unemployment insurance, Medicare, and federal welfare programs, such as Food Stamps, all help poor and temporarily hard-pressed households make ends meet. While Social Security is not a welfare program (because workers pay a specific Social Security tax for these benefits), it does provide financial assistance to millions of retirees and people unable to work.

Economic development programs: Federal programs that help finance minority- and women-owned business, such as those of the Small Business Administration, help redress the imbalances created by job discrimination in the past, and so do efforts that encourage these businesses to apply for government contracts. Federal money also finds its way into state and municipal programs to train unskilled workers and encourage business formation, for instance in "enterprise zones" designed to foster redevelopment in the inner city.

Managing the economy: The federal government implements economic policies aimed at generating full employment as well as low inflation. While this benefits wealthy Americans as well as the less well off, the emphasis on controlling unemployment arguably helps wage earners more than it does "the moneyed class."

EconoTalk

A progressive income tax levies higher taxes on higher incomes. Typically, marginal income is taxed at marginally higher rates. For example, income up to $20,000 may be taxed at 15 percent, income between $20,000 and $35,000 at 20 percent, and so on. (If only the tax code were that simple.) In other words, the higher rate does not apply to all income, but rather to the marginal income.

All of that said, the United States generally provides its citizens with a lower level of government support for health and human services than most developed European nations. This is true for services that benefit the middle class as well as those for the poor. Most European nations provide, insure, or mandate higher levels of health care, childcare, employee benefits, and job security. They also generally levy higher taxes on their citizens, particularly on the wealthiest, to finance these programs.

In Hey, Big Spender! The Federal Budget and Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth, we will examine the role of the federal government in managing the economy. The government's role in addressing income inequality falls into the political realm, and this is not about political economics. Very few people, regardless of their political persuasion, want to see their fellow human beings in poverty. However, there is no political consensus on further addressing the effects of poverty in the United States.

Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Economics © 2003 by Tom Gorman. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Used by arrangement with Alpha Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.

To order this book direct from the publisher, visit the Penguin USA website or call 1-800-253-6476. You can also purchase this book at Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Wealth and Poverty: What's the Government's Role?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
What's the Government's Role?Wealth and PovertyIntroductionWhat Is Poverty?Who's Got How Much?Why Incomes Are Becoming More UnequalWhat's the Government's Role?Other Aspects of Wealth and PovertyThe Ultimate Issue: Quality of Life The U.S. government is already working to address income inequality and poverty.

# data[].attributes.headline
A more challenging read but some useful extracts.

# data[].attributes.subject
A more challenging read but some useful extracts.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
UK Public Spending - Numbers Charts Analysis History

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
UK public spending showing actual FY 2018 central and local spending. Source: UK OBR.

# data[].attributes.headline
Understanding Social Inequality in the United Kingdom

# data[].attributes.subject
Understanding Social Inequality in the United Kingdom

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Social inequality is the extent to which there are differences between groups in society. A huge range of reports and statistics published annually detail poverty, life expectancy, unemployment, mortality and morbidity rates.

When referring to reports and statistics, it is important to recognise that each different source of information may have its own way of expressing inequality and compiling statistics. It is essential to ensure statistics are explained accurately and sources of information are cited for reference.

Income and wealth

Inequality is an issue in Scotland and the UK. Although most people would agree that society should aim to be more equal, complete equality within a capitalist society is not possible.

Arguably, what matters more is the extent of inequality, ie the size of the inequality gap between the most affluent and least affluent. Some political commentators argue that should the inequality gap become too wide this may result in an increase in social unrest.

Income is generally understood to cover a person's earnings from their employment, dividends from shares and stocks, pension payments etc. Wealth includes income but also the total value of a person's assets, eg housing, personal possessions such as artwork or jewellery, money in the bank, the value of stocks and shares, etc.

The Gini coefficient attempts to measure income inequality within a society and to allow comparisons between countries. Depending on which way statistics are presented, the nearer a country is to zero (or zero percentage figure) the lower the level of inequality.

For example, a zero (0) Gini coefficient rating represents perfect income equality, ie everyone's income in that society is equal. On the other hand, the nearer a country comes to one (1 or 100 per cent) the greater the income inequality.

Trends in inequality - Income and wealth

Over time, Gini coefficient statistics show that income inequality in the UK grew in some years and fell in others. Before 1979, inequality in the UK was consistently below 30 per cent (or 0.3) which meant income inequality was not significantly high.

From the 1980s, income inequality began to rise, reaching around 35 per cent (0.35) until the onset of the recession which started in 2008.

For the two years of the recession (2008-10), inequality fell in the UK. One reason was many top earners saw their incomes slashed as businesses cut costs in difficult economic times. However, more recent evidence suggests income inequality has again started to rise with the UK's Gini coefficient increasing to an all-time high of 41 per cent (0.41)

In the 1980s the income of the wealthiest 10 per cent of people in the UK was eight times that of the poorest 10 per cent. (Source: OECD)

By 2011, the incomes of the wealthiest 10 per cent had grown to earn 12 times that of the poorest 10 per cent. (Source: OECD)

The 100 wealthiest people in the UK today have as much money as the poorest 18 million. (Source: Equality Trust)

Inequality costs the UK more than £39 billion through its impact on health, wellbeing and crime. (Source: Equality Trust)

In 2013/14, before taxes and benefits, the richest fifth of households had an average income of £80,800, 15 times greater than the poorest fifth who had an average income of £5,500 (Source: Office of National Statistics)

Rising inequality across the developed world

The UK has the fifth most unequal incomes of 30 countries in the developed world, but is relatively equal in terms of wealth. While the top fifth have 40% of the country's income and 60% of the country's wealth, the bottom fifth have only 8% of the income and only 1% of the wealth.

However, not everyone seems concerned with growing income (and wealth) inequality. In a speech in January 2014, Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, claimed that inequality was useful - it rewarded the most able and encouraged wealth creation.

In 2015, an EU report found that the UK has the most unequal wages in Europe. The UKs GINI rating of 4.04 was the worst in the EU and is higher than the USA.

Absolute and relative poverty

In the UK, poverty is defined as relative rather than absolute. Those people who are described as living in poverty have (in the main) the basics such as an adequate diet or somewhere to live.

What these people lack is sufficient income to be able to participate fully in society. People in poverty are said to be 'socially excluded'.

Official Poverty

There is no one single definition of poverty. Most official definitions use relative income to measure the extent of poverty.

The key UK government measures take 60 per cent of median income as the poverty line.

In the 2011-12 period, the amount of earnings before a household (adjusted for family size and after housing costs deducted) was said to be in poverty was:

£128 a week for a single adult

£172 for a single parent with one child

£220 for a couple with no children

£357 for a couple with two children (Source: Monitoring Poverty and Social Exclusion Report 2013).

Who are the poor?

The groups most likely to include people living in poverty are:

Those without employment or those in part-time employment

Those on low pay

Those with disabilities or those who have long-term illness

Young people not in employment, education or training

People experiencing homelessness

Pensioners

People in lower social classes

People from ethnic minority backgrounds

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
BBC Bitesize - Higher Modern Studies - Social inequality in the United Kingdom - Revision 1

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Social inequality is the extent to which there are differences between groups in society. A huge range of reports and statistics published annually detail poverty, life expectancy, unemployment, mortality and morbidity rates. When referring to reports and statistics, it is important to recognise that each different source of information may have its own way of expressing inequality and compiling statistics.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Photo: Steve Eason / Getty / Hulton Archive
The UK was the first country to industrialize, eventually becoming the World's preeminent power on the back of its factories, mines, and workers.Now, those factories and mines are closing, and those workers aren't working. In the past 30 years the deindustralization of the country has accelerated rapidly, leaving many people behind.

We've assembled some important facts that will show you exactly how the World's first industrial nation has become the world's first post-industrial nation - and what this means for the average Brit.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
21 Sad Facts About The Deindustrialization Of Britain

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Photo: Steve Eason / Getty / Hulton Archive The UK was the first country to industrialize, eventually becoming the World's preeminent power on the back of its factories, mines, and workers.Now, those factories and mines are closing, and those workers aren't working.

# data[].attributes.headline
De-industrialisation - a natural feature of growth

# data[].attributes.subject
De-industrialisation - a natural feature of growth

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Economic Issues 10 -- Deindustrialization -- Its Causes and Implications

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This paper maintains that deindustrialization is primarily a feature of successful economic development and that North-South trade has very little to do with it.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
UK's de-industrialisation of The North (30Oct13)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Sara Firth reports on the de-industrialisation of the north of the UK, in this case, Burnley. Meanwhile, the south of the UK has money from the criminal banksters ripping UK people off. Recorded from RT HD, 30 October 2013.

# data[].attributes.headline
Role of Globalisation in Economic Change

# data[].attributes.subject
Role of Globalisation in Economic Change

# data[].attributes.body
Global shifts and economic restructuring leading to inequality

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Economic Globalization : Documentary on the History of Economic Globalization (Full Documentary)

# data[].attributes.body
Use this website to locate data for local area - use this to draw a table of comparison in deprivation in your local area and a contrasting area and then use the website to create some maps.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Linked Open Data from MHCLG. News | Apps | Contact: ODC@communities.gsi.gov.uk

# data[].attributes.headline
Statistical Release Findings on Deprivation 

# data[].attributes.subject
Statistical Release Findings on Deprivation 

# data[].attributes.headline
Key idea 3.a) Access the Multiple Deprivation Index 

# data[].attributes.subject
Key idea 3.a) Access the Multiple Deprivation Index 

# data[].attributes.body
Click on the infographic which is an introduction to the index. The 'statistical release main findings' also gives some useful summaries

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Documents

Statistical release - main findings

Ref: ISBN 978-1-4098-4688-8 PDF, 1.47 MB, 38 pages

This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology.

Request an accessible format.

If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email alternativeformats@communities.gov.uk. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.

Guidance

PDF, 138 KB, 7 pages

This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology.

Request an accessible format.

If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email alternativeformats@communities.gov.uk. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.

Infographic

PDF, 1.63 MB, 2 pages

This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology.

Request an accessible format.

If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email alternativeformats@communities.gov.uk. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.

Frequently asked questions

PDF, 575 KB, 21 pages

This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology.

Request an accessible format.

If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email alternativeformats@communities.gov.uk. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.

File 1: index of multiple deprivation

MS Excel Spreadsheet, 1.5 MB

This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology.

Request an accessible format.

If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email alternativeformats@communities.gov.uk. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.

File 2: domains of deprivation

MS Excel Spreadsheet, 4.36 MB

This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology.

Request an accessible format.

If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email alternativeformats@communities.gov.uk. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.

File 4: sub-domains of deprivation

MS Excel Spreadsheet, 4.72 MB

This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology.

Request an accessible format.

If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email alternativeformats@communities.gov.uk. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.

File 5: scores for the indices of deprivation

MS Excel Spreadsheet, 5.5 MB

This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology.

Request an accessible format.

If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email alternativeformats@communities.gov.uk. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.

File 6: population denominators

MS Excel Spreadsheet, 2.39 MB

This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology.

Request an accessible format.

If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email alternativeformats@communities.gov.uk. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.

File 7: all ranks, deciles and scores for the indices of deprivation, and population denominators

View online Download CSV 9.33 MB

This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology.

Request an accessible format.

If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email alternativeformats@communities.gov.uk. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.

File 8: underlying indicators

MS Excel Spreadsheet, 11 MB

This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology.

Request an accessible format.

If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email alternativeformats@communities.gov.uk. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.

File 9: transformed domain scores

MS Excel Spreadsheet, 3.31 MB

This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology.

Request an accessible format.

If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email alternativeformats@communities.gov.uk. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.

File 10: local authority district summaries

MS Excel Spreadsheet, 274 KB

This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology.

Request an accessible format.

If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email alternativeformats@communities.gov.uk. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.

File 11: upper-tier local authority summaries

MS Excel Spreadsheet, 159 KB

This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology.

Request an accessible format.

If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email alternativeformats@communities.gov.uk. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.

File 12: local enterprise partnership summaries

MS Excel Spreadsheet, 83.8 KB

This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology.

Request an accessible format.

If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email alternativeformats@communities.gov.uk. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.

File 13: clinical commissioning group summaries

MS Excel Spreadsheet, 200 KB

This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology.

Request an accessible format.

If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email alternativeformats@communities.gov.uk. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.

Details

These statistics update the English indices of deprivation 2010.

The English indices of deprivation measure relative deprivation in small areas in England called lower-layer super output areas. The index of multiple deprivation is the most widely used of these indices.

Most of the data used for these statistics are from 2012 to 2013.

The guidance note (above) explains how the index of multiple deprivation can be used, and expands on the headline points in the infographic. It also helps users navigate the various data files and documents available.

The first data file contains the index of multiple deprivation ranks and deciles, and is sufficient for the purposes of most users.

Data is also published as Open Data (linked data format).

Other documents include a statistical release which presents the main findings and background to the indices and a frequently asked questions document which includes information on a range of tools available to help you use the data such as the indices of deprivation 2015 explorer and other mapping tools.

The research report gives detailed guidance on how to interpret the data and presents some further findings. The technical report describes the methodology and quality assurance processes underpinning the indices.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Statistics on relative deprivation in small areas in England. Further details are provided at the bottom of this page and in the guidance document.

# data[].attributes.body
Use this quiz to find out how your perception of your local area matches the formal census representation data

# data[].attributes.headline
Formal Geo-Spatial Representations of place.

# data[].attributes.subject
Formal Geo-Spatial Representations of place.

# data[].attributes.body
Tend to be more objective, based on facts rather than feelings. Census and geospatial data represents a place statistically.

Geospatial data is information that identifies the geographic location and characteristics of natural features and boundaries on the earth.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Australia is to shift its longitude and latitude to address a gap between local co-ordinates and those from global navigation satellite systems (GNSS).

Local co-ordinates, used to produce maps and measurements, and global ones differ by more than 1m.

The body responsible for the change said it would help the development of self-driving cars, which need accurate location data to navigate.

Australia moves about 7cm north annually because of tectonic movements.

Modern satellite systems provide location data based on global lines of longitude and latitude, which do not move even if the continents on Earth shift.

However, many countries produce maps and measurements with the lines of longitude and latitude fixed to their local continent.

"If the lines are fixed, you can put a mark in the ground, measure its co-ordinate, and it will be the same co-ordinate in 20 years," explained Dan Jaksa of Geoscience Australia. "It's the classical way of doing it."

Because of the movement of the Earth's tectonic plates, these local co-ordinates drift apart from the Earth's global co-ordinates over time.

"If you want to start using driverless cars, accurate map information is fundamental," said Mr Jaksa.

"We have tractors in Australia starting to go around farms without a driver, and if the information about the farm doesn't line up with the co-ordinates coming out of the navigation system there will be problems."

The Geocentric Datum of Australia, the country's local co-ordinate system, was last updated in 1994. Since then, Australia has moved about 1.5 metres north.

So on 1 January 2017, the country's local co-ordinates will also be shifted further north - by 1.8m.

The over-correction means Australia's local co-ordinates and the Earth's global co-ordinates will align in 2020.

At that point a new system, which can take changes over time into account, will be implemented.

"We used the old plate fixed system to make life simple, but we don't want to do this adjustment every so often," said Mr Jaksa.

"Once we have a system that can deal with changes over time, then everybody in the world could be on that same system."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Australia 'relocates' to fix sat-nav gap

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Australia is to shift its longitude and latitude to address a gap between local co-ordinates and those from global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). Local co-ordinates, used to produce maps and measurements, and global ones differ by more than 1m. The body responsible for the change said it would help the development of self-driving cars, which need accurate location data to navigate.

# data[].attributes.headline
Doreen Massey  - A Global Sense of Place 

# data[].attributes.subject
Doreen Massey  - A Global Sense of Place 

# data[].attributes.body
Gloucester Place Profile

# data[].attributes.body
Liverpool Place Profile

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Effects of the Internet and Globalization on Popular Culture and Interpersonal Communication

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The increase of globalization has been an economic force throughout the last century, but economic interdependency is not its only by-product. At its core, globalization is the lowering of economic and cultural impediments to communication between countries all over the globe.

# data[].attributes.headline
Globalisation and Time Space Compression 

# data[].attributes.subject
Globalisation and Time Space Compression 

# data[].attributes.body
Which five years stand out as being the most influential in aiding time-space compression? Explain your answer.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Celebrating 100 years of commercial flight, 1914-2014

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Photograph by D.J. Zeigler

The geographically informed person must understand that our own culture and life experiences shape the way we perceive places and regions. Perceptions are the basis for understanding a place's location, extent, characteristics, and significance. Throughout our lives, culture and experience shape our worldviews, which in turn influence our perceptions of places and regions. Children growing up in the Netherlands, for example, have a much different understanding of the role of water in their lives than their peers in the Sahara Desert. The difference between the abundance and scarcity of water in each of these physical environments affects every aspect of their respective cultures, including the global perceptions they will carry with them throughout their lives.

Therefore, Standard 6 contains these themes: The Perception of Places and Regions and Changes in the Perception of Places and Regions.

Worldviews, and therefore our cultural identities, reflect multiple factors. Ideology, race, ethnicity, language, gender, age, religion, history, politics, social class, and economic status influence how we perceive the place where we live and other parts of the world. The significance that an individual or group attaches to a particular place or region may be influenced by feelings of belonging or alienation, a sense of being an insider or outsider, a sense of history and tradition or of novelty and unfamiliarity. Some places and regions hold great significance for some groups of people, but not for others. For example, for Muslims the city of Mecca is the most holy of religious places, whereas for non-Muslims it has only historical and cultural significance.

Perceptions of places and regions change. In cities, perceptions of neighborhoods change over years as they pass through cycles of decline and gentrification, and regions such as the US Great Plains, once perceived as the Great American Desert, the Dustbowl, and now the Breadbasket of America, change over decades.

Students must understand the factors that influence their own perceptions of places and regions, paying special attention to the effects that personal and group points of view can have on their understanding of the worlds of other groups and cultures. Understanding these themes enables students to reflect on their own perceptions of places and regions, thereby avoiding the dangers of egocentric and ethnocentric stereotyping of the worlds of others.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
national geographic standard places and regions

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The geographically informed person must understand that our own cul­ture and life experiences shape the way we perceive places and regions. Perceptions are the basis for un­derstanding a place's location, extent, characteristics, and significance. Throughout our lives, culture and experience shape our worldviews, which in turn influence our perceptions of places and regions.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Slumdog Millionaire - Amitabh Bachchan autograph scene

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Jamal and Salim have found shelter in a gigantic crate, while Latika stands out in the pouring rain. The boys debate whether or not to let Latika enter their shelter. Jamal eventually invites Latika in the crate. This clip can be used to teach about friendship, more specifically inclusion.

# data[].attributes.body
Love Actually

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Love Actually (3/10) Movie CLIP - The Dancing Prime Minister (2003) HD

# data[].attributes.body
Love Actually

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Love Actually (5/10) Movie CLIP - Would You Like It Gift Wrapped? (2003) HD

# data[].attributes.body
Billy Elliot Clip

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Billy Elliot (4/12) Movie CLIP - Not for Lads (2000) HD

# data[].attributes.body
Billy Elliot

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Billy Elliot (1/12) Movie CLIP - A Disgrace to the Gloves (2000) HD

# data[].attributes.headline
Part III Identifies what Time Space Compression

# data[].attributes.subject
Part III Identifies what Time Space Compression

# data[].attributes.body
Read through part 3 and make notes to understand the theory of time space compression. Pg 350 looks at the response to Time Space compression

# data[].attributes.body
Kurdistan

# data[].attributes.body
As researched and supplied by George Carter

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Audio from a slideshow of historical pictures of Liverpool's docks for BBC Liverpool featuring narration by Brian Jacques, courtesy of the Redwall Wiki, http://www.redwallwiki.com

# data[].attributes.body
As researched and supplied by Natasha Turnbull

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
SHORTS: One Pound House | Home Truths | Channel 4 Shorts

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Watch more Home Truths now over on 4oD: http://www.channel4.com/programmes/home-truths/4od?cntsrc=youtube_description_extra_home_truths_one_pound_house Watch loads more bitesize shorts on 4oD: http://www.channel4.com/programmes/4shorts?cntsrc=youtube_description_extra_home_truths_one_pound_house The average asking price for a house in the UK is around £250,000. In Stoke-on-Trent, Rachel Roberts bought her two-bedroom house for less than the cost of a skinny cappuccino.

# data[].attributes.body
Link to the Padlet page

# data[].attributes.body
A research link as supplied by Miss Chloe White

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
buy a home for 1 pound in Liverpool.  £1 and a loan to do them up

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The charity Empty Homes is offering a 25% stake in a house in Stoke for £1 -- and more regenerative schemes are expected across the UK soon Subcribe http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJNKZJFyq8Uw0iFAL9jaSOA?sub_confirmation=1 follow us TWITTER @newsdailyplanet .

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
History and Heritage - City of Gloucester

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Roman Gloucester Gloucester owes its name, strategic location and much of its layout to many centuries of Roman occupation. The first settlement was a military fortress at Kingsholm established in...

# data[].attributes.body
Click on the link below - Youtube video 6 mins as supplied by Mr James Howse, about the changing history of Liverpool.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KONQrlux_4A

# data[].attributes.body
A contrasting case study of a local place to compare with Lympstone.

# data[].attributes.body
A contrasting case study of a local place to compare with Toxteth

# data[].attributes.headline
How can past connections shape place identity in Liverpool - National level Case study.

# data[].attributes.subject
How can past connections shape place identity in Liverpool - National level Case study.

# data[].attributes.body
Read through the paper to find information that informs about shifting flows of people, resources, investment and ideas. This is a university level paper - use resilience and stick with it - its not too bad!!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
South Town, Cheltenham - 200 Years of Local Trading History

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
View a history of the tramroad (right) created by Wendy Ellyatt for the 2010 bicentenary of its opening, an event that was celebrated during the Cheltenham Connect summer festival.

# data[].attributes.headline
Historical Occupations and use of the physical landscape in Cheltenham....

# data[].attributes.subject
Historical Occupations and use of the physical landscape in Cheltenham....

# data[].attributes.body
Quarry and tram roads - leckhampton

# data[].attributes.headline
Pdf - Comparing population data in Gloucestershire - Demographics

# data[].attributes.subject
Pdf - Comparing population data in Gloucestershire - Demographics

# data[].attributes.headline
Lesson 2 - characteristics influence place identity over time

# data[].attributes.subject
Lesson 2 - characteristics influence place identity over time

# data[].attributes.body
How do importance buildings influence the space identity of Cheltenham?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
Cheltenham Town Hall and Pittville Pump Room

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Rich in heritage, opulence and vibrancy, our much-loved jewel of Cheltenham today sets a stunning backdrop for an impressive all year round events programme, as well as private functions and corporate hospitality. Imagine the dances and music of years gone by, while enjoying popular live music, comedy, festivals and exhibitions. Dine with us in our Regency Café before enjoying your event, or relax with a refreshing drink in our Imperial Garden Bar.

Built at the turn of twentieth century to accommodate the many balls and concerts of the town's social calendar, Cheltenham Town Hall was, quite literally, made for celebrations. Until the year 1900, the role had been filled by the old Assembly Rooms in the High Street. Its demolition to make way for a bank prompted the Council to build a new, and much larger Hall, on a new site.

The total cost of the building, including its marbled Corinthian style columns, intricately decorated coved ceiling, dance-friendly sprung floor, beautiful balconies, internal decoration and fixtures and fittings was around £45,000! Standing proudly overlooking the immaculately manicured Imperial Gardens, Cheltenham Town Hall comprises of a grand Main Hall, varying sized dining and drawing rooms and offices.

Cheltenham Town Hall was built in 1902-03 in order to provide a venue for the many balls and concerts that made up the town's social calendar at the turn of the twentieth century.

Call us Mon-Sat, 10am-5.30pm on 0844 576 2210

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Cheltenham Town Hall Past & Present | Cheltenham Town Hall and Pittville Pump Room

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Rich in heritage, opulence and vibrancy, our much-loved jewel of Cheltenham today sets a stunning backdrop for an impressive all year round events programme, as well as private functions and corporate hospitality. Imagine the dances and music of years gone by, while enjoying popular live music, comedy, festivals and exhibitions.

# data[].attributes.headline
Local case study: What characteristics influence place identity - Lesson 2

# data[].attributes.subject
Local case study: What characteristics influence place identity - Lesson 2

# data[].attributes.body
Examine the role of past connections in development of your local place

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Cheltenham. 2011 Census Data for all census areas in England and Wales.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
From Geography

In the humanistic geography space and place are important concepts. Concepts that in this approach doesn't mean the same. Space is something abstract, without any substantial meaning. While place refers to how people are aware of/attracted to a certain piece of space. A place can be seen as space that has a meaning. The underlying theory for this way of thinking is the phenomenology, which tries to find the essential features of experiences in the direct and indirect experiences.

Space and place according to Yi-Fu Tuan and Relph

Two important thinkers who give a contribution in defining space, place and the differences between these concepts are philosopher Yi-Fu Tuan and geographer Edward Relph. They have almost the same ideas about the distinction between space an place.

Yi-Fu Tuan searched for the meaning of place, space and environment. According to Tuan the difference between 'space' and 'place can be described in the extent to which human beings have given meaning to a specific area. Meaning can be given or derived from in area in two different ways, namely:

In an direct and intimate way, for example through the senses such as vision, smell, sense and hearing.

An in an indirect and conceptual way mediated by symbols, arts etc. (Tuan, 1977, p. 6).

'Space' can be described as a location which has no social connections for a human being. No value has been added to this space. According to Tuan (1977, p.164-165) it is an open space, but may marked off and defended against intruders (Tuan, 1977, p. 4). It does not invite or encourage people to fill the space by being creative. No meaning has been described to it. It is more or less abstract (Tuan, 1977, p. 6).

'Place' is in contrary more than just a location and can be described as a location created by human experiences. The size of this location does not matter and is unlimited. It can be a city, neighborhood, a region or even a classroom et cetera. In fact 'place' exists of 'space' that is filled with meanings and objectives by human experiences in this particular space. Places are centers where people can satisfy there biological needs such as food, water etc. (Tuan, 1977, p. 4). According to Tuan (1977, p. 6) a 'place' does not exist of observable boundaries and is besides a visible expression of a specific time period. Examples are arts, monuments and architecture.

Tuan was convinced that people give or derive meaning from the world's geography and organise the world around themselves (Cloke, Philo & Sadler, 1991, p. 76-77). This also explains that the meaning we give to 'space' correlates with the distance from the human to this 'place' (Cloke , P., Philo, et. al., 1991, p. 79).As Tuan (1977, p. 3) says: "space is freedom, place is security".

Edward Relph broadly has the same ideas as Tuan. An addition that can be made is that Relph describe the relationship between people and their places as detached and at distance, through which people are able to reflect on this relationship (Cloke, Philo, et al., 1992). In his work Relph tries to maintain the relation between space and place and not present them as seperated concepts. Because the quality of place is that it has the power to order and to focus human intentions, experiences and actions spatially (Seamon & Sowers, 2008). "So space and place are dialectically structured in human environmental experience, since our understanding of space is related to the places we inhabit, which in turn derive meaning from their spatial context" (Seamon & Sowers, 2008, p.44).

References:

Cloke, P., Philo, C. & Sadler, D. (1991). Approaching Human Geography. Chapman, London.

Seamon, D., & Sowers, J. (2008) Place, and Placelessness, Edward Relph. Key texts in Human Geography. London: Sage. p43-51.

Tuan, Y. (1977). Space and Place: the persepective of experience. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Published by Marjolein Selten and Fleur van der Zandt.

Enhanced by User:BoudewijnIdema, 18 September 2011, 19:13 (UTC)

Enhanced by Lars Paardekooper, 19 September 2012

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In the humanistic geography space and place are important concepts. Concepts that in this approach doesn't mean the same. Space is something abstract, without any substantial meaning. While place refers to how people are aware of/attracted to a certain piece of space. A place can be seen as space that has a meaning.

# data[].attributes.body
The difference between space and place....

# data[].attributes.body
Still confused about the difference between space and place - scroll through the document and have a read...

# data[].attributes.body
Chapter 23 - understanding the geographies of space and place

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Make life better by design - Design Council

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As the UK’s national strategic advisor for design, the Design Council champions the brilliant, leads on new thinking, evidences value and influences policy to create an environment for design to thrive.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
conservation and historic environment panel

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
pea planning executives association committee

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
RTPI.org.uk - Royal Town Planning Institute

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A member organisation representing 23,000 planning professionals working worldwide in the public, private, charitable and education sectors.

# data[].attributes.headline
Royal Town Planning Institute, Urban Splash and The Design Council:

# data[].attributes.subject
Royal Town Planning Institute, Urban Splash and The Design Council:

# data[].attributes.body
All are OCR B recommended reading websites to help you get your teeth into changing spaces and places
Click on the link or the RTPI.org image to browse through the website.

http://www.rtpi.org.uk/

# data[].attributes.headline
Understanding changing spaces and making places module..

# data[].attributes.subject
Understanding changing spaces and making places module..

# data[].attributes.body
Read through the outline to be clear on the learning objective for this module - What should you have learnt by the end of this unit?

Write the learning objectives down