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Edward Jenner, FRS was an English physician and scientist who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine. The terms "vaccine" and "vaccination" are derived from Variolae vaccinae, the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox.

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Robert Fulton was an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing a commercially successful steamboat called The North River Steamboat of Claremont

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Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Born in Trier to a middle-class family, he later studied political economy and Hegelian philosophy.

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Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb.

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James Hargreaves was a weaver, carpenter and inventor in Lancashire, England. He was one of three inventors responsible for mechanizing spinning.

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The Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus FRS was an English cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political economy and demography. Malthus himself used only his middle name Robert.

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Adam Smith FRSA was a Scottish moral philosopher, pioneer of political economy, and a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment.

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Alexander Graham Bell was a Scottish-born scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone.

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a population shift from rural to urban areas, "the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas", and the ways in which each society adapts to the change.

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An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith.

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a refusal to work organized by a body of employees as a form of protest, typically in an attempt to gain a concession or concessions from their employer.

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the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform.

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a system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.

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An attempt to make art and literature resemble life. Realistpainters and writers take their subjects from the world around them (instead of from idealized subjects, such as figures in mythology or folklore) and try to represent them in a lifelike manner.

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workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism).

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he Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life), published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology.

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Neo-classicisim the name given to Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome.

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Neo-classicisim the name given to Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome.

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the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution.

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patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts.

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a member of any of the bands of English workers who destroyed machinery, especially in cotton and woolen mills, that they believed was threatening their jobs (1811–16).

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So also did a number of French philosophes who coined the phrase "laissez faire". Laissez faire or economic liberalism shares with political liberalism the idea that governments should have limited power and that the individual should have maximum freedom within a framework of law.

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a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering.

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The artists like to capture their images without detail but with bold colors. Some of the greatest impressionist artists were Edouard Manet, Camille Pissaro, Edgar Degas, Alfred Sisley, Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot and Pierre Auguste Renoir. Manet influenced the development of impressionism.

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Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization

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Eli Whitney was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South.

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Friedrich Engels was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist, and businessman. He founded Marxist theory together with Karl Marx

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Sir Henry Bessemer was an English inventor, whose steelmaking process would become the most important technique for making steel in the nineteenth century. He also established the town of Sheffield as a major industrial centre

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James Watt FRS FRSE was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1781

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Charles Robert Darwin, FRS FRGS FLS FZS was an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.

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Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg, known as Otto von Bismarck, was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1880

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the doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority.

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the action or fact of joining or being joined, especially in a political context.

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the right to vote in political elections.

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a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

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a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.

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manufacturing that began in the 18th century with the development of the power loom and the steam engine and is based on concentration of industry into large establishments —contrasted with domestic system.

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rable farming in open fields. Under enclosure, such land is fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled to one or more owners.

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Critique of Political Economy by Karl Marx is a foundational theoretical text in communist philosophy, economics and politics

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the action of rotating around an axis or center.

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a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.

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political pamphlet by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

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the action of conserving something, in particular.

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a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

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1. negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by an organized body of employees.

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which includes many producers, working from their homes, typically part time. The term originally referred to home workers who were engaged in a task such as sewing, lace-making, wall hangings, or household manufacturing.

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a series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical items is progressively assembled.