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the way we perceive, think and value the world to be.

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...is when the hypothesis can be used to deduce a prediction that can be tested against an observation.

For example, coming up with the hypothesis that water boils at 70 degrees centigrade. When this is tested, it will be falsified during the observation, because it actually boils at 100 degrees.

-Sana

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Induction is a method of reasoning. Here you start with an observation and create from that a theory. So it is from specific to general.
An example is, when you see a white swan so you assume all swans are white.
Jelke

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The tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories. Information that confirms previously existing beliefs or biases. Confirmation biases impact how people gather information, but they also influence how people interpret and recall information.

- Charlotte

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A Paradigm shift is an occurrence that happens when an event or idea that shapes or changes the natural linear progression of knowledge occurs. An example of a paradigm (pronounced Para-didge-em) would be Newton's discovery of the theory of Gravity or the realization that the world is not flat but instead Spherical.

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Eminovic

Convention is an agreement that we make in order to allow certain social activities to take place smoothly.  There are many conventions observed in the natural sciences in order that science can take place as a shared social activity. One of examples is the units that we use like metre second, kilogram and standard units. This means that scientists who work in different parts of the world can work together, because they have the same understanding of how we should measure various aspects.  Without convention we would not have standard ways of comparing and communicating the science that we do all around the world.

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Chady, Agniv&Daryll

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Daryll Netscher
Models and Predictions are a controversial topic within the natural sciences for their various effects on our theories and such. What is meant by this is that their are countless amounts of factors that affect the outcome of our experiment and therefore we cannot rely on one model to predict and/or confirm our answer. This leads us to the issue of proving theories correct as well because if we do not know whether the model is correct, then how do we know that an answer is correct. Therefore a theory remains correct until proven wrong.

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Theory ladenness is

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Confirmation bias is the tendency to interpret new evidence in a way that sets them as confirmation of prior beliefs. It is one way that a theory can be incorrectly 'proven', based on judgement and interpretation of results.

An example would be someone who believes that the earth is flat seeing that the earth looks flat from where they are standing, and taking that as evidence that the earth is flat, while disregarding evidence otherwise.

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Sense perception is the empirical way of knowing- it is more about physical knowledge (how to knowledge). It relates to the five traditional senses; hearing, sight, taste, touch and smell. As well as this there are theoretical senses (such as a sense of movement, a sense of hunger) which is debated about.

An example is listening to music, or watching a movie. These senses are the basis of 'how to knowledge'

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The observer effect is the phenomenon which states that by observing something, you could change the outcome of the observation. It means that some of the measurements we take or the results we receive may not be accurate, since observing may have affected the thing being measured.

For example, to "see" an electron, a photon must first interact with it. This interaction will change the path of that electron, therefore changing what is being measured.

Ronan, Rohan, Owen, Bernard

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CONVENTION
Anastasija

Convention is an agreement that we make in order to allow certain social activities to take place smoothly.  There are many conventions observed in the natural sciences in order that science can take place as a shared social activity. One of examples is the units that we use like metre second, kilogram and standard units. This means that scientists who work in different parts of the world can work together, because they have the same understanding of how we should measure various aspects.  Without convention we would not have standard ways of comparing and communicating the science that we do all around the world.

This is an issue, because not all conventions are true and not everybody agrees on a particular convention. For example, biological organisms have an official scientific name. Scientific names come in two parts , the first part the genus and the second part the species. The genus names is always capitalized, and the species name is never capitalized (even if it is a proper noun!). The genus and species names are always italicized or underlined. Recent changes in the nomenclatural code also requires family names to be italicized, but this practice is not universally adopted.

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Deduction is a form of reasoning in which you go from a general rule to a specific rule. If you use deduction strictly, it gives you certain knowledge.

-Charlie

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A system structure that causes the output from one point to eventually influence the input in that same point.

-This can be used in many different areas, including the environment and business. e.g. the amount of resources in an area can influence life expectancy which can affect the population size.
-It shows how different variables affect each other.

~Sana

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"A proposition made as a basis for reasoning, without any assumption of its truth." A hypothesis is based on facts, data and evidence from other experiments.
Jelke

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~Farah Moreel~

"a regular and intelligible form or sequence discernible in the way in which something happens or is done."
-general patterns give us knowledge
-Math is a good example because if an answer keeps recurring then that shows that it works is evidence for it being the right answer.

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something that is accepted as true to happen without proof
- daryll

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Sana

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Reliabilism is an approach to epistemology that emphasizes the truth-conduciveness of a belief-forming process, method, or other epistemologically relevant factors. The reliability theme appears in theories of knowledge, of justification, and of evidence. “Reliabilism” is sometimes used broadly to refer to any theory that emphasizes truth-getting or truth indicating properties.

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A method of procedure that serves as instructions for the process of an experiment.

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{jeanine ros}
"a thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof."
- Part of the hypothesis phase
In natural sciences assumptions are necessary
Science operates on the assumptions that:
-  There are natural causes for things that happen in the world around us.
- Evidence from the natural world can be used to learn about those causes.
- There is consistency in the causes that operate in the natural world.
These assumptions are important, they form much of the basis for how we interact with the world and each other everyday.

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Observation is the action or process of closely observing or monitoring a phenomenon. This includes people and objects as well. An obvious observation could be that humans require oxygen to survive.

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Evidence:                   The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.

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Evidence:                   The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.

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- Rohan

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A repeated form or sequence that is recognizable and consistent. Generally has two or more connected variables. Follows a rule.

The image below shows a repeating form of a shape that fits together consistently and indefinitely.

Jules

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Marko
-It is an expression that describes creative thinking. It is to think imaginatively using new ideas instead of traditional or expected ideas.

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A hypothesis is an idea or explanation that you then test through study and experimentation, it can also be considered a theory.
- Chady

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A fact is something that has really occurred or is actually the case. The usual test for a statement of fact is verifiable —that is, whether it can be demonstrated to correspond to experience. Standard reference works are often used to check facts.
- Owen

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Falsificationism is the belief that any theory which cannot be disproved is unscientific. For example, Theory A states that all woolly mammoths are extinct. Theory B states that there are still woolly mammoths alive today. Theory A is a scientific theory, because it could be disproved if a woolly mammoth was found. Theory B is unscientific because it can never be proved that there are no woolly mammoths anywhere.

Ronan

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A prediction could also be labelled as a forecast. A prediction is a statement about what may happen in the future. A prediction will be deduced from a hypothesis. For example, we can predict that if you leave a plant in a cupboard with no water or light. It will die. A prediction and a hypothesis are slightly different. The hypothesis of tis same example would be that all plants need water and light to survive.

Alana Eggington