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While Hungary does seem to have a solid population of its own, much migration comes from surrounding countries such as Romania and Austria. Hungary has also had a huge influx in the people migrating from Syria seeking a safe country. In summer 2015, more than 350,000 migrants moved through Hungarian territory which triggered a refugee crisis. Hungary tried depoliticizing a state of crisis that wanted to immobilize migrants while also struggling with political motivation to keep them moving through -- and eventually out of Hungary. As the crisis continued, Hungarys efforts to immobilize the migrants only resulted in more radical forms of migration.

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Jordan is a small Arabian country in the Middle East. It has an estimated population of 10,909, 567 in July this year (Migration Information Source, 2017). And as of mid-year last 2020, there are 3.5 million international migrants. There is an estimated migration rate of -11.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population this July 2021 (Migration Information Source, 2017). This is due to increased flow of Syrian refugees. Among the 3.5 million international migrants, 49.2% are women and also, 49.2% are children aged 19 years old and below while the older migrants composed of 5.9% (Migration Data Portal, 2020). The nationalities migrating into Jordan includes Syrian which comprises of 13.3% of the population, Palestinian with a 6.7% share, same with Egyptian with a percentage of 6.7 in the population, Iraqi which composed of 1.4% of the population, the other 2.6% which includes Armenian and Circassian (Migration Information Source, 2017).

Jordan is the country with the highest number of refugees from Palestine in any single country of the world. It has the highest ratio of refugee-to-indigenous population in the world. Moreover, Jordan also hosts forced migrants that came from Iraq aside to Palestinians. This happens since the invasion of the United States and Lebanon (Chatelard, 2010).

The pull factors that pull the people to go into Jordan are due to regional geopolitics, war, the unresolved issue of Palestinian statehood. Although these factors pose a challenge to the government of Jordan, this resulted into the economic growth and development into the country. Therefore, job opportunities become one of the important factors that attract people to stay (Chatelard 2020).

On the contrary, the push factors that push the people to go migrate from Jordan to other countries is employment (Chatelard, 2020). Poverty, which is still a major problem in many countries, are also a push factors in this country. Socioeconomic changes due to the large number of arriving refugees is obviously a push factor in Jordan (Ozaltin 2020).

References:

Migration Data Portal (2020). Jordan: Key Migration Statistics. Retrieved June 18, 2021 from:  https://migrationdataportal.org/data?i=stock_abs_&t=2020&cm49=400

Migration Information Source. (2017).  Jordan. The Online Journal of the Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved June 18, 2021 from: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/country-resource/jordan

Ozaltin, D., Shakir, F. & Loizides, N. Why Do People Flee? Revisiting Forced Migration in Post-Saddam Baghdad. Int. Migration & Integration 21, 587–610 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-019-00674-z

Chatelard, G. (2010). Jordan: A Refugee Haven. The Online Journal of the Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved June 18, 2021 from: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/jordan-refugee-haven

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Zymira Harris

For the purpose of this assignment, I decided to focus on the region of  the United States, and specifically California.There are more people born in the US migrating to California, than there is in any other category. The most people outside of the US come from Asia, followed respectively by Europe, Africa, and Oceania. Some of the push factors are "natural disasters, poverty and unemployment," and the high cost of living. Some of the pull factors associated with the region are "freedom, safety, stability, new opportunities," weather, less conservative environment, and it's proximity to the beautiful oceans.

https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/demographics/CA
https://www.chino.k12.ca.us/cms/lib8/CA01902308/Centricity/domain/2246/unit%206%20resources%20and%20pdfs/Push%20and%20Pull%20Factors-%20Chinese.pdf

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Morocco is located in the Northern African country

·       WHO is migrating here?

-       Muslims and Jews that are from Spain migrated to Morocco after the Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula ranging from 54.9 thousand in 1990 to 102.4 thousand in 2020.

-       In 2019, the GDP is about 119.7 billion.

·       What are some pull factors?

-       In search for high education, opportunity for employment, and meet new people

-       Migration to a southern European border

-       Low labor cost allows the nation to move to a diverse market-oriented economy.

·       What are some push factors?

-       The push factors are lack of trust in the Moroccan government. High employment rate

https://migrationdataportal.org/data?cm49=504&focus=profile&i=stock_abs_&t=2020

https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/11/257752/report-40-moroccans-eave-country

https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/morocco-emigration-country-africas-migration-passage-europe

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The demographics of the population migrating are the Syrians crossing the border from Syria to Turkey. More than 4 million Syrian refugees have fled to Turkey seeking asylum and a better life. Most of these Syrian immigrants are traumatized and have health conditions like hypertension and diabetes. They are kept in tents in camps or rent out apartments or housing units. There is not much opportunity for work due to the language barriers and also racism. A few jobs they might get are working at a bakery, construction, and textile industries. Push factors would be not receiving the same treatment as Turkish residents, theres no equal pay, sometimes Syrians who worked as a Pharmacist back home cannot practice anymore. Once they move to Turkey they are socially devastated due to the barriers in language and community. Pull factors include asylum, better access to education, and clean water and food.
https://cpa.ca/docs/File/Cultural/EN%20Syrian%20Population%20Profile.pdf
http://disk.org.tr/2018/06/syrian-workers-in-turkey/

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sally Philip
1- Canada has been a land of immigrants since the first European colonizers of the 16th century, a trend that continues today. Currently, annual immigration in Canada amounts to around 300,000 new immigrants – one of the highest rates per population of any country in the world. As of 2019, there were just under eight million immigrants with permanent residence living in Canada - roughly 21.5 percent of the total Canadian population.
India was by far the main source country of new immigrants to Canada in 2019.
China was the second leading source country, followed by the Philippines, Nigeria, the United States, Pakistan, Syria, Eritrea, South Korea, and Iran.
2-  In 2020, a total of 141,046 female immigrants arrived in Canada. Between July 1, 2019 and June 30, 2020, 23,070 people aged between 20 and 24 years immigrated to Canada.
3- Pull factors: Canada is very diverse, has an abundant supply of fresh water, free health care, good education,  numerous job opportunities, safe  country,  excellent quality of life,  freedom.
4- push factors: housing is very expensive,  climate is very cold, high taxes,  immigration system  is hard to get through, draw backs to health care.

Refrences:
https://www.cicnews.com/2020/02/a-quarter-of-canadas-immigrants-arrived-from-india-in-2019-0213700.html#gs.4yoj4m

https://www.statista.com/topics/2917/immigration-in-canada/#dossierSummary__chapter1

https://prezi.com/lafgzot76o--/canadian-immigration-push-and-pull-factors/

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From the years to 1988-1991 the majority of people migrating to Guatemala were Koreans. They did for the sole reason of business. These migrants came and and worked in factories that produced garments in order to export them to the US for sales. They consisted of younger to middle aged men and woman that came strictly with the hopes of making money. In 2021 the migration rate in Guatemala is 1.69 migrant/1,000 population. However, immigration in Guatemala makes up less than 1% of their population now. The pull factors consist of the general support the country has for its people which was a good positive environment, means for better business, and good economically when referring to producing and exporting materials. Some push factors could be the over use of resources, poverty, and the general sense of violence has grown in the country over the years,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreans_in_Guatemala

https://www.migrationpolicy.org/country-resource/guatemala

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Guatemala

https://dcinternationalschool.org/pec-events/push-factors-guatemalan-migration-in-perspective/#:~:text=Resource%20exploitation%2C%20genocide%2C%20poverty%2C,and%20Executive%20Director%20of%20Curators

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(Nasim Khamooshian)
The history of Iran, which was known in the Western world as Persia until the mid-twentieth century, is intertwined with the history of a larger region, also known as Greater Iran, which stretches from Anatolia in the west to the ancient Indian borders and the Syr Darya in the east, and from the Caucasus and the Eurasian Steppe in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. The current net migration rate for Iran in 2021 is -0.549 per 1000 population, a 7.11% decline from 2020. The net migration rate for Iran in 2020 was -0.591 per 1000 population, a 6.78% decline from 2019. The net migration rate for Iran in 2019 was -0.634 per 1000 population, a 6.35% decline from 2018.
Push factors: low wages, poverty level is rising everyday,  lack of social, political, and religious freedoms, and unemployment rate is very high. Most Iranian citizens travel to European countries, Canada, and the USA.
Pull factors: There is not much pull factors to Iran. Few years ago there used to be many immigrants from Iraq and Afghanistan that came to Iran because of better wage in compare to their country and employment. However today so many things have changed, even for Afghan or Iraqi immigrants Iran is no longer a good option.

Source:
Iran Net Migration Rate 1950-2021. MacroTrends. (n.d.). https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/netmigration#:~:text=The%20current%20net%20migration%20rate,a%206.35%25%20decline%20from%202018.

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Switzerland has one of the highest foreign born populations by percent making up approximately 25.1% of its population in 2018. Most of the foreigners come from Italy, Germany, Portugal, and France. These four countries alone make up 72% of the foreign nationals from an EU state and 48% of all the current foreigners. While Switzerland may have a high foreign population it has seen a decrease in migration since 2013 where the net migration was 9.87 per 1000 to just 5.18 in 2021, nearly half of what it was. Some of the pull factors for this country are its safety with a ranking of 11th safest country in the world, beautiful landscapes, high economy and high pay, and coming in at the highest quality of life country in the world. Some push factors for this country are its high cost of living with on average 78.16% higher costs than the U.S., private health care expenses, difficulty gaining citizenship, and multiple language barriers.

Sources: https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/CHE/switzerland/net-migration
https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/population-demographic-situation-languages-and-religions-115_en
https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/country_result.jsp?country=Switzerland
https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp

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KEVIN SOLANO
There are many people around the world migrate to United States. The origin of immigrants are from Asian, Europe, Africa, Southern America, and Mexico. In 2019, there are 44.9 million of immigrants living in United States. Depending on the background, most of the immigrants leave their country due to civil war, prosecution, poverty, political agenda, freedom and education and economic opportunity. The push factors includes prosecution, lack of security, lack of economic opportunity, freedom of religion, and political reasons.. The pull factors includes social and economic opportunity, freedom to practice their own religions, free from prosecution and better future.
https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states-2020

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Drew

The demographics of the people migrating to Thailand come from neighboring countries such as Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. In 2015, 3.6 million people migrated to Thailand. 45% of the migrants are ages 20-29 and they come from very poor households. The push factors are political oppression, weak economy, lack of education, poor family and poverty. The pull factors are more job opportunities, better working conditions, and more government organization.

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Los Angeles is a place full of many diverse communities. Many who migrate find themselves in areas primarily populated by those of their culture, for example Chinatown. Los Angeles County is home to nearly 3.5 million immigrants, which is over a third of the county’s total population. Due to being a diverse county and attracting people from all walks of life, Los Angeles’ population consists of, but is surely not limited to, Caucasians, Asians, African Americans, and Latinos. Some pull factors of Los Angeles are the diversity, culinary and nightlife scene, weather, quality of life, larger range of job opportunities, etc.. Some push factors are earthquakes, expensive cost of living, city pollution, poverty, traffic, etc..

-Kathy Kelliny

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Venezuela

The total number of migrants moving to Venezuela (Bolivian Republic OF) at mid-year in 2020 was 1.3 million. Many migrants come in from Asia and Europe, particularly southern Europe as well.

Push: Immigration increased after the end of WWII. Haitians are also a large demographic of migrants as they are victims of racism in classism in their home country, they migrated between the 1960’s- to the beginning of Haiti’s dictatorship under Duvalier.

Pull: After a “boom: of Venezuelan economy, more Haitians sought a better life there. Haitians also moved to Venezuela in the mid 1980’s as ice cream and street vendors.

Another pull was for English speaking Grenadian women from West Indian Caribbean being hired as servants in American oil fields in Venezuela because expats refused to hire Venezuelan women who spoke Spanish.

Sources:

https://migrationdataportal.org/data?i=flows_abs_immig1&t=2013&cm49=862

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Venezuela

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1. Who is migrating here?
- The majority of the ~8 million immigrants living in Canada are coming from India. Followed by China and the Philippines. It is an even split between men and women.
2. What are the demographics of the population(s) migrating?
- Of the ~300,000 immigrants in the past year, there was an even split between men and women. In 2017, almost ~300,000 immigrants were part of the workforce and held work permits.
3. What are the reasons for migrating?
Pull: Universal health care, more acceptance towards immigrants, 58% of the current population comes from an immigrant population, better work life balance (shorter hours).
Push: Weather (cold winters), language barriers, cultural gaps, high cost of living, difficult immigration process.
References: https://migrationdataportal.org/data?i=stock_abs_&t=2020&cm49=124,
https://www.cicnews.com/2020/10/5-good-reasons-to-move-to-canada-from-the-us-1016020.html#gs.43kpzd

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1. Who is migrating here?
- The majority of the ~8 million immigrants living in Canada are coming from India. Followed by China and the Philippines. It is an even split between men and women.
2. What are the demographics of the population(s) migrating?
- Of the ~300,000 immigrants in the past year, there was an even split between men and women. In 2017, almost ~300,000 immigrants were part of the workforce and held work permits.
3. What are the reasons for migrating?
Pull: Universal health care, more acceptance towards immigrants, 58% of the current population comes from an immigrant population, better work life balance (shorter hours).
Push: Weather (cold winters), language barriers, cultural gaps, high cost of living, difficult immigration process.
References: https://migrationdataportal.org/data?i=stock_abs_&t=2020&cm49=124,
https://www.cicnews.com/2020/10/5-good-reasons-to-move-to-canada-from-the-us-1016020.html#gs.43kpzd

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Who is migrating here?
A vast majority of those migrating to Italy are from Tunisia and  Libya. 

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This area of San Diego is known as City Heights. It is so diverse and is often called a "melting pot" of different ethnicities and demographics of people. Those migrating to this area are predominantly hispanic and have a demographic of all ages from young to elderly. A major pull factor is the idea of obtaining better opportunities to obtain education, jobs, and support. The push derives from a lack of support within certain governments they originate from.

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1. Who is migrating here?
- The majority of the ~8 million immigrants living in Canada are coming from India. Followed by China and the Philippines. It is an even split between men and women.
2. What are the demographics of the population(s) migrating?
- Of the ~300,000 immigrants in the past year, there was an even split between men and women. In 2017, almost ~300,000 immigrants were part of the workforce and held work permits.
3. What are the reasons for migrating?
Pull: Universal health care, more acceptance towards immigrants, 58% of the current population comes from an immigrant population, better work life balance (shorter hours).
Push: Weather (cold winters), language barriers, cultural gaps, high cost of living, difficult immigration process.
References: https://migrationdataportal.org/data?i=stock_abs_&t=2020&cm49=124,
https://www.cicnews.com/2020/10/5-good-reasons-to-move-to-canada-from-the-us-1016020.html#gs.43kpzd

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Malaysia - Taryn Reyes

In Malaysia, there are about 3.5 million international migrants at the mid-year of 2020. About 38% are female migrants and 15.5% are 19 years and younger. There are 129.9 thousand refugees that were forced to migrate to Malaysia. Migrants are usually from Indonesia, Philippines, and Bangladesh. Pull factors for migrants include better employment, higher wages, and political security. Push factors include economic disparities and inequality in home countries.

Sources:

https://migrationdataportal.org/data?i=stock_abs_&t=2020&cm49=458

http://gtg.webhost.uoradea.ro/PDF/GTG-3-2020/gtg.31309-532.pdf

https://www.ukessays.com/essays/economics/the-migration-history-in-malaysia-economics-essay.php

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The vast majority of Thailand's migrant stock comes from just three countries - Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar (IOM). 45.1% of Thailand's internal migrants moved between the ages of 20 and 29 (NSO, 2010). Among migrants who moved in 2016, 54.5% of were age 25-29, and 30.1% 15-14 (NSO, 2016). Migration to the North and Northeast regions of Thailand has supplied labour for construction, manufacturing, and services, which along with remittances to out-migrating regions has supposed economic growth (IOM, 2011).

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Lindsay Nelson

Individuals moving here are individuals who are seeking innovation.Big companies such as apple and google reside here.   Some pull factors are the accessibility of occupations. Push factors are the significant expense of living.

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Roughly around half of India's population consists of migrants and more than 80 percent of those migrants are males. Most migrants come seasonally to India for agricultural work in the rice fields while others come to work in brick making, construction, tile factory and crop cutting. The push factors that causes migration to India are  poverty, lack of work opportunities, unemployment and underdevelopment, poor economic condition, lack of opportunities, exhaustion of natural resources and natural calamities, scarcity of cultivated land, inequitable land distribution, low agricultural productivity etc. Pull factors that attract future migrants to India are employment and higher education opportunities, higher wages facilities, and  better working conditions.

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The region I chose to explore migration patterns is the country of Malaysia. Trends show that people migrating to Malaysia in 2020 were about 3.5 million. Of the total population of Malaysia, 10 percent of the total percentage is from the international migrant stock. People who migrate here are usually from China, India, and Indonesia. A lot of them worked in trade routes and ports throughout Asia, which is why many decided to settle permanently in Malaysia due to trade and networking. Some pull factors of Malaysia are that they are an advanced country, their GDP is rising well, and education for primary level is provided to their children. Some push factors are that there is increased CO2 emissions throughout the years, air pollution. In addition they also have problems with their refugee system, freedom of religion, and have a poor criminal justice system.

https://www.statista.com/statistics/697812/malaysia-number-of-immigrants/

https://migrationdataportal.org/data?i=stock_abs_&t=2020&cm49=458

https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.NETM?end=2017&locations=MY&start=1986

https://data.worldbank.org/country/malaysia

https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/malaysia

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I decided to choose the state of Texas for a place where many people have decided  to migrate to  . Not only people from other countries that come to the United States but, people within the United States who are already residing in the country . About 45 % of international migrations are coming from asian countries such as India and China  .Most of these people have a sponsered  visa meaning that they are coming with work already lined up . The biggest group of people coming from within the United States are coming from California, New York and Illinois .  The main reason why so many people are moving to Texas is due to how cheap it is plus, there is a larger job market for those people who have a degree .
https://www.texastribune.org/2019/05/08/texas-keeps-growing-where-are-newest-transplants-coming/
https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/TX

more_vert

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Frequently requested statistics for: Texas

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WHO is migrating here?Majority of people that migrate to Australia are from the United Kingdom. The top five countries that people migrate from are the United Kingdom, New Zealand, China, besides Hong Kong and Taiwan, Italy, and Vietnam.

What are the demographics of the people migrating?4,416,000 people, which is 22.2% of Australia's population, were born in a foreign country. 45.1% of those foreign born people come from the top 5 countries, mentioned earlier, that migrate to Australia.

What are some pull factors?People tend to migrate to Australia because of the weather/climate. You can experience all seasons while being there. Another reason is the good medicare there, and how people have less worries about health care expenses. The economy is also very good, and there’s higher minimum wage pay. This allows people to live a stable life even with an average job.

What are some push factors?                                  A reason why people might not want to migrate to Australia is the excessive amount of frightening creatures like spiders and snakes. The far distance between Australian cities, and completely different time zones from other regions can make it hard to keep in touch with family, causing people not to move there. Another reason might be due to safety because there’s incidents of people attacking others.

Sources: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/top-sending-countries-immigrants-australia-canada-and-united-states

https://australmigrate.com/top-8-reasons-migrate-australia/

https://www.immigration-residency.com/life-in-australia-pros-and-cons/

https://www.bobinoz.com/blog/7660/10-reasons-why-not-to-move-to-australia/

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Los Angeles is a place full of many diverse communities. Many who migrate find themselves in areas primarily populated by those of their culture, for example Chinatown. Los Angeles County is home to nearly 3.5 million immigrants, which is over a third of the county’s total population. Due to being a diverse county and attracting people from all walks of life, Los Angeles’ population consists of, but is surely not limited to, Caucasians, Asians, African Americans, and Latinos. Some pull factors of Los Angeles are the diversity, culinary and nightlife scene, weather, quality of life, larger range of job opportunities, etc.. Some push factors are earthquakes, expensive cost of living, city pollution, poverty, traffic, etc..

-Kathy Kelliny

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I decided to choose the state of Texas for a place where many people have decided  to migrate to  . Not only people from other countries that come to the United States but, people within the United States who are already residing in the country . About 45 % of international migrations are coming from asian countries such as India and China .Most of these people have a sponsered visa meaning that they are coming with work already lined up . The biggest group of people coming from within the United States are coming from California, New York and Illinois .  The main reason why so many people are moving to Texas is due to how cheap it is plus, there is a larger job market for those people who have a degree .
https://www.texastribune.org/2019/05/08/texas-keeps-growing-where-are-newest-transplants-coming/
https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/TX

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WHO is migrating here?Majority of people that migrate to Australia are from the United Kingdom. The top five countries that people migrate from are the United Kingdom, New Zealand, China, besides Hong Kong and Taiwan, Italy, and Vietnam.

What are the demographics of the people migrating?4,416,000 people, which is 22.2% of Australia's population, were born in a foreign country. 45.1% of those foreign born people come from the top 5 countries, mentioned earlier, that migrate to Australia.

What are some pull factors?People tend to migrate to Australia because of the weather/climate. You can experience all seasons while being there. Another reason is the good medicare there, and how people have less worries about health care expenses. The economy is also very good, and there’s higher minimum wage pay. This allows people to live a stable life even with an average job.

What are some push factors?                                  A reason why people might not want to migrate to Australia is the excessive amount of frightening creatures like spiders and snakes. The far distance between Australian cities, and completely different time zones from other regions can make it hard to keep in touch with family, causing people not to move there. Another reason might be due to safety because there’s incidents of people attacking others.

Sources: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/top-sending-countries-immigrants-australia-canada-and-united-states

https://australmigrate.com/top-8-reasons-migrate-australia/

https://www.immigration-residency.com/life-in-australia-pros-and-cons/

https://www.bobinoz.com/blog/7660/10-reasons-why-not-to-move-to-australia/

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For this assignment I choose to pin the location in Miami, Florida. We can see that there are a lot of Cubans migrating to this area. According to the site, cubansinflorida.us, "More than 60% of the Cuban population [in the US] lives in Florida" (2017).  In fact, the most populated cities are Miami, Broward, Hillsborough, and Palm Beach. "Together, these counties account for more than half of all Cubans in the United States" (2017). Recently, Local 10 News did a report on the increased Cuban migration to Florida (since 2020). The reason for migration to the US is because of the harsh economic conditions. Their economy became worse when the pandemic hit, and this is why we have seen a rise in migration.
Carel Anorve

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Immigrants from the U.S. make up about 9% of the total with 5,800 US citizens now residing in Peru. Other large of immigrants in Peru include Chileans, Bolivians, Colombians, Brazilians, Uruguayans, Spanish, and Chinese. In Peru there has been a total of about 1.2 million international migrants at mid-year 2020 leading to a 33 million population growth at mid-year 2020. With migration being at all time high in Peru, the total population projection for 2050 is about 40.4 million. The demographic of those migrating to Peru are children and women. Peru has had an increase in the availability of jobs and salaries, and the economy has been growing at an annual rate of 7% in the past 5 years. There were pull factors for Chinese when migrating to Peru because of the integrated culture as well as hope for more opportunities.
Push Factors: loss/lack of adequate farmland, natural disasters, such as earthquakes and landslides, lack of employment.
Sources:
https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=435cb1d67c904e058cd3cbaeb7a2f436
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.NETM?end=2017&locations=PE&start=1986

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International Migrant

1)1990: 1.4 million

2) 1995:1.1 million

3)2000:805.1 thousand

4)2005:546.4 thousand

5)2010:618.7 thousand

6) 2015:620.5 thousand

7)2020:1.4 million

·      Sudan immigration figures for 2015 was 503,477.00, representing a 12.95 percent decrease from 2010.

·      Sudan immigration figures for 2010 was 578,363.00, representing a 6.71 percent increase over 2005

·      Sudan immigration figures for 2005 was 541,994.00, representing a 32.41 percent decrease from 2000.

·      Sudan immigration figures for 2000 was 801,883.00, representing a 23.88 percent decrease from 1995.

International Emigrants

1)1990: 584.9 thousand

2) 1995:775.4 thousand

3)2000:885.7 thousand

4)2005: 1.3 million.

5)2010: 1.2 million.

6) 2015: 1.8 million

7)2020: 2.1 million.

Net migration rate

Date:  value

1)1990: 1.61

2) 1995: 5.84

3)2000: -4.69

4)2005: -3.75

5)2010: -6.00

6) 2015: -2.93

7)2020: -1.21

A) Demographics of people migrating

·      The majority of foreigners in Sudan are recognized refugees from Eritrea, Chad, and Ethiopia.

·      A small and an unknown number of irregular migrants from the same neighboring countries stay or travel through Sudan.

·      The final major category of foreigners is represented by economic migrants from neighboring countries and other countries such as China, India, the Philippines, and Turkey working in national and international positions following the development of the Sudanese labor market, which at this stage heavily relies on qualified foreign labor.

·       Registered foreign workers are employees of multinational corporations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).

B) PULL FACTORS

·      Existence of investment projects requiring foreign labor.

·      The formal and informal settlement of refugee communities

·      Better job and income possibilities, as well as opportunities for advancement

·      Relations with families and communities overseas

·      Reunification of the family

·      Investment projects required by foreign employees (particularly in the field of commercial and oil extraction)

·      Educational and training possibilities exist in other countries, whether through formal education or on-the-job training.

·      Safe society

·      Political stability

·      Better services

C)PUSH FACTORS

·      Human and economic progress are both inadequate.

·      Local conflict and instability (resource disputes, resource depletion owing to land degradation and climate change, etc...) as well as at the national level (civil war between North and South, in Darfur and Eastern Sudan)

·      High unemployment is being exacerbated by limited development in labor-intensive industries and rapid population growth.

·     Poverty and deprivation

·     Political reasons.

·     General Conflicts

·     Natural disasters

·     Lack of safety

·     High crime rate

·     War

·     Climate changes

https://migrationdataportal.org/data?i=stock_abs_&t=2020&cm49=729

https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.NETM?end=2017&locations=SD&most_recent_value_desc=false&start=1986

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( By Neam Yousif )

1. WHO is migrating here?

Data shows that immigrant from the top five countries of origin comes from United Kingdom, New Zealand, China, Italy, and Vietnam.  Therefore, about one in every four migrants in Australia was from the United Kingdom.

2. What are the demographics of the people migrating?

About 4.4 million foreign-born persons resided in Australia as of the country’s 2006 populations and Housing Census. 29.8% of Australia's population were born overseas.

3. What are some pull factors?

Levels and opportunities of education, Free public health to everyone, stable government

4.What are some push factors?

Racism, poverty in some cities, and climate

Sources:
1. Australian Bureau of Statistics
2. Migration Policy Institute

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New Zealand has grown very multicultural, with a large number of foreign-born residents. Despite its economic success, New Zealand has been suffering a skills shortage and is aggressively recruiting skilled, knowledgeable individuals from all over the world. Jobs are plentiful and, in certain places, pay is higher than in Europe. skilled/migrant/business/entrepreneur visas are a popular option for those looking to relocate to New Zealand. This is why the highest numbers of the migrant populations are from the following four demographics like England, coming in first with a population of 210,915, China coming in second with 132,906, India coming in third, 117,348, and Australia coming in fourth with 75,696 foreign-born residents.

Pull factors: Although the standard of living is much higher than in many Western nations, this is not the main reason New Zealand draws immigrants. The nation is in the top ten of the World Human Development Index, which measures life expectancy, literacy, education, and living conditions. New Zealand seems to be one of the simplest countries in which to do business, making it an excellent location for entrepreneurs. Additionally, the country has an outstanding public healthcare system that provides free or highly subsidized medical treatment, making it a favorite destination for families and one of the easiest to immigrate to. New Zealand is also at the top of the list of the world's least corrupt nations, ranking in the top three on the Global Peace Index. New Zealand cities often score well in worldwide quality of life surveys, frequently being voted the most livable and welcoming destinations for tourists and residents. In general, both nations' lifestyles are very casual and easy back, with class distinctions practically non-existent. New Zealand's beauty and climate bring in thousands of tourists. Breathtaking scenery from oceans and jungles to magnificent mountains. New Zealand is an ideal destination because of its clean and safe atmosphere, ease of travel, and natural beauty.

Push Factors: Firstly, New Zealand is beneath a hole in the ozone layer. Higher levels of UV radiation in New Zealand increase the prevalence of sunburn and skin cancer. Secondly, the majority of the country's population is located in Auckland, as well, as a major site of settlement for New Zealand immigrants, creating a home crisis, because individuals are forced to pay a majority of their income to afford homes within this city. Lastly, many residents who want to pursue successful careers are compelled to leave the country after earning their degrees because of the employment difficulty found in that sector.

Sources: https://web.archive.org/web/20190923102431

/https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights  https://kiwizone.co.nz/why-people-emigrate-to-new-zealand-and-australia-2/

https://www.expatarrivals.com/asia-pacific/new-zealand/pros-and-cons-moving-new-zealand

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Noor Mikha
TEXAS, USA

WHO is migrating here?

- For my pin, I chose to pin Texas, USA for a multiple of reasons. Most individuals who migrate here are said to be from other countries from Asian countries as well as the United States. Domestic migrants that are moving include individuals from New York, California, Florida, Illinois, and Louisiana.

What are the demographics of the people migrating?

- It is stated that most individuals that do migrate to Texas are international migrants from from Asian countries and domestic migrants including, as stated before, California, Illinois, New York, Florida, and Louisiana. While viewing the tablet, is it stated that "around 45% of international migrants from Asia in 2016" (The Texas Tribune). Furthermore after further research, in 2018 it was found that most immigrants to Texas includes individuals from Mexico. The second highest number of immigrants was said to be the are those from the United States.

What are some pull factors?

- Some pull factors for Texas include job availability such as high-skilled jobs. In Texas, there are more jobs available that causes individuals to move there for better opportunities and higher paying jobs. Furthermore, another pull factor in Texas is the better cost of living that is offered. The comparison of the living costs in the California compared to Texas is such a dramatic change that is almost causing me to move. The price of the house compared to the squared footage is very compelling, causing those individuals to move. Other pull factors in Texas include economic opportunities, regulatory structures, as well as business-friendly taxes.

What are some push factors?

- Some push factors causing individuals to leave their hometown includes a lack of quality of life. This is due to the absence of basic needs, as well not having much to do around you. Furthermore, the high temperatures in weather causes individuals to move since it is so hot and individuals cannot handle the heat. Furthermore, Texas does not have a fast growing economy, meaning that growth in businesses and a slower increase in living standards. Lastly, there is also a lack of goods and services that are available as well as climate differences as a whole.

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According to the Migration Data Portal, as of mid-year 2020, there were 8.5 million international migrants to France and the international migrant stock was 13.1% (Migration Data Portal, 2020). The majority of people who migrate to France are from Algeria at 14.3%, Morocco at 11.0%, Italy, Sub-Saharan Africa and Portugal all at 10.4% and Spain at 7.3% (WorldAtlas). Around 51.5% of the migrants are female, 9.8% are under 20 years old and 22.6% are over 64 years old.

Push factors include poverty, unemployment, natural disasters and fear for their safety in their country (Emigration).

Pull factors include safe living environments, better opportunity for employment, economic stability and religious freedom, and increased access to healthcare (Emigration).
Sources:
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/where-do-french-immigrants-come-from.html#:~:text=Migrants%20from%20Russia%20and%20other,of%20the%20immigrants%20in%20France.
https://migrationdataportal.org/data?i=flows_abs_emig1&t=2013&cm49=250
http://www.emigration.link/push-pull-factors-french-migration.htm#:~:text=The%20push%20and%20pull%20definitions,safety%2C%20stability%20and%20new%20opportunities

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San Francisco Peninsula, California, USA

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San Francisco Peninsula, California, USA

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San Francisco Peninsula, California, USA

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Sierra Payne- People migrating here are people skilled in areas of technology such as computers. The demographics of people migrating here are mostly  white families with money or workers skilled in areas related to technology from various Asian countries. Some pull factors are the availability of jobs. Push factors are the high cost of living in the area which has caused major increases in the people migrating from San Francisco.

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Greenland is the largest island in the world, and is technically a part of the Kingdom of Denmarks political structure. Internally, Greenland handles all of their political and social affairs with a self sustaining government body independent of Denmark and their legislative bodies. Greenland has a high density of natural born citizens, with 9/10 people being native born into the Inuit, Eskimo and other native tribes in Denmark and neighboring Canada. The remaining tenth of citizens here are compose of Denmark ancestry. The migration patterns into Greenland from around the world is primarily composed of migrants from Denmark, Iceland, Sweden, Norway and Canada, with Denmark netting the most migrants and Canada contributing the least amount of migrants. Since 2013, Greenland has seen an influx of Male migrants compared to Female migrants, with male migrants and natural residents outnumbering female migrants almost 2 to 1. Greenland also sees a continuous exodus of female residents, which could explain this disparity between genders. One main push factor that could correlate to migration out of Greenland could be contributed to climate change; as a very large majority of Greenlands' cities reside on the coast, fears and dangers of an inevitable rising tide and sea level is the main concern for natives here. Greenland is also composed of many continental ice sheets, leading to even more evident results of climate change quicker and more apparent than some other areas might see changes. Some pull factors for Greenlands migration include their cold year-round weather, being able to live a lifestyle that is "off of the grid" (as Greenland is heavily dependent on agriculture rather than technology), and the possibilities of cheap (even free) land to own as a citizen.

https://www.britannica.com/place/Greenland/People

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aae7ef/pdf

https://esa.un.org/MigGMGProfiles/indicators/files/Greenland.pdf

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1. Those who migrate to different parts of China includes those from the United States, Republic of Korea, Myanmar, and Japan.

2. The demographics of China are those from different socioeconomic backgrounds (low, high), education levels, households (domestic, collective), urban or rural populations.
3. Some pull factors in China are high quality education (e.g mathematics, science) and inexpensive to live.
4. Some push factors in China were poverty in rural areas, surplus of labor work, and limited job opportunities for agricultural work.

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Anna Minasyan

Russia is among the 40 countries that have a record low birth rate and as of 2018 fertility rate was as low as 1.53. Russia's death rate is also among the highest. The government has been attracting migrants to compensate its population loss. Most immigrants are from former Soviet Union (Armenia, Kazakistan, Moldova, Belarus, etc) countries who still speak Russian as a second language. Most immigrants are between the age of 20 to 34, with similar rates of males and females. In 2019, around half a million immigrants were granted Russian passports. Pull factors are high salary rate compared to their home countries, available job opportunities. Push factors are poverty, low salary, war, unemployment.
Rfe/rl. “Migrants Welcome: Can Foreigners Solve Russia's Demographic Crisis?” RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty, Migrants Welcome: Can Foreigners Solve Russia's Demographic Crisis?, 28 Jan. 2021, www.rferl.org/a/migrants-welcome-is-russia-trying-to-solve-its-demographic-crisis-by-attracting-foreigners-/30677952.html

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The people moving here come mainly from Turkey, Morocco and former Dutch colonies. Being in the EU has a lot of benefits and freedoms that many third world countries do not have. The demographics here is mostly children. By 2015 over 14 percent of people were immigrants, up from the 8 percent back in 2000. Pull factors are, better economies, more personal liberties and freedom. The push factors are, the language barrier, climate is colder as the temperature rarely gets into the 80's, and higher unemployment.

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A prospect for the future
How will Dutch society look in ten or twenty years from now? Will the share of the immigrant population further increase? Will the education difference between native Dutch and immigrant students disappear? Will immigrants be employed in better and better paid jobs? Will the norms and values of the immigrant groups be influenced by the modernisation of Dutch society? These are all relevant questions for a multicultural society in crisis. There are of course many different future scenarios possible, but according to most researchers the future for the multicultural Netherlands is moderately optimistic.

It is generally accepted that the number of immigrants in the Netherlands will continue to rise. Reasons are the arrival of new immigrants and the higher birth rate of immigrants than the native Dutch population. It follows that by 2015 14% of the population will be of immigrant origin, against 8% in 2000.

Future prospect: number of immigrants

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It is further expected that the education difference between immigrant students and their native Dutch peers will slowly but steadily disappear, mainly because young immigrants are becoming increasingly aware of the fact that (a good) education can offer them a better future. This catching-up process will take time and it is expected that equality in education will be achieved by the fourth generation.

Better education (often) means better job prospects. It is also assumed that more immigrant women will enter the labour market. Thus, the income of the average immigrant family will increase and they will become less dependent on benefits. A less positive prospect is that immigrants with few or no qualifications will continue to experience problems on the labour market as the number of jobs in these sectors is limited.

It is further expected that the social and cultural differences between immigrant groups and native Dutch people will become much less pronounced. Better education will play a role but also emancipation of women. Women will become increasingly more important in the integration process of immigrants in Dutch society.

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The contacts between native Dutch and immigrant groups will increase. It is assumed that more immigrants will join the middle class and move out of the city to give colour to the so-called 'white' suburban residential areas.

The future prospects for the Dutch multicultural society are far from negative and pessimistic. Much will of course depend on the future immigrant policies of the Dutch government.

>Click here to go to the Quiz

>Please also complete the evaluation form.

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A prospect for the future How will Dutch society look in ten or twenty years from now? Will the share of the immigrant population further increase? Will the education difference between native Dutch and immigrant students disappear? Will immigrants be employed in better and better paid jobs?

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Due to its low migration rate of international travel, Egyptpt is working on increasing activity specifically with Arab countries, where most of its migration history is based, as well as migration of refugees.

The demographics of the populations migrating are such that according to the migration data portal, there are 539.4 international migrants, with a stock of .05%,, and a net migration of -190.2 thousand.

The reasons for this migration is due to low wages, a high inflation rate, and high population density in Egypt. Pull factors are higher wages in some regions. Another factor is forced migration with refugees.

Sources:
1. M;, Kandil M;Metwally. “Determinants of the Egyptian Labour Migration.” International Migration (Geneva, Switzerland), U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12159614/.
2. Ramani, Samuel, et al. “Regulation of Migration in Egypt.” Middle East Institute, 20 May 2021, www.mei.edu/publications/regulation-migration-egypt.

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Camdyn O'Donnell
In 2016, 7,000 people migrated to Mali in hopes of reaching Europe. These people are from Guinea, Senegal and Gambia.

The demographics of the people migrating are men.

The pull factors is that the GDP is now at 17.28 million dollars and has been on a steep upward trend for 9 years. Also, the people migrating theres goal is to make it to Europe.

The pushes are even though this country is getting better by a financial standpoint it is still considered a developing country and people more stop there to get to other locations
https://data.worldbank.org/country/mali?view=chart

https://www.merit.unu.edu ›

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Los Angeles has huge diversity between its people, food, and overall culture. This city has always been a pin on the map for immigrants, which is why it offers so much diversity and culture. The majority of LA's population consists of hispanics, Asian Americans, blacks, and whites. Some pull factors of Los Angeles are the weather, large diversity, and major attractions. Push factors include competitive jobs, pollution, fire risk, and high living expenses.

Sources:
https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-01-12/california-exodus-intensifying-retirees-musicians-teachers-actors

https://www.lamayor.org/Immigration

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WHO is migrating here?

The people migrating to Texas are predominantely from the following states : California, Louisiana, Illinois, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Georgia, and Arizona. "According to the 2021 Texas Relocation Report released by Texas Realtors, more than 500,000 people moved to Texas in 2019" (culturemap.com) There are also people crossing over from the southern border and those individuals are coming from Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador.

What are the demographics of the people migrating?

Main demographics include California residents and young families and families from the southern border.

What are some pull factors?

Some of the pull factors include the following: better quality of life, more affordable housing, less violence, better education/work opportunities for children and parents.

What are some push factors?

Some push factors include the following: English is the main language and it may be a big obstacle for the families crossing over from the southern border, the political climate that Texas is known for, lack of work, warm and tornado prone weather

Sources:

https://dallas.culturemap.com/news/city-life/02-12-21-texas-relocation-report-new-residents/

https://www.click2houston.com/news/investigates/2021/04/22/concerns-grow-over-number-of-immigrants-apprehended-along-texas-border/

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After the German invasion during World War II, nearly 30,000 Jewish refugees (primarily from France) were permitted to cross Spain to reach Portugal, as it was a neutral country allowing Jews to reach the the port of Lisbon. This same port has attracted many foreigners due to its geographical location, attracting many merchants and venturers from England, Dutch provinces, regions of Spain, and Italian cities since the 15th century.  Then, during first half of the 16th century, Lisbon was the European capital with the largest proportion of African slaves, an estimated 10 percent of the 100,000 inhabitants. During the late 1950s, Portuguese emigration started to increase following labor market demands toward new destinations in the expanding economies of Northern and Central Europe, particularly France. Up until 1974, more than 1.5 million Portuguese emigrated to take up jobs in low-wage, low-productivity sectors. Some Portuguese also fled the country's right-wing dictatorial regime that lasted between 1926 and 1974. Which in April 1974, the Portuguese Revolution which brought down the dictatorship and saw the return of many Portuguese exiles. This process of decolonization and subsequent political and military instability in the PALOP states led to the strong revival of Portugal's migration streams.

https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/portugal-seeks-balance-emigration-immigration

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/escape-from-german-occupied-europe

http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_in/zonas_in/ARI117-2009

https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/article/2016/portugal-high-and-rising-emigration-in-a-context-of-high-but-decreasing-unemployment

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Sarah Hoang
The inflow of migrants to Indonesia are from the Asia-Pacific and of asylum seekers mainly from China and Arab countries. The growth rate is 0.81% in 2021. The demographics of Indonesia have vast array of ethnicities and
Some pull factors are the transit, inter-island travel and trading. Those who work in high-skilled labor are main migrants to Indonesia which are English teachers, managers and professionals due to tighter government policies.
Some push factors are the labor migration for surplus and foreign currency, unauthorized labor migrants that were harbored or victims of trafficking and overseas marriage.
Sources
https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indonesia-country-grappling-migrant-protection-home-and-abroad

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Atlanta is a safe and diverse city known for its rapid growth relative to other U.S cities. Perfect for new businesses or a family who wants a larger home, people from all over the world are welcomed into the city.

Who is migrating here?

Data shows that 48.2% of those migrating to Atlanta, Georgia are from Latin America (Central and South America, Mexico and the Caribbean). These migrants mostly come to find work in manufacturing and construction. From 2016 to 2017, approximately 9,900 migrants settled into the city. Many arrive from major cities searching for a better neighborhood and/or house.

What are the demographics of the people migrating?

Second to Latin America, the next top countries of origin for migrants are India (9 percent), Jamaica (4 percent), Korea (4 percent), and Guatemala (4 percent). We see more women than men coming to this metropolis center (502,347 women compared to 493,737 men).

As of 2019, one in ten new residents of Atlanta was born in another country, while 1 in 13 residents is a native-born U.S. citizen with at least one immigrant parent.

What are some pull factors?

A popular reason for coming is the abundant employment opportunities, apparently ranking number 2 in the nation for job growth. Another reason is affordable housing in safe neighborhoods, appropriate for families.

What are some push factors?

A car is needed to be independent, with this comes a lot of traffic.

“The Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC) predicts that the 10-county metro area will add 2.5 million people by 2040.”

It may be difficult to come into the country with varying travel restrictions

Summers are muggy and humid.

Sources

State Demographics Data | migrationpolicy.org

Moving to Atlanta, GA? Here's Why People Love Living in the 'Big A' (metrostorage.com)

Immigration to Atlanta: What You Need to Know to Immigrate to Georgia (visaplace.com)

U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Atlanta city, Georgia

Immigrants in Georgia | American Immigration Council

Is Moving to Atlanta Right for You? A 2021 Guide | BELLHOP (getbellhops.com)

On the Move: Who's Relocating to Atlanta | KNOWAtlanta - Atlanta's Relocation Guide

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According to information provided by the Chilean foreign department, there has recently been an incredible, sustainable growth in immigration to Chile. This is largely caused by the poor conditions in Venezuela. A majority of migrants to Chile were African-descent Haitians following the earthquake, and are now Venezuelan refugees.  Total number of international migrants at mid-year 2020 to Chile was 1.6 million. The demographics of individuals migrations is almost equal male and female, there has been a slight increase in children migrating.

Pull factors: Safety, Job Opportunities, Established Immigration Procedures, Economical Stability, Strong Institutions and Political Organization. Chile is one of the safest and most stable countries in Latin America.

Push factors: Classism; negative treatment of those in the lower classes, Natural Disasters, Pollution in Santiago from June to September

Sources:

https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/mpi-iom_venezuelan-profile_english-final.pdf

https://www.vivirenchile.cl/en/5-reasons-that-explain-why-immigrating-to-chile-is-a-good-idea/

https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Chile.pdf

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Although the net migration rate for Uganda has decreased since 2018, Uganda is still the largest refugee-hosting country in Africa and the third in the world. Uganda has an “open door” policy that supports refugees from neighboring countries and guarantees migrant rights. Roughly 200 migrants arrive in Uganda a day and there are currently 1.49 million refugees. Migrant populations are from South Sudan (61.6%), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (28.9%), Burundi (3.4%), and Somalia (3.2%). Human rights violations and civil unrest push migrants to leave the surrounding countries. Many of the migrants chose Uganda because of the country’s acceptance of migrants and their belief in the right to employment, education, and health. The Ugandan government provides plots of land to refugees so they can make shelters and farm. In 2018, work has been done to improve refugee camps by increasing sanitation facilities and access to safe water.

https://humanitariancompendium.iom.int/appeals/uganda

https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2018-march-2019/uganda-stands-out-refugees-hospitality

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By Jarus Robles
WHO is migrating to Ireland?
- The total number of international migrants at mid-year 2020 is 871.3 thousand. Particularly, much of Ireland's migrant population comes from other European countries, such as Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and the Czech Republic.
1. What are the demographics of the population(s) migrating?
- The diverse city of Dublin contains many groups groups of immigrants including Polish, Lithuanian, British, Latvian, and Nigerian. In 2019 an estimated 622,700 non-Irish nationals were living in Ireland, making up 12.7% of the total population. Also, non-Irish nationals from outside the European Union accounted for 34.5% of the total immigrants in the country.
2. What are the reasons for migrating (push and pull factors).
Pull factors: Ireland has a strong economy and an immigration system which makes it easy for highly skilled immigrants to work in Ireland.
Push factors: Since Ireland has a strong economy and openness to labor migration, those seeking more job opportunities and a gateway to the European Union may find settling in Ireland favorable. Ireland is also a common law jurisdiction, so migrants can expect the same rights to education as the Irish citizens and access to a world-class healthcare system.

Sources:
https://www.y-axis.com/news/where-do-migrants-to-ireland-come-from/

https://migrationdataportal.org/data?i=stock_abs_&t=2020&cm49=372

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Immigration has been the leading cause of population growth and cultural changes throughout history for this Country. Around 30,000 people migrate to Finland annually, with most coming from Iraq, Syria and Russia . While most immigrants are from Europe, 108,000 are from Asia and 50,000 from Africa. The main reason for migration is due to family situations, work and school.

The top five demographics of the people migrating are Finn, Swede, Russian, Estonian, Romani, and Sami

Push factors are the reasons why people left Finland, such as persecution, fear, natural disasters, poverty and unemployment

Pull factors are the reasons why people moved to the United States of America in search of freedom, safety, stability and new opportunities

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Finland#:~:text=Around%2030%2C000%20people%20migrate%20to,Asia%20and%2050%2C000%20from%20Africa.

http://www.emigration.link/push-pull-factors-finnish-migration.htm

https://www.migrationpolicy.org/country-resource/finland

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Peru - Meghan Matas

The people migrating here are majorly from other South American countries like Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Columbia. Other large numbers of migrants are from the United States. At mid-year 2020, Peru had 1.2 million international migrants. Some pull factors include the increase in availability of jobs and salaries, and the overall  economy growth the past 5 years. There are some factors that push migrants from coming to Peru include the weakness of the Peruvian government in their addressing of migration challenges, development of a national policy and procedures for mainstreaming the rights of migrants.

https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.NETM?end=2017&locations=PE&name_desc=true&start=1986

https://migrationdataportal.org/data?i=inflow_total&t=2018&cm49=604

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Jennifer Hirano

Statistics illustrate that numerous people migrate to Germany from nearby countries. While Turkey, Romania, Poland, and Bulgaria lead in number of people moving into the country, Syrian citizens also migrate to Germany in hopes of seeking asylum. My research illustrates that people migrate to Germany in search of good jobs and salaries, as well as safe and clean environments. It seems as though the majority of people migrating to Germany are young and in search of a higher education. So far, in 2021, about 200,000 people have migrated to Germany, leaving the total population at about 11.4 million.

Push Factors: Fleeing war, Fleeing political turmoil

Pull Factors: Stable and flourishing economy, political stability, quality education

References:

https://rttax.com/articles/people-move-germany/

https://www.make-it-in-germany.com/en/living-in-germany/discover-germany/immigration

https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/09/heres-why-all-european-migrants-want-go-germany/

https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/number-foreigners-moving-germany-hits-10-year-low-76746732

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Between 2010 - 2020, migration trends for Norway have decreased over the past ten years, peaking in 2016 at roughly 79,498 new immigrants. However, the annual rate of immigrants since 2018 is approximately 52,000. Most immigrants came from Poland, followed by Sweden, Denmark, United Kingdom, and Lithuania. Around 84,000 immigrants were employed in health and human services or social services, and 47,000 immigrants worked in construction or domestic trade.

Push factors: the most common factor listed as refugees seeking protection, lack of employment opportunities, and discrimination from their country of origin.

Pull factors to Norway: employment opportunity, family reunification, protection, and education.

Source: https://www.statista.com/topics/7073/migration-and-integration-in-norway/
https://www.statista.com/statistics/586665/immigration-in-norway/

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Maricarmen Cervantes

The "Migration Policy Institute"  points out that people from Vietnam, Sweden, Russia, Denmark, Poland, and Iceland migrate to Norway since 1921. Then, during the 1960's, Norway experimented a boom in the economy, which attracted immigration from Morocco, Yugoslavia, Turkey, and Pakistan.  The labor market included construction, industry, hotel, transport, agriculture, cleaning, and fishing (Slettebak, 2020).
The demographics of migration consisted of most females immigrants between 20-35 years old.
Pulling factors were economy because of jobs, and political factors, such as asylum.
Pushing factors are political, such as difficulty to obtain a permanent residence or citizenship due to immigration policies and passport control.

Sources:
migrationpolicy.org/article/norway-migrant-quality-not-quatity

journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0001699320930261

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Norway's migration policy is similar to its attitude towards the European Union (EU). Though it has not joined the EU and remains outside the reach of most EU policy, many of its independent decisions - particularly regarding its relationship to European borders and migration policy management - have a uniquely European character.

The country's carefully regulated effort to allow only selected migrants to be admitted, together with its commitment to ensuring social equality for those who arrive, closely fits the model to which many other European countries (with varying degrees of success) aspire.

In addition to its wealth, Norway has many advantages as a destination country for immigrants and refugees. It has maintained a robust labor market despite recent recessions, and has demonstrated its commitment to humanitarian protection by accepting a number of refugees from the former Yugoslavia.

Its high standard of living - so high that the UN Human Development Program has named Norway the world's country with the highest standard of living for four years running - provides a distinct incentive for the country to avoid being lumped with greater Europe.

But it is no coincidence that elements of the nation's migration policies have converged with those of Europe, especially in terms of border management and asylum.

The future of Norwegian immigration will continue to be tied to Norway's level of integration with EU immigration and asylum laws. Further integration could liberalize Norwegian-EU border policies or strengthen Norway's management of migrant settlement.
A Brief History of Norwegian Migration
Norway, which received its independence from Sweden in 1905, was first known not as a destination country for immigrants, but as a population prone to emigration. Nearly 850,000 Norwegians emigrated to foreign countries between 1825 and 1945, putting Norway second only to Ireland in terms of emigrants as a percentage of the population.

By 1890, most Norwegian emigration was temporary labor migration to the United States, and as many as 150,000 may have eventually returned to Norway for permanent settlement.

Norway gained a worldwide reputation for humanitarian assistance when the Norwegian Arctic explorer and diplomat Fridtjof Nansen became the League of Nation's (now United Nations) first High Commissioner for Refugees in 1921. Nansen was also the inspiration for the Norwegian Refugee Council, established in 1946 to help refugees from World War II.

Despite its refugee work, Norway maintained a relatively homogenous, largely white Christian population until the 1970s, with most immigrants in the 1960s coming from its Nordic neighbors. These flows stemmed from a common labor market, established in the 1950s, between Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland (Iceland joined in 1982).

A common passport-control area was added in the late 1950s, allowing citizens and foreigners to travel freely between the Nordic countries. The homogeneity in the region made immigration a non-issue; net migration from 1966 to 1970 only totaled 853 persons.

In the late 1960s, a combination of a booming economy and a population shortage led Norway to accept a number of labor migrants from Morocco, Yugoslavia, Turkey, and particularly Pakistan. These guest workers, though expected to be temporary, remained in the country and were eventually followed by other migrants, including refugees and family reunification candidates.

Stories of migration mismanagement from other European countries, coupled with the threat of sudden flow increases from immigrants from developing countries, motivated the government to enact an "immigration stop" in 1975. It was the first legislation to formally restrict immigration to Norway.

This "stop," which was very similar to actions taken around Europe at the time, shifted migrant applications to other channels such as asylum and family reunification. World events also led to a greater reliance on refugee admissions.

For example, while Norway only received 223 refugees between 1960 and 1970, it received 1,680 refugees between 1978 and 1979 alone, more than 1,300 of whom were "boat people" from Vietnam.
Policy Shifts in the 1980s
The Norwegian public reaffirmed its support for curbing immigration in the 1980s. There were public protests over the growing numbers of asylum seekers, whose numbers peaked during the decade at 8,600 in 1987. Electoral support for the anti-immigration Progress Party confirmed xenophobic tendencies at this time; after receiving only 3.7 percent of the parliamentary vote in 1985, the party received 12.3 and 13.0 percent of the vote in 1987 and 1989, respectively.

While the Norwegian government also took into account the concerns of the native population, it also aimed to treat immigrants and native Norwegians equally, a founding principle of post-1970 immigration policies in Norway and anchored in the Immigration Act of 1988. The act provided permission of entry, a border and internal control mechanism, and a "sanctions system" for the cancellation of permits, rejections, and expulsions.

Accordingly, foreigners were required to have visas to enter the country; however, the law also allowed many exceptions. Those who wished to become employed in Norway required a work permit. The Immigration Act only exempted certain categories of workers who meet the requirements from the "immigration stop" legislation established in 1975.

The 1988 act also regulated the adjudication of applications, permanent expulsion, and subsequent deportation. Finally, the legislation instituted a settlement permit, given to individuals with three continuous years of residency.

Norwegian citizenship is difficult to obtain, requiring migrants to have had permanent residence in Norway for seven continuous years and a record of good conduct. Norway-born children of two foreign parents must wait until age 18 to apply for citizenship. Exemptions to these rules are made for former Norwegian nationals and individulas married to Norwegian nationals. Nordic-country nationals may, in some cases, be exempt from the requirement concerning length of residence.

At the end of the 1980s, a government effort to reduce the residency requirements failed. However, the citizenship law is currently under revision.
Norwegian Migration Patterns
Immigration to Norway, which today has a population of 4.6 million, has increased gradually since the late 1960s. Norway defines the "immigrant population" as persons having both parents born abroad, even if they themselves were born in Norway.

The stock of the foreign-born population as a percentage of the total population grew from two percent in 1970 to seven percent in 2002. As of 2001, most of the immigrant population was from Pakistan, Sweden, and Denmark, though new flows in 2004 largely came first from Sweden, then Russia, Denmark, and Poland.

In 2004, Norway accepted nearly 12,800 persons for family reunification and 33,000 for work permits. With the exception of 2000, over 10,000 individuals were accepted for family reunification in every year from 1999 to 2004.

As a result, net migration - meaning the balance between emigration and immigration flows - was negative until the mid 1960s, but has steadily increased, peaking at 44,000 annually during the 1995-2000 interval.

The age and gender trends of immigrants to Norway have not varied substantially. In four of the six years from 1996 to 2001, more female than male immigrants entered Norway.

More significantly, the largest age group of arrivals between 1996 and 2001 has been people between 20 and 35 years old, a distribution that contrasts sharply with that of the aging Norwegian population.

Finally, the employment rate for migrants (55.6 percent in 2003) remains lower than for the population at large (64.9 percent), though the difference has decreased significantly since the early 1990s.

Though more immigrants are taking part in higher education and many non-Western immigrants are more educated than their native counterparts, the participation in higher education among first-generation immigrants still lags 11.4 percent behind that of the general population.
Migration in the Nordic Context
Because Scandinavian countries have a rich history of intra-regional migration, Norwegian and greater Scandinavian migration interests are tightly linked. Among Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Iceland, Norway remains in the middle of the pack (see Figure 1).

Figure 1: Inflows of Foreign Population to Selected Scandinavian Countries, 1995-2001

(Salt 2004)

In 2001, 6,800 individuals or 20 percent of all immigrants entering Norway were from other Nordic countries.

Unsurprisingly, national-level migration policy changes within the Scandinavian region have led to tensions among the Nordic countries. For instance, substantial increases in the migration flow to one Scandinavian country, especially those resulting from economic improvements or policy liberalizations, can have "second order" migration effects on Norway.

Similarly, if one Nordic country implements a more restrictive immigration law, migrants may choose to settle in other Nordic countries. For instance, when Denmark drastically cut back its numbers of asylum seekers in 2003, both Sweden and Norway saw substantial increases in the number of migrants arriving at their borders - and sharply criticized Danish policies as a result.

However, this does not mean that restrictive Norwegian policies can necessarily prevent an increased supply of migrants. If the Nordic area becomes more desirable compared to Europe and other parts of the world, Norway might experience a substantial increase in migrant flows as a spillover effort, almost regardless of unilateral policy changes it might institute.
Norway and the EU
As migration flows to Norway and greater Europe increased in the 1970s, Norwegian opposition to membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) - now the European Union - took shape. This opposition coincided with the "immigration stop" in 1975.

Because Norway strongly emphasizes both humanitarian values and "equal treatment" for migrants within the country's borders, the anti-EU movement believed that EU membership would weaken these principles.

In 1994, after rejecting EU membership, Norway joined the European Economic Area (EEA), which allowed Norway and other countries to participate in the internal market without taking on the full responsibility of EU membership.

After Sweden and Finland joined the EU in 1995, Norway subscribed to the Schengen Agreement to maintain the Nordic Passport Union. The Schengen Agreement, which includes all EU members except for the UK and Ireland, facilitates the free movement of persons by abolishing checks at common borders of EU Member States.

The agreement entitles Norway to take part in Schengen-related policy discussions as they evolve.

Since April 1, 2002, Norway has also implemented the Dublin Convention, which helps to determine which European state is responsible for determining an asylum claim. Norway also adopted rules of the so-called Dublin II regulation on September 1, 2003. As a result, Norway has introduced the new Europe-wide electronic systems for case processing, including a new computer system (DUF), the DubliNET inter-country information transfer system, and the Eurodac fingerprinting collection system.

Thus, while Norway continues its unique political position as a non-EU Member State, its immigration and asylum control policies are becoming increasingly aligned with those of the EU.
Characterizing Norway's Migration and Integration Policies
Norway's modern migration policy is based on the idea that the welfare state, the thread that ties Norwegian society together, has limited resources. Hence, two basic principles have remained consistent throughout Norway's development into an immigrant-receiving country: 1) immigration must be limited; and 2) all immigrants who are admitted to Norway should have equal legal and practical opportunities in society.

This latter point deserves additional description, as the concept of integration has changed over the past three decades. Every White Paper since the 1970s has emphasized a respect for immigrants and their language and culture. However, over time the government has emphasized more strongly immigrants' duty to participate and learn the Norwegian language.

In the White Paper presented in 1980, Norwegian integration is focused not on assimilation, but on both adaptation to the Norwegian culture and protecting immigrants from the forces of assimilation. Another White Paper from 1988 emphasized "respect for immigrants' language and culture."

By the White Paper of 1996-1997, the concept of integration included the obligation to participate, partly to achieve a successful multicultural society, and partly to improve the success of the welfare state. In practice, this includes measures specifically aimed at immigrants, including language training, labor market integration, and initiatives to prevent racism and xenophobia.

The two major underpinnings of Norwegian migration policy - restrictive admissions and equal treatment - have been present throughout the development of Norway into a significant reception country for migrants and asylum seekers. The result is a policy based on values that balance entrance controls with generous integration and social services for immigrant populations.
Recent Norwegian Migration Policies
Since the Immigration Act of 1988, a number of policy decisions have substantially changed the structure and enforcement of Norwegian migration policy, particularly with regard to immigrant integration. A few of the major policy changes include:

The Aliens Decree of December 21, 1990, which slightly liberalized the provisions for obtaining asylum and work permits;

A 1997 law creating the principal model for integration in Norway, focusing primarily on job and language training programs;

Changes to regulations in order to ease the difficulties in obtaining work permits. These provisions permitted applicants with "skills" (as opposed to "higher-level skills") to receive a job-based work permit, and facilitated entry for other skilled and specialist workers to search for jobs within Norway;

The 2003 Introduction Act, which requires the active participation in integration programs for targeted refugees between the ages of 18 and 55 by settlement municipalities;

The establishment of transitional rules for the countries of the European Union that acceded in May 2004; and

The expected revisions of the definition of refugees for the Immigration Act, as a result of the work of the legal committee which proposed additional revisions to the act in October 2004.

In addition to changes in national policies, Norway also became more integrated into the European community in the past decade, a fact that has had substantial impact on Norwegian migration policy.
Labor Migration
Work permits, which include seasonal workers, specialists (skilled workers), au pairs and trainees, increased by approximately 10,000 between 1999 and 2003, reaching a peak of 33,000 in 2004.

Yet, the number of specialist and seasonal work permits dropped significantly in 2004. This decrease can largely be attributed to the fact that many of the nationals who used to receive specialist and seasonal work permits were from the 10 new EU countries, which joined in May 2004.

Indeed, in 2004, 74 percent of all Norwegian work permits were given to nationals of new EU countries. The work permits they received after May 1, which the Norwegian government labels EEA permits, are not distinguished as "seasonal" or "specialist" permits.

The reason that citizens of eight of the new EU countries-Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Hungary - must obtain EEA permits is because they are subject to transitional labor-migration rules that require them to hold both residence and work permits to work in Norway. They are allowed to search for work for up to six months without a permit.

These rules, similar to ones in EU countries like the Netherlands, are in effect until 2006, when they will be reevaluated; only Cyprus and Malta, two of the new EU members, are exempt. The citizens of the remaining EU countries, as well as Switzerland, Iceland, and Lichtenstein, continue to be able to freely work and live in Norway.

Before EU enlargement, seasonal work permits reached a high of 17,900 in 2003 (these permits composed 70 percent of all Norwegian work permits). The vast majority of seasonal workers were from Poland and Lithuania, and mainly worked in agriculture. Because these countries joined the EU in 2004, the number of seasonal permits decreased 73 percent in 2004 to 4,854.

Specialist permits are reserved for skilled workers and allow for permanent residence after three years. In 2004, nearly 25 percent of the 747 specialist permits went to workers from the U.S. and Poland.

Almost 400 fewer specialist permits were granted in 2004 than in 2003, but the decrease occurred mainly because Norway accepted 250 fewer applications from Poland than in the previous year. Presumably, skilled Polish workers applied for EEA permits instead of specialist permits.

Over 20,500 EEA permits were issued between May 1 and December 31, 2004, which accounts for over 60 percent of all work permits in 2004. It is not known what sort of work these individuals performed; however, it is suspected that the majority performed seasonal work, as 75 percent of the permits were granted for a period of six months or less.

Norway recognizes its aging population will affect the size of its labor force. It will most likely need immigrants to replace workers in occupations currently held by older workers, and to maintain the workforce density in key, fast-growing low-skilled occupations - particularly if jobs opportunities in those fields continue to expand.

The country may yet need to adjust its labor migration policies to counter these trends, but since the majority of workers come to Norway from the new EU countries, the end of the transitional work period for these nationals could provide sufficient replacement labor.
Refugees and Asylum Seekers
In 2003, Norway resettled 1,630 refugees that had been accepted through a resettlement agreement with UNHCR. Among the 16 countries worldwide that have such agreements with UNHCR, Norway received the fourth greatest number of refugees in 2002.

Because of the number of asylum applicants, the government reduced its quota for resettlement candidates to 750 (including 50 alternative slots) in 2004. Liberia and Myanmar were the largest source countries for resettlement refugees in 2004.

While asylum applications in Norway increased steadily from 1997 to 2002 after hitting a low of 1,500 persons in 1995, that trend appears to have reversed itself. In 2002, about 17,500 people applied for asylum in Norway, but only 7,950 applicants were received through the end of 2004. The top three sending countries in 2004 were Afghanistan, Somalia, and the Russian Federation, with Serbia and Montenegro a close fourth.

As applications have decreased, though, Norway has granted a higher percentage of applicants asylum. In 2003, Norway set a record by offering nearly 600 applicants asylum out of 15,600 applications, an acceptance rate of just under four percent. This record occurred despite the fact that nearly 40 percent of applications were entered into the "differentiated processing procedure," introduced in 2001, to decide groundless cases of asylum.

These are cases (primarily from Eastern Europe and the Russian Federation) where the applicants are assumed to have no need for protection because the countries of origin are generally "safe." Beginning January 1, 2004, a case processing time of 48 hours was introduced for groundless cases.

In 2004, only about 460 persons were granted asylum. However, nearly 40 percent of cases examined were granted some form of protection (asylum or otherwise), as opposed to 29 percent in 2003.
Undocumented Migration
Historically, undocumented migrants have not been a concern for Norway. The country's geographic location is one reason, but the structure of its labor market has made it difficult for the undocumented to get jobs or benefit from the health and education systems without a national ID number. However, undocumented migrants have become a larger problem in the past decade, in part due to the opening of borders as a result of the Schengen accord.

Though little data is available on undocumented migrants in Norway, many undocumented migrants in Norway today are rejected asylum seekers who have yet to leave the country. In January and February of 2004, 233 illegal immigrants were stopped in Norway, as opposed to 109 interventions in the same period in 2003.

Smugglers or criminal networks may be involved in the transfer of as many as 80 percent of asylum seekers, and Norway has also become a transit country for migrants aiming to reach the United Kingdom or the United States.
Looking Ahead
Compared to many of its European neighbors, Norway is better equipped to handle contemporary migration flows. Its immigration system is more comprehensive, and it has maintained a well-established refugee resettlement program. The government has exhibited a strong commitment to and has in place a thorough strategy for promoting immigrant integration, and there are simple, if limited, procedures for admitting economic immigrants.

The country also reaps the management benefits of cooperation on migration with the EU through Schengen, although it has limited ability to influence EU policy development on the issue.

However, to simultaneously maintain the high standard of living in Norway and the measures of equality so important to the country, Norway will need to take into account a number of trends. These include:

The competition for both highly skilled migrants and those who are willing to perform undesirable work. Norway is already a player in this game to recruit the most desirable migrants, through both its seasonal and specialist work permits. However, as other European nations make their own work programs more lucrative, and as the standard of living rises in the new EU countries (a traditional source of labor for Norway), Norway may need to adjust its policies.

The growth of illegal immigration and trafficking. Norway is now a destination for a small but growing number of women trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation, and also serves as a transit space for illegal migrants across borders. As opportunities for migration to Europe through legal mechanisms become scarcer, trafficking and illegal immigration are likely to increase in years to come.

The shift in populations of humanitarian concern. Norway already has a robust system for protection and residence on humanitarian grounds. However, it may not be prepared for the potential influx of persons from unsustainable environmental systems and man-made disasters. These flight motives are quite distinct from the persecution and other humanitarian causes for displacement of persons in need of refugee protection in the traditional sense.

The parallel influence of the European Union. Norway's relationship to the EU can head in three possible directions: convergence, divergence, or maintainence of the status quo. Although the divergent scenario seems rather unlikely, maintaining the status quo may eventually cause Norway to diverge in an ad-hoc way as the EU becomes more unified and gains longevity. On the other hand, convergence may lead to greater labor market and border policy integration. No matter which way the country leans, Norway will need to be mindful of the migration consequences of each option, and construct policies that allow it to maintain a good working relationship with the EU while managing migration to its own advantage.

Sources
Brochmann, Grete. 1999. "Redrawing Lines of Control: The Norwegian Welfare State Dilemma." In: Mechanisms of Immigration Control: A Comparative Analysis of European Regulation Policies. New York: Berg. pp. 203-232.

Brochmann, Grete, and Lavenex, Sandra. 2002. "Neither In nor Out: The Impact of EU Asylum and Immigration Policies on Norway and Switzerland." In: Sandra Lavenex and Emek M. Ucarer, eds., Migration and the Externalities of European Integration. New York: Lexington Books. pp. 55-74.

Hagelund, Anniken. 2002. "Problematising Culture: Discourses on Integration in Norway." Journal of International Migration and Integration. 3 (3-4):401-416.

Landsverk, Camilla. 2003. SOPEMI Norway 2003: Trends of Migration To and From Norway and the Situation of Immigrants In Norway. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Available online.

Norwegian Directorate of Immigration (UDI) 2003a. Annual Report 2003. Oslo: UDI.

Norwegian Directorate of Immigration (UDI) 2003b. Facts and Figures 2003. Oslo: UDI.

Salt, John (2002). Current Trends In International Migration In Europe. Council of Europe CDMG (2002) 26. Available online.

Statistics Norway. 2003. Immigration and Immigrants 2003. Oslo: Statistics Norway. Available online.

Statistics Norway. 2004. "New population projections for 2002-2050." Statistics NorwayStatBank. Olso: Statistics Norway. Available online.

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Since the 1970s, Norway has become home to thousands of non-European immigrants and refugees. MPI's Betsy Cooper takes a detailed look at how the country seeks to control migration while keeping the door open to labor from an expanding Europe.

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WHO is migrating here?
Iran is currently seeing a growth rate of about 1.34% in 2021. The population is seeing a large growth rate as people are migrating from Afghanistan and Iraq.

What are the demographics of people migrating?
Although described as diverse, the government does not collect ethnicity information through its census. They have seen a large influx of Afghani and Iraqi populations migrating for security reasons and the largest ethnic groups are Persians (61%) and Azerbaijanis (16%).

What are some pull factors?
some main pull factors for the larger migrating populations like from those coming in from Afghanistan and Iraq are Iran's higher wages, relative economic and social stability, and comprehensive social system.

What are some push factors?
political/religious situations and conflicts.

Sources:
https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/iran-population
https://sitreport.unescapsdd.org/iran

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The majority of individuals migrating to Saudi Arabia are in search of some type of work, and more specifically work that doesn't require any certifications or degrees. Most of the migrants come from India, Indonesia, Egypt, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The demographics of the people migrating seems to be around the age range of 15-59, and it's a variety of men, women, and children. Migrants of Saudi Arabia currently represent about 38% of the entire population which was reported to be more than 33 million back in 2018. According to the Migration Data Portal, there were 13.5 million international migrants during mid-year 2020.

Pull factors: Various economic opportunities, diversity of culture, and it's cost of living is cheap and sustainable (Ex: California is a lot more expensive in comparison)

Push factors: human trafficking (mostly in women and children), the ratification of Human Rights, and lack of educational resources

Sources:
https://migrationdataportal.org/data?i=stock_abs_&t=2020&cm49=682

https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/top-sending-countries-immigrants-australia-canada-and-united-states

https://blogs.worldbank.org/peoplemove/saudi-arabia-announces-major-reforms-its-migrant-workers

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This area of San Diego is known as City Heights. It is so diverse and is often called a "melting pot" of different ethnicities and demographics of people. Those migrating to this area are predominantly hispanic and have a demographic of all ages from young to elderly. A major pull factor is the idea of obtaining better opportunities to obtain education, jobs, and support. The push derives from a lack of support within certain governments they originate from.

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Who is migrating here?
A vast majority of those migrating to Italy are from Tunisia and  Libya. More than 183,000 people migrated to Italy during its peak migration in 2016-2017
What are the demographics?
The demographics of individuals migrating to Italy are mostly female comprising of 53.6%.
What are some pull factors?
Italy takes care of immigrant arrivals, its location is the primary route into Europe, increasing prosperity, immigrant employment opportunity.
What are some push factors?
The main reason for emigration is lack of opportunity and employment. The economy is not growing, there is a disconnect between young adults finishing their education and being able to gain work experience after. This disconnect accounts for large amount of youth emigrating.

https://migrationdataportal.org/data?cm49=380&focus=profile&i=stock_abs_&t=2020

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38148110

https://www.cnn.com/2015/04/15/europe/why-migrants-are-dying-to-reach-italy/index.html

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-migrants-minister/number-of-migrants-landing-in-italy-more-than-doubles-in-past-year-idUSKCN25B0SO

https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/19852/italy-has-third-largest-migrant-population-in-europe-report

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00806719#:~:text=Five%20main%20causes%20are%20suggested,the%20demographic%20collapse%20in%20Italy.

https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/environment-current-issues

https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2020/02/18/807025154/ciao-italia-why-italys-youth-are-leaving-in-droves

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The Portal aims to serve as a single access point to timely, comprehensive migration statistics and reliable information about migration data globally. The site is designed for policy makers, national statistics officers, journalists and the general publi

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There are many people around the world migrate to United States. The origin of immigrants are from Asian, Europe, Africa, Southern America, and Mexico. In 2019, there are 44.9 million of immigrants living in United States. Depending on the background, most of the immigrants leave their country due to civil war, prosecution, poverty, political agenda, freedom and education and economic opportunity. The push factors includes prosecution, lack of security, lack of economic opportunity, freedom of religion, and political reasons.. The pull factors includes social and economic opportunity, freedom to practice their own religions, free from prosecution and better future.

https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states-2020

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Statistics show that people from China and Korea have migrated the most to Japan between 1970 and 2015. Most of the Chinese people that come to Japan are likely to go into training programs so that they can work and study in universities because of their need for international students. Most Koreans who go to Japan are either there for school or are working in factories or restaurants. The number of total immigrants to Japan was 2.04 million in 2015. Of those immigrants, 700,000 are Chinese and another 700,000 are Korean. Push Factors: High cost of living, high chance of natural disasters and little to no work-life balance. Pull Factors: Extensive and efficient transportation methods, top healthcare systems, high quality education, and job opportunities.

https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/JPN/japan/immigration-statistics

https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/asia/japanese-political-geography/koreans-japan#:~:text=At%20present%2C%20there%20are%20700%2C000%20%EE%80%80Koreans%20in%20Japan%EE%80%81%2C,%EE%80%80Korea%EE%80%81%20is%20very%20ancient.%20In%20the%20seventh

https://www.internations.org/go/moving-to-japan/living#:~:text=1%20Convenience.%20Like%20many%20Asian%20countries%2C%20Japan%20is,one%20of%20the%20best%20in%20the%20world.%20

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Since 1945, over 7.5 million people have migrated to Australia (as of 2015). Most of the people migrating to Australia are either refugees or part of the skilled/family programs. Migrants come mainly from the UK, China, New Zealand, and India. Pull factors include stable government, jobs, education, healthcare, etc. Push factors include war, poverty, famine, and unemployment.

Sources: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1617/Quick_Guides/MigrationStatistics
-Leza Nissan

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Who is migrating here?
According to data released by the Turkish Statistical Institute, 577,457 people immigrated to Turkey in 2018, a 23.8 percent rise over the previous year (TurkStat). There were 466,890 foreign nationals among them. Males made up 52.7 percent of the total, while females made up 47.3 percent.

What are the demographics of the people migrating?
Iraqis ranked first among foreign immigrants, accounting for 23.6 percent, followed by Afghans and Syrians, who accounted for 9.6 percent and 8.4 percent, respectively.

Pull Factors:
Economic Growth & Opportunities, Dual Citizenship, Work Permits

Push Factors:
Financial instability, Weak Stock Market, High Un-employment rate, Low Levels of Education

https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/turkeys-evolving-migration-identity

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WHO is migrating here?

About one in every four migrants in Australia was from the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom, New Zealand, China, Italy, and Vietnam - accounted for 45.1 percent of all of the foreign born in Australia

What are the demographics of the people migrating?

There were over 7.6 million migrants living in Australia. 29.8% of Australia's population were born overseas. Australia's population increased by 194,400 people due to net overseas migration.

Based of june 202

What are some pull factors?

Some pull factors are education and universal public health care.

What are some push factors?

Politics and climate

Referances

https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/top-sending-countries-immigrants-australia-canada-and-united-states

https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/migration-australia/latest-release#key-statistics

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Since the first European settlers in the 16th century, Canada has been a place of immigrants, a trend that continues to this day.
Canada receives about 300,000 new immigrants a year. As of 2019, nearly 8 million immigrants with permanent residency status were living in Canada, accounting for about 21.5 percent of the country's population.
Canada has a more diverse immigrant population,
Chinese (7.1%), British (5.4%), east India (5.4%), France (5.0%), Italy (3.4%), the Philippines (3.2%), %), Germany (2.8%), indigenous (north American indians) (2.6%), Scotland (2.3%) and Irish (2.3%). People from different countries immigrate to Canada because of the perceived high quality of life in Canada, one of the safest countries in the world, and ample education and health care opportunities provided by the government. Most emigrated from their own countries to Canada because of famine, war, disease, unemployment, overpopulation or drought

Source：
Janzen, J (2017). A Question of Immigration. Published in Canada History.  From https://www.canadashistory.ca/education/lesson-plans/a-question-of-immigration#:~:text=The%20migration%20of%20peoples%20to%20Canada%20occurred%20for,technology%2C%20job%20opportunity%2C%20or%20better%20education%20and%20life-style.

Niyaal (2016). 10 Reasons to Immigrate to Canada. From https://canadianvisa.org/blog/immigration/10-reasons-to-immigrate-to-canada

Statista Research Department (2020). Immigration in Canada: Statistics & facts. From https://www.statista.com/topics/2917/immigration-in-canada/

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The largest number of migrants in South Africa are from Zimbabwe (1-5 million) followed by the Democratic Republic of the Congo (447,000). The primary drivers for the migration are unemployment, political persecution and economic hardship. In the DRC years of war and political upheaval have left the country in shambles economically. Zimbabwean majority is African and 80% of the DRC is Bantu. Due to it's strong economic position in the continent, Southern African experiences a high volume of migration due to work opportunities in the mining, manufacturing and agricultural industries.

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Argentina: Daniel Alameda

There is little debate that from 1980 to 1914, Argentina was becoming the new home to a wide variety of European cultures. In the 19th Century, Argentina encouraged European immigration as a means to promote progress! Thus, Argentina attracted a wide range of Europeans that has heavily influenced their respective culture. In addition, post world war 2, many Germans fled to Argentina to evade persecution following the acts of war crimes. Lastly, another influence that can provide significant immigration data results from Venezuela seeking refuge, as well as sex trafficking. In 1990, there were approximately 160,000 immigrants in Argentina. However, in 2020, there was just about 20,000 immigrants. The demographic for individuals that migrated to Argentina is just about the same for men and women.
Pull Factors: Climate changes, Economic Opportunity, Refuge, Personal freedom, less pollution, Government stability
Push: Lack of economic growth opportunities, Climate is completely different, war, poverty

Sources:
https://migrationdataportal.org/data?t=2013&cm49=32&i=flows_abs_immig1

https://scholarlycommons.obu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1025&context=honors_theses

https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/demographics_profile.html

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Data shows that as of mid-year 2020 the number of international migrants going to the UK was 9.4 million which is 13.8% of the international migrant stock. The main source of people arriving is Eastern Europe, specifically Poland, however China is also becoming a larger source of migrants. Pull factors are that the UK offers four times higher income than what Poland offers. In addition, job opportunities in construction, leisure and farming. Push factors are the rising tensions between migrant population and natives, the increase in housing prices, and stressed services like hospitals.
Sources: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/ztvtdmn/revision/3
https://migrationdataportal.org/data?i=flows_abs_immig1&t=2013&cm49=826

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Since the 1940's till even today, millions of Palestinians are migrating out of the West Bank, and Gaza due to the force of Israel. There is a recorded 2 million refugees in camps throughout Jordan (Palestinians are also migrating to other countries such as Syria and Lebanon).
The demographics of the people migrating are in "abject poverty and live in precarious legal status" (1). These people have been uprooted from their family homes and life savings and forced to move. There are 370,000 Palestine refugees in UNWRA (united nation relief and works agency {for Palestine} ) (1).
The push factors are far more powerful than the pull factors. Israel has an authoritarian leadership and is extremely hostile to non Israeli citizens. The Government has authorized lethal raids and attacks, from a highly militarized army, to uproot Palestinians from ancestral homes to return the home to Jewish citizens. Palestinians in Gaza are now experiencing terror attacks by  Israel whom are doing it to "confront terrorism". Racism,  xenophobia, and the state culture are very oppressive towards Arabic peoples.
The pull factors include that Jordan, above other countries, is genuinely welcoming to Palestinian refugees and offer them assistance. Assistance like gaining full rights to citizenship and aid in relocation (also done via UNWRA).
(1) “Jordan.” UNRWA, www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan.

(2) “Palestine Refugees: Locations and Numbers.” The New Humanitarian, 17 Jan. 2018, www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/89571/middle-east-palestinian-refugee-numberswhereabouts.

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WHO is migrating here?

Greece saw an influx of migrants during the 1980's, when it became a transit country for many Eastern Europeans (following the collapse of communist regimes), Middle Easterners and Africans.

What are the demographics of the people migrating?
The largest migrant population comes from Albania - 63.7%.

What are some pull factors?
Financial aid: Although an immigrant could be making six times as much as they would in their home country, Greece is still a very poor country in the middle of an economic crisis.
Geographic location: Greece is seen as a stepping stone as it is a gateway to many Western European countries.
What are some push factors?
Poverty, armed conflicts and political situations.

https://www.iom.int/countries/greece

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The total number of international migrants at mid year of 2020 was 2 million people. Of those 20 million people, 49.7% were female migrants. Demographics show that  large group of immigrants were swedes that left their home country for Nordic countries such as Denmark and Norway for at least 12 months. However, in 2020, the biggest group of migrants came from Asia with nearly a million people.
Push: People are migrating to Sweden due to social, political and economic pushes such as racism, sexism, poverty and oppression along with the fact that people are seeking more freedom and rights that they currently do not have in their home country i.e., Asia.
Pull: People are migrating to Sweden because is an country that has a robust economy therefore providing more jobs. Sweden also has low poverty rates and is politically stable
https://migrationdataportal.org/data?https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/overseas-business-risk-sweden/overseas-business-risk-sweden

i=stock_abs_&t=2020&cm49=752
https://www.statista.com/statistics/523293/immigration-to-sweden/

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Mexico is the top origin country of the US immigrant population. In 2018, roughly 11.2 million immigrants living in the U.S. were from there, accounting for 25% of all U.S. immigrants. Another solid portion of the immigrants come from the Asia, many people from China, Philippines, and India all seek the opportunities that the United States offer. Most of the people migrating are working class citizens who seek out different liberties and opportunities offered in the U.S.. Some of the pull factors include, freedom of religion, economic opportunity, employment, and education. Some of the push factors include,  oppression, poverty, and corrupt governments.

http://www.thegramblinite.com/news/view.php/394244/Why-do-immigrants-come-to-United-States-
https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3297

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YouTube Space NY, 9th Avenue, New York, NY, USA

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YouTube Space NY, 9th Avenue, New York, NY, USA

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YouTube Space NY, 9th Avenue, New York, NY, USA

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Since the early sixteenth century with the arrival of the Spanish, Mexico has received immigrants from Europe, Africa, The United States, Central America, Middle East, and from Asia. However, in the 20th century Mexico became a country of refuge where it accepted individuals who were fleeing World War II in Europe, Spanish Civil War, and the Guatemalan Civil War. According to the 2020 National Census there is about 1,212,252 foreign- born people living in Mexico which makes up 70% of foreigners living in Mexico.
Demographics: Most foreigners in Mexico come from the United States or other Hispanophone countries with smaller numbers from people who come from Europe, East Asia, etc.  The numbers keep rising due to the country's economy in which it makes up 1% of the population having an equal amount of woman and Man immigrants.
Push Factors: violence, economic troubles, persecutions, and war.
Pull Factors: cheaper land, lower cost of living, chance of freedom, job opportunities, safety from their countries government. (Alondra Sandoval Ochoa)

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(Madeleine Peake)
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) had a whopping 13.5 million migrants by mid-2020. Most of these migrants come from India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, pushed out of their countries by unemployment, poor development, overcrowding, religious intolerances, and conflict. Individuals come to the UAE seeking employment opportunities, though it should be noted that oftentimes these individuals are given jobs undesired by the rest of the population. They are also drawn in by the low violent crime rate, as well as religious freedoms.

Most migrants are males (~70%, compared to the ~30% of migrant females). This is likely because of the kind of work that is offered in the UAE. And most migrants are of working age, over 19 years old and below 65. (19.1% of migrants are under 19, 1% 65 and older).

Sources:
Global Migration Data Portal. Migration data portal. (n.d.). https://migrationdataportal.org/.

Hossain, N., Shah, N., Shah, T., & Lateef, S. B. (2016). Physicians' Migration: Perceptions of Pakistani Medical Students. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, 26(8), 696–701.

Service, T. N. (n.d.). More Indians seeking to migrate to Canada due to ''push factors'': Report. Tribuneindia News Service. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/diaspora/more-indians-seeking-to-migrate-to-canada-due-to-push-factors--report-710992.

Wikimedia Foundation. (2021, June 3). Migrant workers in the United Arab Emirates. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates.

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WHO is migrating here?

The people who migrate here are primary people from India. Then it is China, Philippines, Nigeria, and Pakistan. This is to name the top 5.

What are the demographics of the people migrating?

In 2019, Canada estimated about 341,180 residents and in this number 58% were immigrants. 27% were family class and 15% were resettled refugees. Again, people from India are the main ones who migrate here.

What are some pull factors?

Some of the pull factors for Canada are more job opportunities, better life, political and religious freedom, education, better medical care, and security.

What are some push factors?

Some of the push factors for Canada more so back than were famine, war, disease, joblessness, over population and droughts.
-Katheryn Ferman
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20Canada%20admitted%20341%2C180,the%20humanitarian%20and%20other%20category.
https://dreamlandimmigration.com/en/what-are-the-pull-factors-in-canada/
https://www.canadashistory.ca/education/lesson-plans/a-question-of-immigration#:~:text=The%20migration%20of%20peoples%20to,better%20education%20and%20life%2Dstyle.

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Indian, Bangladeshi, Nepali, Sri Lankan, and Pakistani workers make up 90 percent of the workforce. Population growth in the United Arab Emirates is among the highest in world, mostly due to immigration

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As of 2015, the international migrant stock in France is 12.1%, which is 7,784,418 people. They have a migrant acceptance of 74.3%. Most of the people who migrate to France are neighboring countries such as Algeria (13%), Morrocco (11.9%), Portugal (9.2%), Tunisia (4.4%), Italy (4.3%), Turkey (3.8%), and Spain (3.7%). These neigboring countries account for more than half of the total migrant population. Pull factors include religious freedom, increased job opportunities, better economic conditions, good healthcare, and enhanced living. Push factors include lack of jobs and unfavorable living conditions. After WWII, a major push factor for migrants to move to France was to escape post-war effects.

https://migrationdataportal.org/data?i=refug_host&t=2019&cm49=250

https://www.britannica.com/place/France/Immigration

https://www.ined.fr/en/everything_about_population/demographic-facts-sheets/faq/how-many-immigrants-france/

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Israel has an estimated population of 8.7 million and rate of migration is about 2.05 migrants /1000 population. Israel has a remarkably open immigration system for anyone who can prove Jewish ethnicity. But as this country profile explores, migration is extremely difficult for non-Jews, including asylum seekers. Approximately 22,900 Israeli settlers live in the Golan Heights (2018); approximately 215,900 Israeli settlers live in East Jerusalem (2017) The ethnic groups present are European, American or Oceanian, some are African, Asian or Arab-born. As of 2020

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Data shows that around 1 in 4 immigrants in Australia has come from the United Kingdom. They accounted for 22.2% of the foreign population in 2006. According to BBC.com, those from the United Kingdom are attracted to the “outdoor lifestyle, sunshine and sense of space.”. It may also be due to the cost of living being higher in places such as London in comparison to Sydney.

Pull: Great education, universal public health insurance, livable cities

Push: Climate, politics, racism,

Sources:
https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/top-sending-countries-immigrants-australia-canada-and-united-states

https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-15799571

https://www.birdgehls.com/downsides-living-australia/

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by Gener Banal
A lot of Soviet Union countries are moving to Russia as local Russians are moving away from Russia. Most neighboring countries like Kazakhstan are migrating to Russia for better opportunities. Since they would make more for the job they are doing at their home country is a big factor for the move. Besides labor, Russia has also welcomed refugees that seek safe haven from their countries like Afghanistan, Ethopia, and Somalia to name a few.
https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russia-the-worlds-second-largest-immigration-haven-11053

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Texas:
Migrants to Texas are mostly from other countries, with some arriving from other U.S. states. This means that the migrants are those living within the U.S. in another state but decide to move to Texas. The majority of international migrants are from Asian countries while for domestic migrants, it is mostly from California, New York, Illinois, Florida, and Louisiana.
“Around 45% of international migrants came from Asia in 2016” (texastribune, Maria). The other migrants within the U.S. are Americans with varying races of white, African Americans, Asians, and other races.
Pull factors: better cost of living, more jobs and economic opportunities, business-friendly tax and regulatory structure
Push factors: not a fast growing economy, lack of quality of life, lack of goods or services available, climate differences
Sources:
https://www.texastribune.org/2019/05/08/texas-keeps-growing-where-are-newest-transplants-coming/
https://comptroller.texas.gov/economy/fiscal-notes/2017/october/migration.php
https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/demographics/TX
https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/immigrants-in-texas
https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/04/21/texas-immigrant-population-now-rivals-new-yorks-in-size/

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The trend shows that there was a large increase in migration rates into Brazil in between 1975 and 1990. A large number of people from Korea, China, and other East Asian Countries would settle down in Brazil increasing the Asian-descent population in Brazil as well. Brazil also has a huge number of Muslim, Christian, and Jewish immigrants from the Middle East. Lastly another large group of people that migrated to Brazil includes people from other South American countries such as Bolivia, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru.  A large number of Japanese people immigrated to Brazil in the 1980s as they obtained work visas and were working automotive and electronic factories that had shortages. Breaking down the demographics, the largest immigrant population in Brazil are people from Portugal followed by Japan, Italy, and Paraguay. The population of woman immigrating to Brazil is higher than that of the men,

Push Factors: Droughts, Poor Standards of Living, Economic Crisis of 1980s effects that have continued.

Pull Factors: Settlers are attracted by the cheap land, lower cost of living, ethnic diversity, Iron and HEP industry, Chance of better education

Sources:
https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/migration-brazil-making-multicultural-society

http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/gcse/popndevel.html

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-Total number of int'l migrants 2020:  520.7 K (migration data portal).
People are migrating from neighboring countries in Central America such as Nicaragua, Panama, and El Salvador, and from South America trying to make their way up to the U.S., also ex-pats from the U.S. migrate to Costa Rica. In 2020 the highest migrant population was Venezuelan with 297 K migrants, and the foreign-borne share of the population in Costa Rica was 8% (migrationportal.org). A PUSH factor of these migrants from central America are that they are trying to escape violence in their countries. A PULL factor for ex-pats to migrate to Costa Rica is the beautiful weather and scenery, accessible and affordable healthcare, liveliness, and it is relatively safe. I have traveled there twice and hope to live there one day!!!

SOURCES:

https://www.migrationportal.org/country/costa-rica/

https://migrationdataportal.org/data?cm49=188&focus=profile&i=stock_abs_&t=2020

https://alittleadrift.com/cost-of-living/costa-rica/