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Universidad Nacional del Comahue

Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales

Idioma Requisito Inglés I

Teachers: Cecilia Sorbellini and Erika Chrobak

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News article #1 'Apathy is no longer a choice': Will the George Floyd protest energize young voters?

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News article #1 'Apathy is no longer a choice': Will the George Floyd protest energize young voters?

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Summary in English
While Donald Trump’s autocratic response to the demonstrations has shocked young people into action in the US and beyond, advocates believe the movement against police brutality has energized youth voters to think beyond the presidential election, which could have a real impact on state and local elections, where decisions about policing and criminal justice are made.

Elmikashfi, who has been part of protests in Madison, Wisconsin’s capital city, said the brutal death of Floyd has “brought a lot of attention on down-ballot races”, but she isn’t sure whether that enthusiasm will carry over to the presidential election, where Joe Biden, the Democratic candidate, has faced criticism for his responses to the demonstrations.

Biden’s reaction to Floyd’s death, and the ensuing surge in protests nationwide, has included him musing that police officers could shoot suspects in the leg, “instead of in the heart”, a suggestion that seemed to overlook the issue of people of color being apprehended at far higher rates than white people.

Withers, who lives in Brooklyn, predicted that despite renewed enthusiasm, the turnout in 2020 would remain relatively low among people of color – due to efforts in states around the US to make it more difficult for black people, and other minority groups, from voting.

Since the Voting Rights Act was weakened in 2013, many states have brought in laws making it more difficult to vote, from purging people from electoral rolls if they have not voted in a given amount of time, to preventing efforts to register voters, to requiring government-issued photo ID to vote – something people of color and low-income Americans are less likely to have.

Summary in Spanish
Mientras la respuesta autocrática de Donald Trump hacia las manifestaciones ha movilizado a los jóvenes a la acción en los Estados Unidos y más allá, los defensores creen que el movimiento contra la brutalidad policial ha energizado a los votantes jóvenes a pensar más allá de la elección presidencial, lo que podría tener un impacto real en las elecciones estatales y locales, donde las decisiones acerca de la vigilancia y justicia criminal son llevadas a cabo.

Elmikashfi, quien ha sido parte de las protestas en Madison, capital de Wisconsin, dijo que la brutal muerte de Floyd ha “dirigido la atención hacia las elecciones”, pero ella no está segura acerca si ese entusiasmo se trasladará a las elecciones presidenciales, donde Joe Biden, el candidato demócrata, ha enfrentado críticas por sus respuestas a las manifestaciones.

La reacción de Biden a la muerte de Floyd, y el incremento posterior en protestas alrededor de la nación, lo ha incluido reflexionando que los policías podrían disparar a los sospechosos en la pierna, “en lugar de en su corazón”, una sugerencia que parece pasar por alto la problemática de la gente de color que es detenida en tasas mucho más altas que la gente blanca.

Withers, que vive en Brooklyn, predijo que a pesar del renovado entusiasmo, la participación en 2020 podría permanecer relativamente baja entre la gente de color, debido a los esfuerzos alrededor de los Estados Unidos para hacerlo más difícil para las personas negras, y otros grupos minoritarios.

Desde que la Ley de Derechos Electorales fue debilitada en 2013, muchos estados han promulgado leyes que dificultan la votación, desde expulsar personas de las listas de votación si ellos no han votado en una cantidad de tiempo dado, hasta previniendo los esfuerzos para registrar votos, o exigir una identificación con foto emitida por el gobierno, algo que las personas de color y los estadounidenses de bajos ingresos tienen menos probabilidades de tener.

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With the US presidential election looming, equal rights groups and others on the left say the protests sparked by George Floyd's death can translate into a surge in young people voting in November.

While Donald Trump's autocratic response to the demonstrations has shocked young people into action in the US and beyond, advocates believe the movement against police brutality has energized youth voters to think beyond the presidential election, which could have a real impact on state and local elections, where decisions about policing and criminal justice are made.

Around the country, people running for local office say they are already seeing a spike in enthusiasm among 18- to 29-year-olds, who historically vote in smaller numbers than their elders.

"I have so many young kids reaching out to our campaign, saying: 'How do we volunteer, can I intern to learn more, I'd really like to run for office," said Nada Elmikashfi, a 24-year-old candidate for state senate in Wisconsin.

"I think whatever political apathy afflicted our generation, it isn't a choice any more."

Elmikashfi, who has been part of protests in Madison, Wisconsin's capital city, said the brutal death of Floyd has "brought a lot of attention on down-ballot races", but she isn't sure whether that enthusiasm will carry over to the presidential election, where Joe Biden, the Democratic candidate, has faced criticism for his responses to the demonstrations.

"From conversations that I've been having with people my own age, and whether this is right and wrong, it's this idea that the Democrats are putting Trump as 'This is the sole reason you should vote for us'," Elmikashfi said.

"I think constituencies across the country are put in a tight spot, where you have a fascist president who is incredibly destructive to America, but then you also have Democratic party leadership that isn't very progressive, that doesn't uplift the working class, but that feels entitled to your vote.

"Young kids understand Trump is more damaging, the question is: is it really gonna change under Biden."

Biden's reaction to Floyd's death, and the ensuing surge in protests nationwide, has included him musing that police officers could shoot suspects in the leg, "instead of in the heart", a suggestion that seemed to overlook the issue of people of color being apprehended at far higher rates than white people.

The former vice-president, who is 78 years old, struggled to attract young supporters during the Democratic primary, weighed down by a problematic record that includes opposing bussing minority students to different school districts, and his lead role in a 1994 "tough on crime" law that some blame for mass incarceration in the US, and seems in danger of misjudging the level of emotion and the desire for change.

"The death of George Floyd is emblematic of everything that's wrong with America, whether it's how we handle Covid, to the existing racism and police brutality that black and brown communities have suffered for years," said Moumita Ahmed, who is running for district leader in New York's 24th assembly district.

Ahmed, 30, said Floyd's death, along with the recent killings of Ahmaud Arbery in Georgia and Breonna Taylor in Kentucky had "opened eyes for a lot of young people".

"The younger generation are just so much more aware and active and ready to make a difference," said Ahmed, who co-founded the group Millennials for Bernie, which supported Bernie Sanders during his 2016 and 2020 election campaigns.

"I think a lot of people are going to start paying attention to local elections," Ahmed said.

"The federal government can do a lot, but the local government has a lot of power in the police departments. They can do so much more than the federal government."

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Protesters gather near the makeshift memorial in honor of George Floyd in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on 1 June. Photograph: Chandan Khanna/AFP/Getty Images

There is precedent for protest movements prompting real change. In recent years the youth-led protests against gun violence following the Parkland school shooting, led to stronger gun laws, while young climate activists succeeded in drawing attention to the Green New Deal environment legislation, which many Democratic politicians have since endorsed.

On Monday George Floyd's brother, Terrence Floyd, called for people to vote in November, particularly in statewide and local elections like Ahmed and Elmikashfi's. That effort to build on the energy of the past two weeks is being supported by organizations like Organizing 2.0, NextGen America and the NAACP, which aims to build equal rights in the US.

Tiffany Dena Loftin, director of the NAACP youth & college division, said it has been registering people to vote at demonstrations, demonstrate how the voting process works and help people find their voting precincts. Loftin said young people had been stunned by Trump's advocating of violence against protesters and "encouragement of police violence".

"That is resonating with young black voters across the country, they're paying attention," Loftin said.

"They're fed up and they're done. So that is definitely a motivation to go to the polls. I want to be clear - it's not a scare tactic. We're not afraid of Donald Trump being president for another four years."

Loftin said the NAACP has also encouraged people to take part in the 2020 census, a once-a-decade event that will influence the amount of government funding neighborhoods receive, and potentially how they are represented in Ccongress. Like Ahmed and Elmikashfi, she said local races are just as important as the headline-grabbing Trump v Biden election.

"There is a laser focus on district attorney races, mayoral races, district races, the president and what their decisions are going to mean for how black folks in this country walk and experience their everyday lives."

The importance of participating in elections was on the minds of people at a protest in New York City on Tuesday, where thousands walked through Manhattan to demonstrate at Gracie Mansion, the official residence of Mayor Bill de Blasio.

"There's another stage of this movement that does need to happen. I think voting is important," said Justin Withers, 23.

"I hope that this does change the voting. I hope it does. We've failed in the past but I hope now because it's so many people that people will finally wake up."

Just 46.1% of 18- to 29-year-olds voted in the 2016 presidential election, compared with an overall turnout of 61.4%. The highest turnout, meanwhile, was among people aged 65 and over, who are statistically more likely to be conservative.

In the 2018 midterms, the less glamorous elections that re-elect members of the House of Representatives and some senators as well as local officials, 36% of young people voted - although this was a big increase on the 20% of 18 - 29-year-olds who voted in the 2014 midterms.

That could suggest interest and awareness is growing among younger voters. Although Withers, who lives in Brooklyn, predicted that despite renewed enthusiasm, the turnout in 2020 would remain relatively low among people of color - due to efforts in states around the US to make it more difficult for black people, and other minority groups, from voting.

Since the Voting Rights Act was weakened in 2013, many states have brought in laws making it more difficult to vote, from purging people from electoral rolls if they have not voted in a given amount of time, to preventing efforts to register voters, to requiring government-issued photo ID to vote - something people of color and low-income Americans are less likely to have.

"The problem is voter suppression is still happening," Withers said.

"It's still 10 times harder for the people who know what's right, for the people who are minorities, to be able to vote. That's still a problem. And because of that I know that it won't be the numbers we want."
Topics

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'Apathy is no longer a choice': will the George Floyd protests energize young voters?

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With the US presidential election looming, equal rights groups and others on the left say the protests sparked by George Floyd's death can translate into a surge in young people voting in November.

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News article #2 The President’s Shock at the Rows of Empty Seats in Tulsa

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News article #2 The President’s Shock at the Rows of Empty Seats in Tulsa

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Summary in English
This event was important because Trump reappeared after three months without electoral activity and also because this act showed, at that time, there were people who did not support him. This was due to the few people who attended.

Donald Trump was the presidential candidate for the past elections of  November 3. But some months before elections his campaign was affected by the social situation caused by coronavirus. There were many deaths and there are many positive cases at this time. This situation generated disagreement and fear in people. However there were other reasons that affected his campaign. For example some decisions during his presidency since 2016 and especially, for his statements about the protests against racism that the people organized after the murder of George Floyd in may of this year. This young man was killed by the Minneapolis pólice and the news was known around the world. His death caused protests in the United States and in other countries. A movement called Black Lives Matter was made.

For all these reasons, the democraty candidate –Joe Biden- became favorite in some states. In this context, Donald Trump felt the little support for his candidacy when, in june of this year, the people in charge of his campaign organized a meeting in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and few people attended.

The event did not have the repercussion that they wanted. For this reason, the relationship between Trump and his campaign team broke down. This favored his opponent Biden according to the US media. For all these reasons, the event was considered a failure by the organizers and this situatión, at that moment, worried Trump because this could affect his reelection.

Summary in Spanish
Este hecho fue importante porque Trump reapareció luego de tres meses sin actividad electoral y también porque este acto mostró, en ese momento, que había personas que no lo apoyaban. Esto se debió a las pocas personas que asistieron.

Donald Trump fue el candidato presidencial para las pasadas elecciones del 3 de noviembre. Pero unos meses antes de las elecciones su campaña se vio afectada por la situación social provocada por el coronavirus. Hubo muchas muertes y hay muchos casos positivos en este momento. Esta situación generó descontento y miedo en las personas. Sin embargo, hubo otras razones que afectaron su campaña. Por ejemplo algunas decisiones durante su presidencia desde 2016 y en especial, por sus declaraciones sobre las protestas contra el racismo que organizó el pueblo tras el asesinato de George Floyd en mayo de este año. Este joven fue asesinado por la policía de Minneapolis y la noticia se conoció en todo el mundo. Su muerte provocó protestas en Estados Unidos y en otros países. Se hizo un movimiento llamado Black Lives Matter.

Por todas estas razones, el candidato de la democracia –Joe Biden- se convirtió en favorito en algunos estados. En este contexto, Donald Trump sintió el poco apoyo a su candidatura cuando, en junio de este año, los responsables de su campaña organizaron un encuentro en Tulsa, Oklahoma, al que asistieron pocas personas.

El evento no tuvo la repercusión que querían. Por esta razón, la relación entre Trump y su equipo de campaña se rompió. Esto favoreció a su oponente Biden según los medios estadounidenses. Por todas estas razones, el evento fue considerado un fracaso por los organizadores y esta situación, en ese momento, preocupó a Trump porque esto podría afectar su reelección.

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Inside the campaign, advisers believe disappointing attendance at the rally shows genuine fear of the coronavirus and the reality of President Trump's sliding poll numbers.

Attendance was less than expected at President Trump's rally in Tulsa, Okla., on Saturday. Credit... Doug Mills/The New York Times

President Trump and several staff members stood backstage and gazed at the empty Bank of Oklahoma Center in horror.

Mr. Trump and Vice President Mike Pence had canceled plans at the last minute to speak at an outdoor overflow rally that was almost entirely empty, despite claims of nearly one million people registering for tickets to attend the event in Tulsa, Okla., and the president's false boast of never having an empty seat at one of his events.

The president, who had been warned aboard Air Force One that the crowds at the arena were smaller than expected, was stunned, and he yelled at aides backstage while looking at the endless rows of empty blue seats in the upper bowl of the stadium, according to four people familiar with what took place. Brad Parscale, the campaign manager who had put the event together, was not present.

Mr. Pence spoke just after 6:30 p.m. in Tulsa and then left, the cue for Mr. Trump to come on. But there was a delay. Mr. Trump's deputy chief of staff, Dan Scavino, peeked out from behind black curtains to scan the fan-free seats in the top rows.

Mr. Trump eventually entered the arena for a meandering performance in which he excoriated the "fake news" for reporting on health concerns before his event, used racist language to describe the coronavirus as the "Kung Flu" and spent more than 15 minutes explaining away an unflattering video clip of him gingerly descending a ramp after his commencement speech at West Point.

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Why Trump's Tulsa Rally Put the City's Black Residents on Edge

President Trump's rally in Tulsa, Okla., the site of one of the country's worst episodes of racial violence in 1921, angered the city's black residents. In this news analysis, we explain what this moment could mean for Mr. Trump's re-election bid.

This weekend in Tulsa, the president held his first campaign rally since March, after the coronavirus pandemic suspended the campaign trail. "So we begin, Oklahoma we begin. Thank you, Oklahoma!" It was also the weekend of Juneteenth. For many black Americans, Juneteenth is a celebration of the end of slavery in this country. This was a moment that resulted in scenes like this. "You are a sellout!" "Black people die [inaudible]" [shouting] The timing of the president's rally, on the weekend of Juneteenth, also comes at a time where there have been weeks of nationwide protests against racism and police brutality. "Hands up! Don't shoot!" It is particularly poignant in the South, and in Tulsa, because of the history of racial oppression here. Rather than a president that showed deference to the racial history of this city or to try to further the efforts of racial reconciliation, we saw him upend them. "About the first grade, we came to Tulsa. We moved to Tulsa. So, I kind of grew up on Greenwood. When I entered college and took black history, and my professor, he said, 'Do you all know about the race massacre?' And we were all like, 'No. We had a riot here?' You know. And he was just like, 'OK, so everybody sit down and listen to this story.'" In the early 1900s, the Greenwood area of Tulsa was a thriving black neighborhood. "African-Americans, two generations out of slavery, pursued and exhibited black excellence." "We had our own banks and hospitals and theaters and restaurants." But that success didn't sit well with the white community. And in 1921, after a black man was accused of disrespecting a white woman, things escalated. A white mob burned and looted Black Wall Street. "The violence lasted roughly 16 hours." "They shot. They looted. They bombed." "They threw bodies in the river. They threw them in mass graves." "When the dust settled, some 100 to 300 people were killed. At least 1,250 homes were destroyed in the black community. Schools, churches and business were destroyed as well." "Total devastation, like a war zone. What happened here was a momentous tragic event." "That was the worst horrific story that I ever heard in my life." "This church, we were building in 1921, our sanctuary - they destroyed that. And our basement miraculously survived. The damage on this pillar comes from when concrete burned. In this room, also we have soil collections from the different sites where people were killed." After years of ignoring the massacre, many in Tulsa want to make it front and center of the community's conversation. They set up this bipartisan commission to do a number of initiatives to bring forward the issue of racial reconciliation and commemorate the centennial anniversary of the massacre. And some institutions have apologized. "I'm sorry that the police department did not protect its citizens during the tragic days of 1921." The hard part has been what to do next. "We demand reparations in honor of all those Americans that were killed! We demand reparations now!" "Saying 'I'm sorry' is not repentance. You know, saying 'I'm sorry' just recognizes what you did is wrong. Repentance is turning away from what you did that makes you sorry. Before you can even get to atonement, we have to have a society that admits that white supremacy is wrong. We've got to have a society that admits that black lives matter." The president has tried to present himself as a unifying figure, as someone who can bring the country together, particularly in times of these dual crises: the coronavirus pandemic and the national unrest around race and racial inequality. But this weekend shows his challenges on that front and the inability of this administration to, frankly, get out of its own way. Juneteenth is, for many black Americans, a celebration of the emancipation of slavery. The president initially announced a rally on Juneteenth. When you talk to people, they say there was a moment of disbelief that the president was coming to Tulsa. "My first reaction was, 'How disrespectful.' I felt like it was a slap in the face." And after pleas, even from Republican senators in the state, he moved the rally to the next day." "Beep beep. Beep beep. It's important to me because it's history, it's freedom. Girl, you're looking good. It's good to see you, long time. It's education." "You want to make America great again? You have to make Black Wall Street great again." "And it's important this year because people get to see that, hey, they're still fighting for a cause, but they're celebrating our freedom." "To come on the weekend of Juneteenth shows that he has still not that much respect for our sacred day." Ultimately, the president's rally wasn't as big as his campaign had hoped. But the significance of this weekend is seen in scenes like this. "I see you back there shaking your head. Yes, sir, black lives matter." And one of the takeaways around this moment, around race in this country, has been the shifting public opinion about questions of systemic racism and persistent inequality. "No justice!" "No peace!" "No justice!" "No peace!" That lack of acknowledgement puts him at odds with even some members of his own party. The president's strategy on race and on other issues has just narrowed his path to re-election. He has not shown a willingness to try to expand his base, leaving him fairly reliant on a similar group of voters that got him elected in 2016 to do so again in 2020.

President Trump's rally in Tulsa, Okla., the site of one of the country's worst episodes of racial violence in 1921, angered the city's black residents. In this news analysis, we explain what this moment could mean for Mr. Trump's re-election bid. Credit Credit... Doug Mills/The New York Times

By the end of the rally, Mr. Trump's mood had improved, advisers said. But after he left the stage, the fight seemed to have left him, at least temporarily. Leaving the arena, he wasn't yelling. Instead, he was mostly muted.

When he landed back at the White House and walked off Marine One, his tie hung untied around his neck. He waved to reporters, with a defeated expression on his face, holding a crumpled red campaign hat in one hand.

Jared Kushner, the president's senior adviser and son-in-law who serves as the de facto campaign manager, and who was involved in the decision to choose Tulsa as the host city, was not among the group of advisers with the president at the event. But he will be among those to whom the president turns to figure out what rallies look like going forward.

In a statement, Mr. Parscale, the campaign manager who many advisers singled out for the overhyped numbers, claimed the reports about TikTok users and Korean pop music fans foiling attendance at the rally were inaccurate, and even raised the possibility of not allowing the news media to attend events in the future.

"Leftists and online trolls doing a victory lap, thinking they somehow impacted rally attendance, don't know what they're talking about or how our rallies work," Mr. Parscale said. "Registering for a rally means you've RSVP'd with a cellphone number and we constantly weed out bogus numbers, as we did with tens of thousands at the Tulsa rally, in calculating our possible attendee pool."

Instead, he blamed the news media for the low turnout.

"The fact is that a week's worth of the fake news media warning people away from the rally because of Covid and protesters, coupled with recent images of American cities on fire, had a real impact on people bringing their families and children to the rally," he said.

Campaign officials on Sunday privately admitted that many people who had signed up to attend the event were not supporters but online tricksters. One campaign adviser claimed that "troll data" was still useful, claiming it would help the campaign avoid the same pitfall in the future.

The adviser said that the data could be put into the system to "tighten up the formula used to determine projected attendance for rallies."

In an interview, Mr. Parscale said the empty arena was not his fault, and that local law enforcement in Tulsa had overreacted, making it difficult for supporters to gain entry. He claimed to have thousands of emails from supporters who tried to get into the Bank of Oklahoma Center and were turned away, but he did not share those messages or names of supporters.

And he shrugged off the rumors about his demise, claiming he had been fired 85 weeks in a row.

But unlike most situations in which Mr. Trump's advisers have tried to keep certain information from him - such as the fact that Mr. Biden outraised him in the month of May - or put a rosy sheen on it, the president saw for himself the empty seats in Oklahoma.

Several White House officials called the rally a disaster, and an unforced error that heightened tensions among some of the president's government advisers and his campaign aides. What's more, Mr. Trump's White House advisers had repeatedly cautioned campaign aides against announcing an added appearance at an outdoor space, advice that was ignored as Mr. Parscale and campaign surrogates talked about it publicly.

The event does not portend additional large Trump rallies this summer, people familiar with the discussions said. The campaign had hoped to use the Tulsa event as a reset after the president's slide in the polls in the wake of his administration's failures responding to the coronavirus, and after his stoking of racial tensions amid nationwide protests over police brutality prompted by the killing of George Floyd in police custody in Minneapolis.

For days before the rally, Mr. Trump was giddy about his first arena outing since March 2, telling one interviewer after another how big it would be based on the numbers that Mr. Parscale had cited publicly.

Mr. Parscale and others believed the event would demonstrate a real pent-up demand for Mr. Trump's appearances - one the campaign has insisted exists. But some advisers privately questioned the data even before the event, and they feared the Tulsa rally was setting the team up for failure.

Now, some White House officials said the campaign was being dishonest about what had gone wrong, and they conceded that many of the president's older supporters had decided attending the rally was too risky amid coronavirus fears that Mr. Trump has repeatedly played down.

Veteran campaign hands in both major political parties were highly skeptical of the Trump operation's claims that one million people had signed up even before the rally.

Outside advisers to the president said his team was fielding calls from nervous donors and Republican lawmakers, who were asking whether the poorly attended rally indicated problems that were too big to fix with just over four months until Election Day.

It also was not clear if there would be a personnel switch because of the disastrous optics, but some officials recalled what happened in 2017, after an event in Arizona that did not go as Mr. Trump had hoped. George Gigicos, one of the original campaign hands and his rally organizer, was fired by the president.

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The President's Shock at the Rows of Empty Seats in Tulsa

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Inside the campaign, advisers believe disappointing attendance at the rally shows genuine fear of the coronavirus and the reality of President Trump's sliding poll numbers. President Trump and several staff members stood backstage and gazed at the empty Bank of Oklahoma Center in horror.

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News Article #3 Trump’s False Attacks on Voting by Mail Stir Broad Concern (Corregido)

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News Article #3 Trump’s False Attacks on Voting by Mail Stir Broad Concern (Corregido)

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Summary in English

President Trump is stepping up his attacks on the integrity of the election system, sowing doubts about the November vote at a time when the pandemic has upended normal balloting and as polls show former Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr. ahead by large margins. Mr. Trump declared that the 2020 election: “Will be, the most corrupt election in the history of our country, and we cannot let this happen.”

“There is tremendous evidence of fraud whenever you have mail-in ballots,” Mr. Trump claimed during an appearance in Arizona. Has made five dozen false claims about mail balloting since April. About a third of the president’s falsehoods were general warnings about widespread fraud in mail-in voting. Another 11 were specific claims about held-up mail carriers, stolen and forged ballots and dead people voting.

Voter fraud, in all forms, is extremely rare, according to numerous independent studies and government reviews. Already, 34 states and Washington, D.C., offer no-excuse absentee ballots including battleground states like Wisconsin, Florida, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Arizona.

Summary in Spanish
El presidente Trump está intensificando sus ataques contra la integridad del sistema electoral, sembrando dudas sobre la votación de noviembre en un momento en que la pandemia ha cambiado la votación normal y, según las encuestas, el ex vicepresidente Joseph R. Biden Jr. está por delante con grandes márgenes . Trump declaró: "Serán, en mi opinión, las elecciones más corruptas en la historia de nuestro país, y no podemos permitir que esto suceda".

"Existe una tremenda evidencia de fraude cada vez que se admiten boletas por correo", afirmó Trump durante una comparecencia en Arizona. Ha hecho cinco docenas de afirmaciones falsas sobre la votación por correo desde abril. Alrededor de un tercio de las falsedades del presidente eran advertencias generales sobre el fraude generalizado en la votación por correo. Otros 11 fueron reclamos específicos sobre carteros retenidos, papeletas robadas y falsificadas y votantes muertos.

El fraude electoral, en todas sus formas, es extremadamente raro, según numerosos estudios independientes y revisiones gubernamentales. Ya 34 estados y Washington DC ofrecen votar en ausencia sin excusa, incluidos los estados disputados como Wisconsin, Florida, Michigan, Pensilvania y Arizona.

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The president's assertions about widespread fraud have little or no basis in fact but are resonating with his supporters and give him the option of raising doubts about the legitimacy of the outcome.

A polling place on Tuesday in Louisville, Ky. Promoting baseless questions about election fraud is nothing new for the president. Credit... Erik Branch for The New York Times

President Trump is stepping up his attacks on the integrity of the election system, sowing doubts about the November vote at a time when the pandemic has upended normal balloting and as polls show former Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr. ahead by large margins.

Having yet to find an effective formula for undercutting Mr. Biden or to lure him into the kinds of culture war fights that the president prefers, Mr. Trump is training more of his fire on the political process in a way that appears intended to give him the option of raising doubts about the legitimacy of the outcome.

Promoting baseless questions about election fraud is nothing new for Mr. Trump. He has hopscotched from saying that President Barack Obama was elected with the help of dead voters to suggesting that undocumented immigrants were voting en masse to claiming that out-of-state voters were bused into New Hampshire in 2016.

But in recent days, Mr. Trump has focused intensive new attacks on voting by mail, as states grapple with the challenge of conducting elections in the middle of surging coronavirus cases in many parts of the country.

On Tuesday, Mr. Trump declared, without offering any evidence, that the 2020 election "will be, in my opinion, the most corrupt election in the history of our country, and we cannot let this happen."

Mail-in ballots, he said, referring to conspiracy theories, could be stolen from carriers, counterfeited or forged by either forces inside the United States or by "foreign powers who don't want to see Trump win."

"There is tremendous evidence of fraud whenever you have mail-in ballots," Mr. Trump claimed during an appearance in Arizona, a statement that has no basis in the experience of the states that give voters the option of voting by mail.

Mr. Trump has made five dozen false claims about mail balloting since April, as officials in various states began contemplating the need for expanded use of the option amid the pandemic.

About a third of the president's falsehoods were general warnings about widespread fraud in mail-in voting. Another 11 were specific claims about held-up mail carriers, stolen and forged ballots and dead people voting.

Figures released Wednesday from a New York Times/Siena College survey of battleground-state voters showed that 61 percent strongly or somewhat support allowing all voters to use mail-in ballots if necessary, while 37 percent strongly or somewhat oppose it.

But the poll also suggested that Mr. Trump's message was getting through to his base: 88 percent of Biden supporters in six battleground states strongly or somewhat support mail-in voting, while 72 percent of Mr. Trump's supporters strongly or somewhat oppose it.

Justin Clark, the senior counsel to the Trump campaign, defended the president's words. He said that Mr. Trump was voicing legitimate concerns about how many people would have their hands on ballots with broad mail-in voting, adding, "This is all in the context of a broad Democratic push to greatly expand vote by mail four months before the general election."

The president's supporters have already shown that they are taking his assertions to heart. In Michigan, voters began to burn their absentee ballot applications that were sent to them by the state in an act of protest. In Alabama and Kansas, state legislatures have started to pull back from expanded vote-by-mail initiatives.

The president's attacks on voting by mail stirred widespread concern from current and former election officials and election experts.

"His comments are exceedingly damaging to democracy, to America's standing in the world, to voters' confidence in our elections," said Wendy R. Weiser, the director of the Democracy Program at the Brennan Center for Justice, a nonpartisan think tank. "If you are riling up supporters into a state of anger over the legitimacy of the election, they might actually take steps to try to suppress votes and to undermine the actual legitimate running of the election."

The unfounded conspiracy theories, some officials said, were no different from the kind of toxic confusion that Russia and other nations have sought to inject into American politics.

"It is misinformation and disinformation, and it's no different than foreign adversaries and cyberhackers spewing info about an election process," said Amber McReynolds, a former election official from Colorado and the current chief executive of the National Vote at Home Institute, which promotes voting by mail.

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President Trump has made five dozen false claims about mail balloting since April, as officials in various states began contemplating the need for expanded use of the option amid the pandemic. Credit... Erin Schaff/The New York Times

Richard L. Hasen, an election law expert and a professor at the University of California, Irvine, said that unlike the president's false claims about in-person voting, there have been sporadic problems with mail-in voting, giving Mr. Trump a kernel of truth on which to build an indictment of the entire system.

"The shift has been to mail-in balloting," Mr. Hasen said of Mr. Trump's comments, "and this is especially dangerous now because everything about our elections is being upended by the virus."

The president has directly accused Democrats five times of "rigging" the election through mail-in voting, and has claimed four times that Republicans are at a disadvantage when mail-in ballots are used or are not sent mail-in ballots at all.

Election officials on both sides of the aisle lamented the president's attacks are making their jobs harder.

Kim Wyman, the Republican secretary of state of Washington State, which conducts its elections almost entirely by mail, pointed to the difficulty of fielding enough workers to count ballots safely during the pandemic or work at the state's few in-person voting sites.

In California, Alex Padilla, the Democratic secretary of state, said that the president was undermining confidence in the election for his own political benefit.

"What he's trying to do is absolutely clear: He is not just seeking to undermine the confidence in the election, but confidence in the November election results that he may not like," Mr. Padilla said.

Mr. Hasen said that Mr. Trump's denigration of by-mail voting puts into focus scenarios that Democrats are increasingly worried about, like Mr. Trump declaring victory in specific states based on Election Day tallies, when absentee ballot totals could shift the results days later.

Already, 34 states and Washington, D.C., offer no-excuse absentee ballots - including battleground states like Wisconsin, Florida, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Arizona - so even without extra measures introduced in response to the pandemic, voters are likely to utilize mail-in ballots at a much greater rate than previously.

Frank LaRose, the Republican secretary of state of Ohio, who took issue with Mr. Biden when he said that he feared Mr. Trump was trying to "steal" the election, called for an end to such attacks.

"President Trump and Vice President Biden have both questioned the integrity of our elections recently without citing evidence, and they both need to stop it," Mr. LaRose said in a statement.

Voter fraud, in all forms, is extremely rare, according to numerous independent studies and government reviews. While mail-in voting is less secure than voting in person, fraud remains statistically tiny.

A database of proven election fraud cases maintained by the Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, includes 206 cases that involved "fraudulent use of absentee ballots" from 1991 to this year. The Times was unable to find any news reports or instances of mail carriers being held up over mail-in ballots. It would be a federal crime to do so.

California has been a particular focus of Mr. Trump's ire, featuring in six false attacks, but the battleground states of Michigan and Nevada have earned nods, as well.

He has inaccurately claimed that "anybody in California that's breathing gets a ballot," including " people that aren't citizens, illegals." State officials will mail ballots to active registered voters only.

He wrongly claimed that Nevada and Michigan had "illegally" sent absentee ballots to voters, and threatened to withhold federal funding should they not rescind the policy, though he did not have the authority to do so.

More recently, Mr. Trump has seized upon the idea that foreign countries could simply print ballots on their own, repeating the claim four times this week without providing evidence.

Election officials and experts have widely rejected this idea as nearly impossible, noting that ballots are printed on very specific stock and often have specific tracking systems like bar codes.

"It's so much more difficult than a cyberattack. You'd not only have to attack the printer, you'd have to get information from the jurisdiction and get voter registration information," said Lawrence Norden of the Brennan Center. "You'd have to have some way of mailing the ballots from an address and get the signature of the voter. It would be an exceptionally difficult attack."

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Trump's False Attacks on Voting by Mail Stir Broad Concern

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The president's assertions about widespread fraud have little or no basis in fact but are resonating with his supporters and give him the option of raising doubts about the legitimacy of the outcome.

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News Article #4 Ex-aide Bolton says 2020 election is 'last guardrail' to protect US from Trump

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News Article #4 Ex-aide Bolton says 2020 election is 'last guardrail' to protect US from Trump

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Summary in English
The 2020 presidential election this November is the "last guardrail" to protect the US from the continuation of Donald Trump's administration, John Bolton, the president's former national security adviser, has said.

Mr Bolton does not plan to vote for his former boss when he heads to the polls this November but said he would not support the likely Democratic candidate either.

"Mr Trump does not appear to have any identifiable political ideology except doing that which he believes will lead to his re-election", his former national secutrity adviser said.

Instead, he will write in the name of a "conservative Republican" on his 2020 presidential election ballot, a spokeswoman said in a statement on Sunday.

Mr Bolton, who previously served three other Republican presidents in various national security and diplomatic roles, became Mr Trump's third national security adviser in April 2018.

House Democrats have accused Mr Bolton of putting his pocketbook before his patriotism by refusing their subpoena demands for his testimony during the impeachment inquiry only to put much of that information into a book he can sell.

Summary in Spanish
Las elecciones presidenciales de 2020 en noviembre son la "última barrera de protección" para proteger a Estados Unidos de la continuación de la administración de Donald Trump, dijo John Bolton, ex asesor de seguridad nacional del presidente.

Bolton no planea votar por su ex jefe cuando se dirija a las urnas en noviembre, pero dijo que tampoco apoyaría al probable candidato demócrata.

"Trump no parece tener ninguna ideología política identificable, excepto hacer lo que cree que conducirá a su reelección", dijo su exasesor de seguridad nacional

En cambio, escribirá en nombre de un "republicano conservador" en su boleta electoral de las elecciones presidenciales de 2020, dijo una portavoz en un comunicado el domingo.

Bolton, quien anteriormente prestó servicios a otros tres presidentes republicanos en varios roles diplomáticos y de seguridad nacional, se convirtió en el tercer asesor de seguridad nacional de Trump en abril de 2018.

Los demócratas de la Cámara de Representantes acusaron a Bolton de poner su billetera antes de su patriotismo al rechazar sus demandas de citación para su testimonio durante la investigación de juicio político solo para poner gran parte de esa información en un libro que puede vender.

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The 2020 presidential election this November is the "last guardrail" to protect the US from the continuation of Donald Trump's administration, John Bolton, the president's former national security adviser, has said.

In a tell-all interview with ABC News that aired on Sunday to promote his new book, The Room Where It Happened, Mr Bolton also explained why he did not want to participate in the House's impeachment inquiry into Mr Trump last year even though he believed the president's behaviour to be unbecoming.

"He was acquitted in the Senate. He didn't learn lessons from [being impeached], other than that he could get away with it, which leaves only the last guardrail... the election this November," Mr Bolton said. "I think the House Democrats built a cliff, they threw themselves off of it. And halfway down, they looked up and saw me, and said, 'Hey, why don't you come along?'"

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Mr Bolton does not plan to vote for his former boss when he heads to the polls this November but said he would not support the likely Democratic candidate either.

Instead, he will write in the name of a "conservative Republican" on his 2020 presidential election ballot, a spokeswoman said in a statement on Sunday.

Mr Trump does not appear to have any identifiable political ideology except doing that which he believes will lead to his re-election, his former national security adviser said.

"I don't think he's fit for office. I don't think he has the competence to carry out the job. I don't think he's a conservative Republican. I'm not going to vote for him in November. Certainly not going vote for Joe Biden either," Mr Bolton said.

"There really isn't any guiding principle that I was able to discern, other than what's good for Donald Trump's re-election," Mr Bolton said.

He added: "So a lot of people who did not really observe the president up close have complained that he has a short attention span. And he doesn't focus.

"I wanna say when it comes to re-election, his attention span was infinite. And his focus was very direct. It's just too bad there wasn't more of that when it came to national security.

No hype, just the advice and analysis you need

Mr Bolton, who previously served three other Republican presidents in various national security and diplomatic roles, became Mr Trump's third national security adviser in April 2018. He resigned in September 2019 after multiple clashes with the president.

His book hits shelves on Tuesday.

The president has angrily hit back at Mr Bolton in recent days as the publication date of the tell-all book nears.

Mr Bolton is "a washed up guy," Mr Trump said in an interview with Fox News last week.

The president also took to Twitter to label his former national security aide "a disgruntled boring fool who only wanted to go to war."

House Democrats have accused Mr Bolton of putting his pocketbook before his patriotism by refusing their subpoena demands for his testimony during the impeachment inquiry only to put much of that information into a book he can sell.

"Tonight, Bolton was pressed on why he didn't come forward and testify, instead saving it for a book," lead House Democratic impeachment manager Adam Schiff tweeted on Sunday during the airing of Mr Bolton's ABC interview.

"Bolton insisted it wasn't about the cash. Well, to quote Dale Bumpers during a different impeachment: 'When you hear somebody say, "This is not about money," it's about money,'" Mr Schiff wrote.

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2020 election is 'last guardrail' to protect US from Trump, says former aide

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The 2020 presidential election this November is the "last guardrail" to protect the US from the continuation of Donald Trump's administration, John Bolton, the president's former national security adviser, has said.

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Description in english:

On August 12, 2020, Joe Biden, Democratic candidate for President of the United States, and Vice President candidate Kamala Harris hold their first press conference after their formula is confirmed. At Alexis Dupont High School in Wilmington, Delaware, both are wearing a mask as part of their prevention of the Coronavirus pandemic. Harris is the first black woman to be on the ballot of a major party, and together with Biden she proposes to better deal with the pandemic, a wounded economy, and long-term recognition of systemic racism. The difference between them regarding the health insurance system when they were competing for the Democratic nomination earlier this year are remembered by their opponents.

Descripción en español:

El 12 de Agosto de 2020, Joe Biden, candidato demócrata a presidente de los Estados Unidos, y la candidata a vicepresidenta Kamala Harris realizan su primera conferencia de prensa tras confirmarse su fórmula. En la escuela secundaria Alexis Dupont en Wilmington, Delaware, ambos llevan puesto un barbijo como prevención en el marco de la pandemia del Coronavirus. Harris es la primera mujer negra que está en la boleta de un partido importante, y junto a Biden propone lidiar de mejor manera con la pandemia, una economía herida y un reconocimiento a largo plazo con el racismo sistémico. La diferencia expuesta entre ambos respecto al sistema de seguro médico cuando competían por la candidatura demócrata a principios de este año es recordada por sus opositores.

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Descripción en español:
El voto por correo ha abierto un nuevo frente en la batalla electoral en Estados Unidos. El servicio postal ha advertido a numerosos Estados de que existe una gran posibilidad de que las papeletas que envíen los ciudadanos no puedan ser procesadas a tiempo para los comicios que se celebrarán el próximo 3 de noviembre. El voto por correo, ayudaría para que la sociedad no esté en un solo lugar evitando la conglomeración en tiempos de pandemia y así a su vez prevenir las sumas de contagios. Por otro lado, este sistema puede conducir al fraude, lo que puede dañar a los demócratas. Ambos candidatos aspirantes tienen la misma opinión.

Description in english:
Voting by mail has opened a new front in the electoral battle in the United States. The postal service has warned many states that there is a great possibility that ballots sent by citizens may not be processed in time for the elections to be held on November 3. Voting by mail would help so that society is not in one place, avoiding conglomeration in times of pandemic and thus, in turn, preventing the amounts of contagion.  On the other hand, this system may lead to fraud, which may damage Democrats. Both candidates have the same opinion.

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Descripción en español:
El 25 de agosto, el presidente Donald Trump firmó un indulto presidencial para Jon D. Ponder, un ex ladrón de bancos que fundó “Hope for Prisoners”, una organización de Las Vegas que ayuda a los delincuentes a reintegrarse a la fuerza laboral, a la vida familiar y a la sociedad. También estaba Richard Beasley, el ex agente del FBI que arrestó a Ponder por el robo de un banco en Pahrump en 2004. En un video de siete minutos grabado dentro de la Casa Blanca, antes de que la Convención Nacional Republicana (RNC) convocara su segunda noche con el tema “Tierra de Oportunidades”, Trump calicó la vida de Ponder como "un hermoso testimonio del poder de la redención". Se comprometió a dar a todos los estadounidenses, incluyendo a los ex presidiarios, “la mejor oportunidad de construir una nueva vida y lograr su propio sueño americano”. “Vivimos en una nación de segundas oportunidades”, menciono Ponder al agradecer a los miembros del Departamento de Policía Metropolitana que ofrecieron su tiempo para ayudar a los participantes de Hope for Prisoners. El anuncio parece ser un intento del presidente de llamar la atención de los votantes sobre la justicia penal, luego de realizar cambios sustanciales a las leyes federales de prisión y sentencia en 2018.

Description in english:
On August 25, President Donald Trump signed a presidential pardon for Jon D. Ponder, a former bank robber who founded Hope for Prisoners, a Las Vegas organization that helps criminals return tho workforce, family life and society. Richard Beasley, the former FBI agent who arrested Ponder for a 2004 Pahrump bank robbery was also present. In a seven-minute video shot inside the White House, before the Republican National Convention (RNC) convened its Second meeting with the theme "Land of Opportunity," Trump called Ponder's life "a beautiful testimony of the power of redemption." He vowed to give all Americans, including former inmates, "the best chance to build a new life and achieve their own American dream." "We live in a nation of second chances," said Ponder, thanking members of the Metropolitan Police Department who volunteered their time to help Hope for Prisoners participants. The announcement appears to be an attempt by the president to draw voters' attention to criminal justice, after making substantial changes to federal prison and sentencing laws in 2018.

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Description in English:
In the image you can see a meeting of US citizens watching the last presidential debate. This was held on October 22.

About the elections, in september and october they organized two debates between the candidates. The debates were organized on September 29 and October 22. Another debate was going to take place on October 15, but it was canceled because they -the candidates- dont agree on the format.

In each debate, there were proposals and statements on topics such as: the coronavirus, taxes, the economy, racism, etc. The debate was broadcast on television for all voters in the United States.

Descripción en Español:
En la imagen se puede ver una reunión de ciudadanos estadounidenses observando el último debate presidencial. Este se realizó el 22 de octubre.

Con respecto a las elecciones, entre septiembre y octubre se produjeron dos debates entre ambos candidatos. Estos se realizaron el 29 de septiembre y el 22 de octubre. Había un tercer debate de forma virtual, planeado para el 15 de octubre, pero fue cancelado por desacuerdos en el formato por parte de los candidatos.

En cada debate, hubo propuestas y declaraciones en temas como: el coronavirus, los impuestos, la economía, el racismo, etc. El debate fue transmitido por television para todos los votantes de Estados Unidos.

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Descripcion del contenido en español y las razones de su inclusión:

Estados Unidos es un país donde prácticamente solo dos partidos se disputan el poder: el Demócrata (progresista) y el Republicano (conservador). A diferencia de otros países, se emplea el voto por electores, en el que cada Estado posee determinado número dependiendo de su población. Elegimos este video porque cuenta de forma sencilla y didáctica cómo funciona el sistema de votación en el país norteamericano.

Description of the content in English and the reasons for its inclusion:

The United States is a country where practically only two parties vie for power: the Democrat (progressive) and the Republican (conservative). Unlike other countries, the vote by electors is used, in which each State has a certain number depending on its population. We chose this video because it tells in a simple and didactic way how the voting system works in the North American country.

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Does your vote count? The Electoral College explained - Christina Greer

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Descripción del contenido en español y las razones de su inclusión:

Elegimos como grupo este video mostrando y explicando la importancia de un voto por correo pero también haciendo hincapié ante la posible decisión de aplazar las elecciones ya que se prevé por ambos postulantes un posible fraude electoral.
Este video muestra a Donald Trump y su desconfianza de votar por correo. En sus declaraciones consideró retrasar las elecciones. "Es un caos, y el caos es malo para el mercado de valores", dijo el presentador Jim Cramer en "Squawk on the Street".

Description of the content in English and the reasons for its inclusion:

We chose as a group this video showing and explaining the importance of a vote by mail but also emphasizing beforehand the possible decision to postpone the elections since a possible electoral fraud is anticipated by both candidates. This video shows Donald Trump and his distrust of voting by mail. In his statements he considered delaying the elections. "It's chaos, and chaos is bad for the stock market," host Jim Cramer said on "Squawk on the Street”.

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President Donald Trump suggests the U.S. may need to delay the election

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The United States is a country where practically only two parties vie for power: the Democrat (progressive) and the Republican (conservative). Unlike other countries, the vote by electors is used, in which each State has a certain number depending on its population. We chose the first video because it tells in a simple and didactic way how the voting system works in the North American country.

Voting by mail has opened a new front in the electoral battle in the United States. The postal service has warned many states that there is a great possibility that ballots sent by citizens may not be processed in time for the elections to be held on November 3. Voting by mail would help so that society is not in one place, avoiding conglomeration in times of pandemic and thus, in turn, preventing the amounts of contagion. On the other hand, this system may lead to fraud.

President Trump stepped up his attacks on the integrity of the election system, sowing doubts about the November vote at a time when the pandemic has upended normal balloting and as polls show former Vice President Joe Biden ahead by large margins. Trump declared that the 2020 election: “Will be, in my opinion, the most corrupt election in the history of our country, and we cannot let this happen.” “There is tremendous evidence of fraud whenever you have mail-in ballots,” said Trump. Voter fraud, in all forms, is extremely rare, according to numerous independent studies and government reviews. Already, 34 states and Washington, D.C., offered unexcused absentee ballots including battleground states like Wisconsin, Florida, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Arizona.

The second video shows Donald Trump and his distrust of voting by mail. In his statements he considered delaying the elections. "It's chaos, and chaos is bad for the stock market," host Jim Cramer said on "Squawk on the Street”.

This event was important because Trump reappeared after three months without electoral activity and also because this act showed, at that time, there were people who did not support him. This was due to the few people who attended.

Donald Trump was the presidential candidate for the past elections of  November 3. But some months before elections his campaign was affected by the social situation caused by coronavirus. There were many deaths and there are many positive cases at this time. This situation generated disagreement and fear in people.

However there were other reasons that affected his campaign. For example some decisions during his presidency since 2016 and especially, for his statements about the protests against racism that the people organized after the murder of George Floyd in may of this year. This young man was killed by the Minneapolis pólice and the news was known around the world. His death caused protests in the United States and in other countries. A movement called Black Lives Matter was made.

For all these reasons, the democraty candidate –Joe Biden- became favorite in some states. In this context, Donald Trump felt the little support for his candidacy when, in june of this year, the people in charge of his campaign organized a meeting in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and few people attended.

The event did not have the repercussion that they wanted. For this reason, the relationship between Trump and his campaign team broke down. This favored his opponent Biden according to the US media. For all these reasons, the event was considered a failure by the organizers and this situatión, at that moment, worried Trump because this could affect his reelection.

In the first image, from August 12 of this year, we can see Joe Biden, the Democratic candidate for President of the United States, and Vice President candidate Kamala Harris held their first press conference after their formula was confirmed. Harris is the first black woman to be on the ballot for a major party, alongside Biden. This conference was held at Alexis I. Dupont High School in Wilmington, Delaware. Biden and Harris wore masks for prevention after the coronavirus pandemic. The differences between them regarding the health insurance system when they were competing for the Democratic nomination earlier this year are remembered by their opponents. The proposals were to improve health conditions for cases of coronavirus, the economy and promote anti-racists politics.

The murder of African-American George Floyd by a white police officer on May twenty-five  has provoked massive mobilizations in the USA. Among the protests was the participation of young people, so it is believed that they could have a great impact on this year's elections. However, two young people who are more skeptical spoke for a the guardian Article: Nadia Elmikashfi, twenty four, and Justin Whiters, twenty-three

Elmikasfi, who is a candidate for the state senate in Wisconsin and participated in several demonstrations, said Floyd's death has "drawn a lot of attention to the election," but she is not sure if that enthusiasm will carry over to the presidential election, where Democratic candidate Joe Biden has faced criticism for his responses to the demonstrations. At a Delaware church in front of African-American leaders, Biden said police officers could shoot suspects in the leg, "instead of in the heart.

Withers, for his part, predicted that despite the renewed enthusiasm, voter turnout may remain relatively low among people of color because of efforts around the USE to make it more difficult for black people and other minority groups. That's because since the Voting Rights Act was weakened in two thousand thirteen, many states have enacted laws making it more difficult to vote, from removing people from the voting lists if they haven't voted in a given amount of time, to preventing efforts to register votes, to requiring government-issued photo ID, something that people of color and low-income Americans are less likely to have.

On August twenty-five , President Donald Trump signed a presidential pardon for Jon D. Ponder, a former bank robber who founded Hope for Prisoners, a Las Vegas organization that helps criminals return to workforce. family life and society. Richard Beasley, the former FBI agent who arrested Ponder for a two thousand four  Pahrump bank robbery was also present. He vowed to give all Americans, including former inmates, "the best chance to build a new life and achieve their own American dream." "We live in a nation of second chances," said Ponder, thanking members of the Metropolitan Police Department who volunteered their time to help Hope for Prisoners participants. The announcement appears to be an attempt by the president to draw voters' attention to criminal justice, after making substantial changes to federal prison and sentencing laws in  two thousand eighteen .

The twenty twenty presidential election this November is the "last guardrail" to protect the US from the continuation of Donald Trump's administration, John Bolton, the president's former national security adviser, has said.  Mr Bolton does not plan to vote for his former boss when he heads to the polls this November but said he would not support the likely Democratic candidate either.  Instead, he will write in the name of a "conservative Republican" on his twenty twenty presidential election ballot, a spokeswoman said in a statement on Sunday.  Mr Bolton, who previously served three other Republican presidents in various national security and diplomatic roles, became Mr Trump's third national security adviser in April twenty eighteen.

There were two presidential debates between the two candidates that  took place ahead of the November three elections. All this in a nervous electorate, where concerns about rights and secure voting amid the coronavirus pandemic are at a fever pitch.
These were held on September twenty-nine and October twenty-two. There was a third virtual debate, planned for October fifteen, but it was canceled due to disagreements on the format by the candidates. In each debate, there were proposals and statements on topics such as: the coronavirus, taxes, the economy, racism, etc. The debate was broadcast on television for all voters in the United States.

In conclusion, the United States has an electoral system different from ours in Argentina. This year has been a period of complete instability. The massive cases of covid nineteen and the demonstrations following the death of George Floyd on May twenty-five have influenced the result of last Tuesday. Donald Trump lost these elections due to the mismanagement he carried out in the country in terms of economic and social issues. Also for the statements he made and the treatment he had regarding these events that occurred during the final stretch of his presidency.
Another reason is related to the fact that it was a period of highly mobilized elections in terms of voting methods.

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En este año hemos aprendido de qué forma se desarrollan las elecciones presidenciales en Estados Unidos: son diferentes a las de los otros países, principalmente por el uso de determinada cantidad de electores que posee cada Estado, los cuales van en su totalidad al candidato que logre la mayor cantidad de votos en el mismo; y el bipartidismo que existe en el país (demócratas vs. republicanos) que deja un espacio casi nulo a otros partidos alternativos. Trump, representante de los republicanos, fue presidente durante cuatro años marcados por su particular discurso, marcadamente nacionalista (como dice su lema: “make America great again”), viéndose reflejado en sus políticas migratorias (énfasis en construir un muro entre EE.UU. y México para evitar el paso de inmigrantes ilegales), medioambientales (salida del acuerdo de París) y económicas (ámbito prioritario, con recortes de impuestos a empresas y por momentos en pos del medio ambiente).

2020 fue un año particular, marcado por la pandemia del Coronavirus, que tuvo un gran impacto en el resultado de estas elecciones, ya que se criticó durante varios meses el accionar de Trump que disminuyó en variadas ocasiones el verdadero riesgo de esta enfermedad (actualmente EE. UU. es el país con mayor cantidad de muertos). Asimismo, las protestas y las movilizaciones contra el racismo comenzaron luego del asesinato del afroamericano George Floyd en manos de dos policías blancos.  Este movimiento llamado “Black Lives Matter” consistía en reclamos por parte de la población estadounidense y pedidos de igualdad de derechos para las personas de color. Estos factores alimentaron la tensión. La opinión de la sociedad se vio bastante polarizada, por lo que la principal incógnita fue si Biden recibiría la suficiente cantidad de votos para el cargo de Trump.

Con este trabajo comenzamos a leer noticias periodísticas en inglés, lo que nos llevó a tener que aprender nuevas palabras y conceptos relacionados con el tema. Fue un proceso investigativo que permitió estar en completa atención a cada noticia que ocurría durante las elecciones presidenciales. Abarcar diversos diarios y medios virtuales de Estados Unidos mejoró nuestra práctica de lectura en inglés. También tuvimos que incorporar la pronunciación del inglés para la presentación del portafolio, lo que incluyó una mejor comprensión del idioma en su versión oral. En un año tan particular, tener que trabajar vía Zoom fue complicado pero se logró el objetivo deseado. Ha sido un desarrollo por el cual aprendimos a utilizar diferentes herramientas. Nos pareció buena la forma en que se combinó las imágenes, videos y texto. Siempre priorizando dar una buena información, con redacción y detalle, para los lectores de nuestro portafolio. También nos sirvió incorporar conocimientos sobre Padlet, puesto que puede ser una herramienta aprovechable en el futuro para otros proyectos. A pesar de la virtualidad, nos hemos reunido en gran cantidad de ocasiones para poder llevar a cabo las entregas y la presentación.

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Noticias:

Noticia 1: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/08/george-floyd-protests-young-voters-elections-local

Noticia 2: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/21/us/politics/trump-tulsa-rally.html

Noticia 3: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/us/politics/trump-vote-by-mail.html

Noticia 4: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-john-bolton-interview-2020-us-election-abc-guardrail-a9578376.html

Imágenes:

Imagen 1: https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/politics-and-government/biden-harris-hold-1st-joint-2020-campaign-event-2093202/

Imagen 2: https://www.nytimes.com/article/mail-in-voting-explained.html

Imagen 3: https://eltiempolv.com/noticias/trump-firma-perdon-para-el-ex-ladron-de-bancos-jon-ponder-126295/

Imagen 4: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/23/us/politics/who-won-debate.html

Videos:

Video 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W9H3gvnN468&feature=youtu.be

Video 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hN3LTHwAJm0&feature=youtu.be