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This is an illustration of what people thought the Black Death was; dead people walking.

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The Black Death, or the Bubonic Plague, was a pandemic in 1347 until 1351. During this time it killed 25 million people. The body of the people who died from this plague was “then of no more account than a dead goat would be today,” (How Stuff Works 1). The fate of people who were infected with this disease was gruesome and horrible to think about. But, that’s not the only horrible part of this pandemic. Since people did not understand what was happening, they instantly started to blame others. They believed that it was G-d’s way of punishing them or that the Jews were to blame because they contaminated the water supplies (How Stuff Works 2). People turned on each other quickly knowing that their neighbor could possibly kill them even if it wasn’t on purpose. After the Black Death had almost passed, people started to realize that there was a cause to this thing; and that cause was infected animals (Who.int). This pandemic pushed people to learn more about modern medicine and people to have faith in facts instead of spirituality.

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This is an illustration of the English Civil war; the battle of Naseby. 

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The English Civil War happened in 1642 until 1651. The war happened because of the conflicts between the monarchy, King Charles I, and parliament. Charles the first believed that his right to rule as king came straight from G-d (ThoughtCo.com). Since he believed that G-d wanted him to rule, this led to a lot of conflicts between him and parliament especially since parliament was in charge of approving the raising of funds. He went behind parliaments back on multiple occasions even dissolving the whole government and rebuilding it because he didn’t like what they had to say. People started to realize that Charles the First did not have their interest in mind while he was ruling; his priorities were to make himself money. Charles continued to do what he wanted and he ended up racking up a crazy amount of debt. Parliament was so furious when Charles the First asked for yet again, more money, they stopped him from dissolving parliament, and ordered him to be executed for treason. There were two sides; King Charles and Parliament. They both started to build armies once negotiations failed (ThoughtCo.com). After parliament won, there was a treaty made that stopped the fighting. But, Charles ended up being beheaded after going behind Parliaments back again by asking the Scottish to invade England on his behalf in exchange for, “..the establishment of Presbyterianism in that realm,” (ThoughCo.com) Charles the First is an example of someone who’s greed and spiritual blindness caused their downfall. His greed of wanting to get more and more money and spending it all, which is one of the 7 deadly sins from the Bible (BibleInfo.com), and his feeling of entitlement to the title of ruler is what caused him to act selfishly and in no one's best interest.

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1750s; The Working Conditions During the Industrial Revolution 

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1750s; The Working Conditions During the Industrial Revolution 

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The Industrial Revolution started in the 1750s into the 1900s and it was a boom in technology. It made everything quicker and more efficient, but it was a lot less safe for the workers and citizens. The working conditions often, “...exposed employees to many risks and dangers, including cramped work areas with poor ventilation, trauma from machinery, toxic exposures to heavy metals, dust, and solvents,” (Sphweb.edu). This of course led to a variety of health problems, usually respiratory and the losing of limbs. Children were often working in these factories and it was common for them to not get paid enough to survive off of so they would work tireless hours with unsafe machinery and oftentimes abusive bosses. If the workers didn’t get broken bones from the machines, they got it from their bosses. Everything about this is immoral between the abuse towards workers, to the unsafe places of work, and to the children needing to work because the pay isn’t enough to live off of. People were focusing on profit not the safety or wellbeing of their workers. The reason why the companies were so successful was because people weren't being paid a livable wage, and most of the money went to the owners.

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An illustration of the crew throwing slaves overboard. 

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The Zong Massacre occured on a slave ship called Zong which carried 470 slaves. It set sail in 1781 but did not carry enough food and water for everyone. Many people started dying from illness including 17 crew members and over 50 slaves (BlackPast.org). The boat had hit a place in the Atlantic ocean called the Doldrums. This is a place where there is little to no wind at all; that means the ship is standing still. In order to fix this problem the captain, Luke Collingwood, decides to throw some of the “cargo” overboard. That cargo being slaves, or people. The crew threw over 132 slaves during a week and 10 slaves, in an act of defiance, threw themselves overboard. This is just one of the horrible examples of how the slaves were treated. The fact that slaves were even sold is an example of people’s flexible morals. Granville Sharp fought for the crew and captain to be held accountable for their actions but failed. Even though the people were never held accountable, the abolitionists Sharp, Olaudah Equiano, Thomas Clark, Reverend John Ramsay, “...inspired the actions of William Wilberforce who led the successful campaign to have Parliament abolish slavery throughout the British Empire in 1833,” (BlackPast.org).

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The French Revolution happened in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s. King Louis the sixteenth was in power along with Marie Antoinette. France's help with the American Revolution took a chunk out of France's money and resources. Louis the Sixteenth's personal spending made things worse and the country was left in debt. The poor were having an increasingly hard time living to the next day because of the taxes that Louis XVI put on them, “Many expressed their desperation and resentment toward a regime that imposed heavy taxes—yet failed to provide any relief—by rioting, looting and striking.” One of the causes of anger in the citizens was that the upper class had more of a say in government even though they weren’t the majority. They were making choices that bettered themselves, not the lower classes. The king also refused to let the public assemble together in order to talk about how to compromise with the government, which only angered them more. These people were starving and they were desperate; the people in charge had thrown their hands up and stopped trying to help the citizens. Once the Legislative Assembly was reelected, they soon declared war on Austria and Prussia because they thought they were making, “counterrevolutionary alliances; it also hoped to spread its revolutionary ideals across Europe through warfare.” (History.com). While this was happening, extremists (like Jacobins) attacked the royal palace and arrested king Louis XVI for high treason. He was beheaded in 1793; Marie Antoinette followed her husband 9 months later (History.com). After this, the violence didn’t end. There was almost constant fighting and everyone was ruthless. This is another example where people’s greed and selfishness has got in the way of a stable government and a safe place for everyone.

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Soldiers wearing gas masks in the trenches. 

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World War I happened during 1914 until 1918. This war started because of the assassination of Franz Ferdinand after the tensions between Serbia and Austria-Hungary increased. Serbia, Belgium, France, Great Britain and Russia were on the same side while Germany and Austria-Hungary were on the other (History.com). The Germans were the first to act by moving into Belgium. WWI was full of experimental weapons like Mustard gas which had horrifying consequences for being used after the war. Hitler was one of the victims of mustard gas but he got off easy. Germany continued to push the boundaries of war, “...Germany declared the waters surrounding the British Isles to be a war zone…” (History.com). They also sank many boats that were commercial and passenger vessels. This pushed the U.S. to join the war. The end of WWI was 1918 when the Treaty of Versailles was signed. But, “....the Treaty of Versailles humiliated Germany while failing to resolve the underlying issues that had led to war in the first place.” (History.com). Not only did the Treaty embarrass Germany, but it didn’t help the economic distress and it led to more anger from Germany. This is what ultimately caused WWII to happen; everyone was extremely vulnerable and they wanted to do anything to fix the problems...and that included massacring millions of people. The "winners" of WWI did not show compassion and they were looking to punish instead of trying to fix the problems. They were looking to make sure Germany didn't have the resources to cause one of these wars again; but it was ultimately the reason why WWII happened in the first place.

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Auschwitz 75 years after the liberation of the prisoners. 

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World War II happened directly because of WWI. 1933 was when Hitler came to power; and after that day the rights of the Jewish people were slowly taken away. It wasn’t just the loss of rights, it was the aggression towards Jews and people who stood up for them. The actual start to the second World War was 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. The concentration camps that held Jews were full of hard labor, inhumane gas chambers, and they weren’t fed properly (they were malnourished). Overall, 55 million people died from WWII, about 7 million of that being Jewish, “It was the largest and most destructive conflict in history,” (Encyclopedia.org). World War II is one of the hardest conflicts to learn about because of the immoral actions that human beings took. The feeling of desperation, and anger that people felt let people make the choices that bettered themselves. They let themselves lie to themselves about what was okay and what wasn’t. The worst part is; it didn’t make anything better for anyone.

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The K-Pop (Korean pop) idol group called BTS speaking at the UN. 

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The UN was created after World War II in order to prevent another world war from happening. It is an international organization which was created thanks to the UN charter which was signed by China, France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the U.S. (UN.org). The UN helps with protecting human rights, humanitarian aid, and climate change. Those are only a couple examples of what the UN does but sadly, it’s not all good. The UN seems to help a lot but there have been many accounts talking about the peacekeepers abusing their power, “But now, amid fresh scrutiny over allegations that UN peacekeepers have raped women and children in the Central African Republic (CAR) and failed to properly investigate sexual assault within their own operations,” (Csmonitor.com). This is why they are pushing to have more women peacekeepers, “More women means less violence.” (Csmonitor.com). The ignoring of people's basic needs is one thing but giving people a way to fix the problems but making it impossible to obtain is not okay either. The UN is a great idea and it has done a lot of good. But, there are obvious problems that need to be fixed before people feel 100% safe calling on them for help. Same with the police force.

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The commemoration of the Genocide against the Tutsi. 

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The Rwanda genocide is an example of hatred and anger getting in the way of peoples judgment. Rwanda is a country in central eastern Africa and is shared between the Hutu and the Tutsi. It was a German colony until it was taken over by Belgium after WWI. Belgium gave the minority (which was the Tutsis) privileges that the majority (the Hutu) did not have. This was the start of conflict between the two ethnic groups. Rwanda’s independence happened in 1961 and the conflict happened in 1994 when President Juvenal Habyarimana and Cyprien  Ntaryamira, who were both Hutus, were shot down in a plane which killed everyone on board. Extremists in the Hutus blamed the RPF (Rwandan Patriotic  Front, which was made of Tutus) and, “immediately started a well-organised campaign of slaughter.” (BBC.com). People would urge everyday people to kill including neighbors, priests, and nuns. People weren’t safe anywhere; people who searched for shelter in churches would be murdered by the priests or nuns. People were told to “weed out the cockroaches” (BBC.com) which encouraged people to murder the Tutus. There was a girl by the name of Valentina who was a survivor of this conflict and she explained what her perspective was, “ I saw them take little children and smash their heads together until they were dead. There were children begging for pity but they killed them straight away.,” (PBS.org). She sought shelter in a church only to have her mother, brother and neighbors die in front of her eyes. People were brutal towards everyone, whether they were young children or pregnant women, or grandparents. 1 million Tutsis were killed in these 100 days. This is a repetition of the Holocaust on a smaller scale but a scale none the less. The way people can lie to themselves and make the person who they kill not human anymore is horrifying especially since it has happened on multiple occasions.

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Some examples of global warming; forest fires, weather disasters, and overall warming of the earths temperature. 

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How does the globe's current situation relate to my essential question? 

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How does the globe's current situation relate to my essential question? 

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The globe's current situation with global warming, the fights for civil rights (like the BLM protests), and international conflicts including the fact that every huge global power has a form of nuclear warfare is very real danger and progress. Fighting for civil rights, LGBTQ+ rights, and fighting the big guy is really important in order to better everyone's everyday life. It’s a step towards a world where everyone is equal. Global warming is causing more conflict between people because people aren’t believing science thanks to misinformation. Nuclear warfare is a constant worry in people's lives; if we have another globe wide war, then the firing of those bombs becomes a reality and so does everyone's fear for their lives. My essential question focused on how people’s morals and spirituality changed through history and how that affected history. Morality changed because it grew into something that is important to a lot of people and that it is something that they don’t break; their moral code. But, it also became something that some people are okay breaking, like Hitler, and King Louis XVI and the people who make excuses for taking someone's life. Spirituality is something that can make someone feel closer to G-d or whatever created this universe, or it can be used as an excuse to be badly behaved and make decisions that are only good for yourself (like King Charles I).

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My plan for fixing the globes current state are...

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My plan for fixing the globes current state are...

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There are a lot of issues that need to be dealt with; global warming, education, social media, and nuclear warfare. The first thing that has to happen would be to educate every single human being equally and fairly. That way people have all of the information they need in order to make an educated decision. We wouldn’t need to worry about misinformation because everyone would be able to evaluate sources criticality. Then people will all agree about global warming and there will be less difficult to actually do something about it. Social media has been sharing misinformation for years. By having an accurate censor between false information and the public will help with the education issues as well. There isn’t a sure answer to fixing the nuclear warfare issue since everyone now knows it’s possible. Even if people do take apart their nuclear arsenal, there is no way to know that every country will do the same and to know that they aren’t lying about it. I think that the studying and looking into more nuclear weapons should stop and so should the testing. The testing is a cause of global warming so without the testing there should be a decline in the rate of climate change. The final way that I would attempt to fix the world is by making only electric cars/vehicles (including boats, planes, and trucks once they are created), having chargers every 30 miles everywhere, and forcing big producing companies to take the more expensive route in order to dispose of waste properly.

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What I learned/felt about what I learned and how I will use this knowledge outside of school

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What I learned/felt about what I learned and how I will use this knowledge outside of school

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I learned about history, the good, the bad, the gruesome, and the parts filled with hope. It was a true education and even if it wasn’t fun at times, it was important to learn about. There were many days where I cried when I learned about the horrible things people did/could do. My mom said to me, "If you don't cry after learning about history, then you're either missing something or don't have a soul." That made me feel instantly better. I feel satisfied with the information I am coming out with and I’m so appreciative towards the hard work that was put into the course. Once I learned about what happened in Rwanda and the sexism in the UN, I want to fix it but then again I want to fix everything. It’s hard being 16 at this time because you can’t really do anything and it makes you feel incredibly helpless. I want to look into different opportunities I can take in order to help in places of need whether it’s teach children how to read and write, or help around in different ways. I am currently participating in the Diller Fellows which is a Jewish organization formed in order to create compassionate and strong leaders. I hope to do more in order to help my corner of the universe. I will also use this information in order to choose what I go to college for. I’ve been stuck on what I want to major in and I think this gave me an important perspective and made me think about what makes me angry or upset. Whatever makes those feelings bubble over, is what I feel passionate about.