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Dahl, K. D. (2013). External Factors and Athletic Performance.

Draper, N., & Marshall, H. (2013). Excercise Physiology: For Health and Sports Performance. New York: Routledge.

Hamlin, M. J., Hopkins, W. G., & Hollings, S. C. (2015). Effects of Altitude on Performance of Elite Track-and-Field Athletes. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 881-887.

Young, W. B., & Behm, D. G. (2003). Effects of running, static stretching and practicing jumps on explosive force production and jumping performance. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 21.

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When talking about triple jump, a chemistry aspect of the topic is the energy supply needed for explosive sports. Triple jump being an explosive sport because of the speed and jumping force, the body needs a lot of energy to perform the task. In the book, Exercise Physiology: For Health and Sports Performance, it describes how the atoms in the body bond together to create the energy needed to perform the skill of the sport (Draper & Marshall, 2013). A very important piece of equipment for triple jump are spikes. Spikes are a type of flat sneaker that spikes screw into to give you more of a grip on the track. This allows for a better performance in all track and field events. There are different types of spikes for different events but most can be worn for the same events. These spikes contain spikes that are sharp enough to dig into the track to give you a better grip at your running. They are said to help get you faster times and longer jumps because of the better speed. Also, another part of equipment that the event would not happen without is the pit. The pit is filled with sand and is where you land after your jump is complete. The sand is soft enough to land in without hurting yourself but is also difficult because your feet tend to slide sometimes because of the speed you approach with. Running spikes are made up of the shoes itself and the spikes that you put into the bottoms. Depending on which ones you purchase, the spikes may have a plastic bottom or a rubber bottom. Plastic bottom spikes are used more for outdoor tracks and rubber for indoor. The spikes that screw into the shoe are made of metal. They are pointed for the ability to dig into the track while running. Many pits, if not all, used a Caribbean white sand or a regular store bought sand used in sandboxes as well. The Caribbean sand creates less dust when dry and is easier to measure the jump when wet during competition and tough practices. The sand is soft so that when you land it absorbs the landing to avoid hurting yourself.

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When an athlete, your body takes may tolls when trying to become better and better. With playing a sport comes the need to practice. When you practice, your body changes to become better and more fit in the aspect of whatever sport you play. For example, Track-and-Field, specifically the field event triple jump. However, warming up is a very important part of triple jumping. The body needs to stretch and have the muscles warmed up in order to avoid an injury (Young & Behm, 2003). When thinking of the body and biology, there are many things that go into it. When relating the body and track and field/triple jump, there are many things that take place prior to and during performance. Prior to performance many if not all athletes warm up. This is because you must warm your muscles in your body in order to reduce risk of injuries. The parts of the body being used the most during the event, triple jump, is the legs and arms. While running towards the pit and beginning to prepare to jump, you are using your legs fully to run your fastest and your arms to help you run. When jumping into the pit, it is better to stretch your legs straight out while keeping your hips up to be able to stay in the air for as long as you can. This is because once you land in the pit your jump is measured form the mark of your foot. When running, the muscles in your legs are slowly becoming stronger. The muscles being worked are the Quadriceps, the Hamstrings, the Gluteals, the Hip Flexors, the Abs, the Calves, the Tibialis Anterior, and the Poroneals.

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When practicing or competing in triple jump, the environment you are in effects the result of the jump. For example, an article written by Michael J. Hamlin, Will G. Hopkins, and Stephen C. Hollings states that altitude has an effect on performance of Track-and-Field athletes  (Hamlin, Hopkins, & Hollings, 2015). The result of the study from this article shows that the higher altitude improves triple jump performance (Hamlin, Hopkins, & Hollings, 2015).Both hot and cold environments have negative effects on an athletic performance. When an athlete is too cold in the environment they may compete in, their muscles will begin to tighten. The cold weather effects the pulmonary system. The dry and cold air being breathed in causes for higher exertion and a decrease in the rate of the performance (Dahl, 2013). Also, your heart rate decreases in cold weather making the ability to perform athletically even harder (Dahl, 2013). Performing in hot temperatures also has a negative impact on athletic performance. Performing during high temperatures can cause a high rate of sweating and a rise in core temperature (Dahl, 2013). The run and jump surface are both the same. The surface is normally the rubbery track (depending on where you are), some schools and places may use another type of track. This track surface is the ideal place to perform the event because performing on the track is the point of the event.

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The article, “Vectors and the Track-and-Field Jumping Events”, tells of the physics aspect of triple jump, long jump, pole vault and high jump. The topic I have chosen is triple jump. There are three phases of triple jump, a hop, a step, and a jump. Being that you need to perform these motions during the event, the athlete will slow down during each phase. This is because it is difficult to keep your full speed from your run when planting your foot on the runway to perform the motions. Every triple jumper is different in the way to choose to perform the event. Some are hop-phase dominant and others are jump-phase dominant (Russell, 2015). When you are a hop-phase dominant your hop phase is bigger than your step and jump phases. This is because when you are focusing on the hop, you are going for more force and distance in that then the other two phases (Russell, 2015).  For jump-phase dominant it is the complete opposite. When jump-phase dominant, the jump phase is the longest out of all three phases (Russell, 2015). Newton’s first law of motion, “Every object continues in its state of rest, or uniform speed in a straight line, unless acted on by a nonzero force”, applies to triple jump. Newton’s first law says that unless another force is acted upon it, the speed and rest will remain the same. When running down the runway to perform the triple jump event, your speed from running stays at a steady pace. Once you “plant” your foot and begin your hop, step, and jump phases, your speed slows down. This is because the force you are applying to the ground to jump is transferring your energy from running to the jump. This is what helps you to exert forward when you jump during each phase and in the long run, gets you the distance/measurement you would like. Also, the speed you put into your run will help to determine how your jump will be. With good speed comes a good jump.

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In all 4 years of my high school career I was a part of the Track & Field team. I was a triple jumper for the team making this topic very important to me. This event had become my favorite thing to do every day and I looked forward to practice. Being on the team had introduced me to the absolute best friends that I have today and had transformed my body for the better and I am very happy about it. It has helped to not only shape my physically into who I am today, but mentally as well. Triple jump is a very specific track & field event, performed a certain way. Triple jump involves a specific technique. The topic of triple jump is significant in a scientific perspective because when broken down, everything goes back to science. Physics, Earth Science, Biology, and Chemistry, each one having their own way of relating to the Track & Field event. Triple Jump or just track and field in general is a big part of many people’s lives. Many have made a career out of it with the Olympics and other competitions.

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TOUCH this image to discover its story. Image tagging powered by ThingLink

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This gif shows each phase of this athletes jump into the pit during competition.

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Olympic athletes competing in the event 

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Olympic athletes competing in the event 

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This video contains the top 3 longest Olympic jumps.

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The Longest Ever Olympic Triple Jumps | Top Moments

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The technique of triple jumping requires a hop, a step, and a jump.