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This observation was Charles Darwin most famous observation. Darwin found 13 familiar finches. Each one had a beak adapted for certain kind of food.
I believe this played a huge role because it helped Darwin provide true information about his theory. Thus making this his most famous observation.
http://www.audubon.org/news/why-love-matters-zebra-finch

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The industrial revolution is one of the best examples of evolution showing a dramatic increase of dark peppered moths because of pollution making light peppered moths more visible for predators to spot.
http://catherinephamevolution.weebly.com/the-british-peppered-moth.html

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In 1859 only 12 cute rabbits were brought into Australia. By 1886 the arms of rabbits were advancing over 66 miles smashing through rabbit proof barriers.  Myxomatosis was introduced in 1950 with a mortality rate of 99.9 %. Today its 40%
This is a great example how rabbits were able to adapt to the disease
http://sciencenordic.com/how-wild-rabbit-was-domesticated

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Natural selection is a change in species over time and decent with modification. Natural selection was applied to help explain the theory of evolution
https://answersingenesis.org/natural-selection/

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He was personally my top pick because he published the theory of evolution and supporting it with facts. One example being the finches. He also supported his theory by applying natural selection.
https://www.shropshirestar.com/news/2014/11/28/charles-darwins-notes-are-put-online/