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Did you know...?

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Did You Know  (Officially updated for 2018)

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Will vs. Going to introduction

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Complete

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Complete

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Futures - Will-be going to-Present Continuous worksheet + key

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Futures - Will-be going to-Present Continuous worksheet + key

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Complete

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Futures - Will-be going to-Present Continuous worksheet + key

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Future Simple vs. Continuous - OneRepublic Love Runs Out worksheet

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Future Simple vs. Continuous - OneRepublic Love Runs Out worksheet

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Complete

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Future simple vs. continuous - OneRepublic Love Runs Out worksheet

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Music video

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Video tutorial

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Difference between present continuous and be going to

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Difference between present continuous and be going to

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Tutorial

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Both going to and present continuous are used to talk about future actions and events that have some present reality. So, for example, if we say that something is happening or going to happen, it is usually already decided or planned.

We are going to get new windows.

We are getting new windows.

As you can see, both sentences express nearly the same idea.

Both present continuous and be going to can be used to express the same idea. In some cases there is a difference of meaning.

The present continuous tense is common with verbs of movement.

I am just popping out to the café.

Are you coming to the party?

The present continuous tense is mainly used to talk about personal arrangements and fixed plans. Be going to can also be used to express the same idea; however, it puts an extra emphasis on the idea of intention.

I am going to get a new job. (= I intend to get a job.)

I am getting a new job. (= It is already decided / arranged. Here the focus is on the arrangement.)

What are you doing this evening? (A question about arrangements)

Are you going to do anything about that letter you received from the civic authorities? (A question about the intentions of the listener)

I am seeing Peter tomorrow. (Here the emphasis is on the arrangement that already exists.)

I am going to ask him to stop borrowing my car. (Here the emphasis is on the intentions of the speaker.)
Events outside people's control
We do not normally use the present continuous to talk about events that are outside people's control.

It is going to snow before long. (NOT It is snowing before long.)

Look at the sky. It is going to rain.

Prices are going to fall.

The sentences 'It is raining' and 'Prices are falling' have altogether different meanings. They are used to talk about actions or situations that are in progress at the moment. Be going to is only used to talk about future events

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Difference between present continuous and be going to

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Both going to and present continuous are used to talk about future actions and events that have some present reality. So, for example, if we say that something is happening or going to happen, it is usually already decided or planned. We are going to get new windows.

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Video tutorial

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Download:
Right-click each link and select "Save" or "Save as..." to download
Today's lesson will focus on using modal verbs for certainty, probability, and deduction.

"Deduction" means using the information available to make a guess or draw a conclusion about the facts.

Depending on the information available, you might be more certain that your conclusion is true, or less certain that your conclusion is true - and we use different modal verbs to indicate the degree of certainty.

Let's look at some examples.

Modal Verbs for Certainty

Certainty about the Present

When making deductions about the present, we use must if we are sure something is true and can't if we are sure that something is impossible.

For example, if you see this guy, you can say:

He must be a chef.
(we are very certain, because of his uniform and what he is doing)

He can't be a policeman.
(we are very certain he is NOT a policeman)

Carla works every day from 9 AM to 5 PM. Right now it's 10:30 AM, so...

Put it into practice!

You'll see five pictures accompanied by sentences. For each one, fill in the blank with must (if you think it is true) or can't (if you think it's not possible).
He _____________ be a vegetarian. They ______________ be in love. You studied all night. You ___________ be exhausted. That __________ be right... She ____________ love her cat.
Certainty about the Past

When we consider some present evidence and draw a reasonably certain conclusion about what happened in the past, we use must have and couldn't have plus the past participle of the verb.
must have + past participle
must not have + past participle
couldn't have + past participle
when we are certain that something was IMPOSSIBLE when we draw the conclusion that something did NOT happen when we draw the conclusion that something DID happen

Martha couldn't have takenyour notebook; she wasn't even in class yesterday.

The cookies are gone. But Eric couldn't have reached the cookies on the top shelf; he must have asked his older brother to get them.

Can't have is also possible, but it is much less common than couldn't have.

Here's an example that illustrates the difference between must not have and couldn't have:

I don't see the report here - she must not have printed it out.
(we draw the conclusion that she did not do it)

The printer's been broken for the past week, so she couldn't have printed out the report.
(we know it was IMPOSSIBLE for her to do it)

Put it into practice!

You'll see five pictures accompanied by sentences. For each one, fill in the blank with must have (if you think it happened), must not have (if you think it didn't happen) or couldn't have (if you think it's impossible).
I _________________________ left my phone at work; I made a call on the drive home.
The thief ______________________ gotten in through the window.
They _____________________ bought a house without a loan because they had no savings.
She __________________ been happy when she heard the good news.

He looks upset. He _________________________ liked whatever she just said.

"How was your presentation?"
"Great! It _______________________ been better!"

Certainty about the Future

Making deductions about the future is the same as making predictions. As you learned in the lesson about future tenses, we can use will or going to for saying what we believe will happen in the future. When you are quite sure that your prediction is correct, you can also add the word definitely to emphasize your certainty:

Two slightly more formal expressions that can be used for talking about the future with certainty is saying that something is certain to happen, or is sure to happen:

Modal Verbs for Expectation

Present/Future Expectation

When you expect something to happen (although you are not completely, 100% certain), you can use should/shouldn't for the present or future:
Ex) Within the next week, I should finish the book I'm reading.

Present:
I took my car to the mechanic yesterday and he said the problem would be fixed in a day - so my car should be ready by now.

Future:
Can you please type up these notes? It should only take about half an hour.

Present:
The weather is clear, so our flight shouldn't be delayed.

Future:
I've written out all the instructions for this task step by step, so you shouldn't run into any problems when you try to do it.

Put it into practice!

What is one thing you expect to do or one thing you expect to happen within the next week? Create your own sentence using should:

Past Expectation

For expectations about what was supposed to happen in the past, you can use should have and shouldn't have plus the past participle:

I sent the package three weeks ago with express mail. They should have received it already.
= I expect that they have already received it

This car is brand new. It shouldn't have broken down.
= I expected it NOT to break down

Because should/shouldn't are also used for giving advice and recommendations, we can also use should have and shouldn't have for evaluating things in the past and declaring them to have been right or wrong, good or bad:

Lindsay saw a woman who needed help, but did nothing.
"Lindsay, youshould have helped her."

I said something mean to my best friend during an argument.
"Ishouldn't have said that. It really hurt her feelings."

Put it into practice!

Think of one thing you regret doing, and one thing you regret NOT doing. Make sentences about them using should/shouldn't have + the past participle:
Present:
Modal Verbs for Possibility
Future:
Present/Future Possibility

We can use may, might and could to talk about things that are possible in the present and future.

Where's Fred? He's not in his office.
Hemaybe in the bathroom... or he might be in the conference room.

Don't eat that mushroom. It could be poisonous.

The weather forecast says it may rain tomorrow.

Your daughter is really smart. She could be very successful someday.

We might take a road trip this weekend.

Some people say that might is less certain than may, but in spoken English there is really no effective difference. It's probably best to use might. The word may is less common, and we can only use could in the positive form, not the negative form, for talking about possibility:
Positive Past Possibilities:

Are you sure that's a good idea?The boss
The bossmay not / might not like it when he finds out.
could not like it when he finds out.

I I may not /might not be the smartest person in the class, but I definitely work the hardest.
could not be the smartest person in the class, but I definitely work the hardest.

Past Possibility
Negative Past Possibilities:
When talking about past possibilities, we can use... might have / may have / could have + past participle (for positive possibilities) and might not have / may not have + past participle (for negative possibilities).

She's not home. She might have gone to the store.

He may have misunderstood you when you talked to him yesterday.

The person who stole the documents could have been one of the employees.

Could have is usually used in unreal conditions - when we are imagining a possibility if something in the past had been different: "If we had started this project earlier, we could have finished on time."

Remember that couldn't have is only used when we are certain that something is logically impossible in the past:

She couldn't have taken the car; she doesn't have a key.

Use must (present) and must have (past) when you are very certain that something is/was true

Use can't (present) and couldn't have (past) when you are very certain that something is/was impossible

Use should/shouldn't (present) and should have / shouldn't have (past) to talk about things you expect to be true, although you don't have complete certainty

You can also use should have / shouldn't have for judging actions in the past to be good or bad

Use might (most common), may, or could to talk about present and future possibilities

Use might have, may have, or could have to talk about past possibilities

For a possibility that something did NOT happen, use might not have and may not have

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Learn modal verbs for certainty, probability, and deduction - must, can't, couldn't, should, might, may, could - advanced English grammar lesson.

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Online exercises & tutorial

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How to use modal verbs of probability (also called modal auxiliary verbs of speculation, deduction or certainty)

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Online exercise

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Modal auxiliaries for possibility and prediction exercise

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Modal auxiliaries for possibility and prediction exercise. You will practise using the subject + modal + verb.

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Countable/Uncountable Nouns - Food Partatives

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Countable/Uncountable Nouns - Food Partatives

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Online quiz

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Count/Non-Count Food Partitives (Catherine Rifkin) I-TESL-J

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Copyright 1998 by Catherine Rifkin ( fricativ@mediaone.net) This quiz is part of the HTML-Only Self-Study Quizzes which is part of Activities for ESL Students, a project by The Internet TESL Journal.

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Online game

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ESL Classroom Games food partitives, a slice of, a piece of, a glass of, billionaire game

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ESL Classroom game billionaire food partitives, a slice of, a piece of, a glass of, billionaire game.

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Prefixes and suffixes

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Adjectives, Prefixes, Suffixes, Synonyms, Extreme Adjectives, Opposites, Jeopardy Game

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Practice Adjectives, Prefixes, Suffixes, Extreme Adjectives, Opposites using this ESL jeopardy game.This game is also excellent for classroom teaching. Teachers can engage students in a classroom vocabulary review for elementary ESL, EFL Learners. It can be used to energize a dull class, to review work that was done or simply as a reward for good classroom work.

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Reading exercise

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Welcome to Back to the Future day. On 21 October 2015 we will finally be at the point in time to which Marty McFly (Michael J Fox) travels in Back to the Future II, the 1989 sequel to the time-travelling classic.

The future he finds is one which has captured the imagination of millions - and one which has proved remarkably prescient. Save for a few key oversights (the internet, mobile phones) and a couple of over-hopeful punts in the dark (flying cars, hoverboards), the world dreamt up by writer Bob Gale and then brought to the screen by director Robert Zemeckis resembles our own in strange and uncanny ways. Here's an A-Z guide to the gaps between that fictional world and our own, in the hope that inventors will spend the next 10 months wisely.

Automation

The film correctly anticipates an increased use of robot technology: petrol stations these days are pretty much computerised (albeit not suspended in space) and non-military drones - such as the one dispatched by USA Today in the film to take a photo - have recently experienced a surge in popularity.

Yet the film overstates the pace: we don't yet have remote-control litter bins or dog walkers, and waiters have not been replaced by TV screens (though automated supermarket checkouts have led to some redundancies).

Biometrics

The scanning of eyes and fingerprints is used in the film to check people's identities, just as it is today. Yet the movie goes further, anticipating a widespread rollout of such technology to the domestic realm. The McFly's home, for instance, comes with a scanner, rather than a doorknob.

Clothes

Perhaps the most glaring error made by the film-makers was in overestimating how much fashion might move forward. That said, it's a relief that the double-tie fad hasn't, in fact, taken off, nor the gold raincoat or sound effect-programmable vest (as sported by one of baddie Griff's goons).

Marty's size-adjustable, self-drying jacket has also not yet been manufactured, despite public appetite, though there have been advances in wicking technology.

Dust-repellant paper

For all the innovation, the 2015 of Back to the Future Part II is still a print-heavy world, in which USA Today comes as a thick sheaf, faxes spew from machines in every room and the shop assistant in an antiques store casually mentions the invention of "dust-repellent paper".

Eyewear

Almost everyone in the film at some point dons a pair of high-tech specs with remarkably Google Glass-style capabilities, such as cameras, magnification and access to some sort of unspecified database of information. They also have bluetooth-anticipating headsets.

Flying cars

One of the film's most obvious errors. Yes, they do exist, but in nothing like the numbers choking the skies in the movie, and with nothing like the same manoeuvrability. Terrafugia unveiled a prototype several months ago, the Aeromobil 3.0, which they say could do more than 400 miles on one trip. But these are not currently on sale, and air traffic control plans have not been drafted.

Games consoles

We don't see anyone playing a 2015 console, but their dominance - and hands-free nature - is hinted at by the scorn with which some kids from the future regard an old-style shooter game Marty plays in the nostalgia restaurant Cafe 80s.

Hoverboards

Ever since the film was released, a desperate market for these has existed. Yet problems, such as gravity, have meant that, while they're in production, they are not yet available. A company called Hendo is working with Tony Hawk on a prototype. Interestingly, Hendo's website doesn't credit the movie for its inspiration, but rather their founder's epiphany about "Magnetic Field Architecture™".

Footage of Hawk shows a board not quite as sleek as that in the film. Whether it works on water (unlike Marty's model) isn't specified.

Internet

Notable by its absence. Yet the enormity of its impact only became apparent to the most plugged-in cyber-soothsayer in the mid-1990s.

Jaws 19

As some have pointed out, film-makers will need to get their skates on if multiplexes are to catch up with what Hill Valley is screening in October 2015 - Jaws 19, in 3D, directed by Max Spielberg.

edgarwright (@edgarwright)
They haven't left much time to make 'Jaws 5' through to 'Jaws 19'...
January 1, 2015

Yet we do indeed now live in a world of sequels and spin-offs, cinematic universes such as that conceived by Marvel, and prior brand awareness as a prerequisite for studio approval. Max, now 28, did not follow in his father's footsteps, but 3D is everywhere, and today looks like a fixture rather than a fad.

Lawyers

Abolished in the future, leading to a much-accelerated justice system (and thereby handily oiling the wheels of the plot).

Mobility aids

An accident on the golf course has meant Marty's father, George, has put his back out and must be propelled along upside down in some sort of hovering hoist. This barely looks helpful, so it's little surprise it hasn't yet been patented. Indeed its use in the film may be more crack-papering than creative - Crispin Glover, who played George in the first film, refused to return after a pay dispute, so the producers cast another actor in the role, swaddled him in prosthetics moulded from Glover's face, then further promoted audience confusion by inverting him for the duration.

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Back to the Future Day: what Part II got right and wrong about 2015 - an A-Z

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Welcome to Back to the Future day. On 21 October 2015 we will finally be at the point in time to which Marty McFly (Michael J Fox) travels in Back to the Future II, the 1989 sequel to the time-travelling classic.

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Cut out

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Roll the dice!

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Days of the week: The Cure - Friday I'm in Love

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Days of the week: The Cure - Friday I'm in Love

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Listening exercise and activities

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Months of the Year and Ordinal Numbers revision

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Months of the Year and Ordinal Numbers revision

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Ordering the months of the year. Online exercise

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The months of the year Interactive worksheet

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The months of the year interactive and downloadable worksheet. You can do the exercises online or download the worksheet as pdf.

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A fun way of showing the date.

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A calendar made up of people, they look at each other.

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Online exercise

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Days, months and seasons revision worksheet

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5 exercises: the SS must complete days, months and seasons with the missing letters, put the days in the right order and guess the names of the sesaons.they can color the b-w pictures, too. bye. Lidia

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Months of the Year and Ordinal Numbers revision

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Months of the Year and Ordinal Numbers revision

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Interactive game

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Months of the Year & Ordinal Numbers On Target Vocabulary Games, ESL Interactive Games

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ESL, ESL puzzles, puzzles for kids, Kids, worksheets, printable worksheets, kids worksheets, vocabulary games, grammar games, kids grammar games, downloads, esl downloads, esl games for kids, esl activities, Games, Powerpoint games, exercises for esl young learners, daves esl cafe, barry fun english, classroom games, esl flashcards, pdf, Young learners, printables, children, flashcards, pdf worksheets, phonics, esl phonics