# data[].attributes.headline
Start (Canada join the war 1914) Social  +1

# data[].attributes.subject
Start (Canada join the war 1914) Social  +1

# data[].attributes.body
Canada joined it at the beginning of WWI. Robert Borden said that Canada’s responsibility is to “stand shoulder to shoulder with Britain”, and Laurier, who is the opposition party, also fully supports it. At the time Canada was in an economic downturn, and the war helped revitalize the economy. The unemployed enthusiastically signed up to join the army, believing that war will be a short and pleasant adventure: "You can go home at Christmas." In August 1914, Canadians were very excited for their entry into WWI. Everyone, including French and English Canadians, celebrated it and shared the happiness with others. 35000 people enlist in the first few days which show that the enlistment is high. There are some people who reject entry into war, but opposition is still quite low. Leaders suggested entry into WWI is a matter of loyalty to the Empire. Even Henri Bourassa, who has always opposed imperialism, expressed his support, feeling that the war could unite French and British Canadians to jointly defend their "home country." People are very emotional. This is an opportunity for Canada to progress, because Canada shows its loyalty to Britain and people are very proud of their country because of that. Patriotism and national pride make Canadian become more united, no matter if you are French-Canadian or English-Canadian, we will all fight for our country.

# data[].attributes.headline
War Measures Act (1914) Social and Political  0

# data[].attributes.subject
War Measures Act (1914) Social and Political  0

# data[].attributes.body
In Canada, far away from the battle field, the federal government passed a War Measures Act that gave the government authority to arrest and detain suspected dangerous individuals. During the time of WWI, in order to protect Canada from being sabotaged, all the foreigners were being suspected. Because of the act, the government can intern the immigration rationally. Although, they may not sabotage the Houses of Parliament and they did nothing wrong, they may still be arrested which means the rights of foreigners was taken away. Public sentiment was so intense that the Canadian government began a wave of arrests of "enemy immigrants" under the War Measures Act. By the end of 1914, the first wave of arrests had taken place and more than 8,500 "enemy immigrants" were imprisoned. Those immigrants were put in concentration camps and sent to forced labor in steel mills in Nova Scotia, logging mills in Ontario and coal mines in British Columbia. Today, a large part of Canada's most beautiful and famous Banff National Park was built by German and Ukrainian laborers. The aliens of the enemy country were subjected to various forms of repression and persecution. They are restricted and discriminated against in all aspects. This act will not only make Canada to decline, but also it is an opportunity for Canada to progress, because it has the negative impact on human rights, which means many foreigners don't have the freedom and they are very nervous because they may be captured every time. However, it also has some positive influences. Due to the demand for overseas soldiers, Canada had a shortage of workers during the war. The “enemy nationals” brought a lot of labor to Canada. The government uses the labor to build facilities and makes them work in the factory to make weapons. These things ensure Canada wins this war.

# data[].attributes.body
In September, the 4th Division of the Canadian Expeditionary Force had actually reached the Somme front. By this time, the Battle of the Somme had entered its third phase. It was during this phase that the British gained a deeper understanding of artillery tactics and tanks, which contributed to the brilliance of the Canadian army in this war. The first battle the Canadian Expeditionary Force took part in was the Battle of Courcelette. They were supported by three Cruiser Mk.I tanks and organized into reserve units to attacked the Germans. The two sides fought fiercely in the early morning of September 15. Thanks to the support of tanks and artillery, the Canadian Expeditionary Force defeated the German army in just fifteen minutes and captured the sugar factory in Courcelette. One of the German camp was too late to withdraw, so it was captured by Canada expeditionary force, which was also one of the few great victories in the Battle of the Somme. The tug of war lasted until October. In the final Battle of Anchorage Heights, the Canadian forces captured the Regina trenches and repelled the German forces led by General von Bülow. Although the Battle of the Somme caused 24,029 casualties to the Canadian army and seen as “pointless slaughter”, it is an opportunity for Canada to progress. From the terrible bloodletting, the Canadians learned they need to improve infantry and artillery tactics, and better coordinate how various military weapons work together in combat. These new strategies make Canadian success in the rest battle. The sacrifice is necessary, because if the great sacrifice doesn't appear in the battleground, we can't make sure that Canadian will be the final winner in WWI.

# data[].attributes.body
Vimy Ridge was a key high point on the northern French front, where the Germans considered their most heavily defended strategic point. Several attempts by the French and British to capture Vimy Hill had failed miserably. The French alone had lost 150,000 soldiers. Now it was the turn of the Canadians. Unlike previous British offensives, the Canadian troops had been carefully deployed. The offensive began on April 9, 1917, when for the first time four Canadian divisions were deployed together, shoulder-to-shoulder, to charge the German positions. It was a cold day, with a cold wind and snow, but the Canadian soldiers felt at home. The Canadians stormed the hilltops, swept the Germans away, captured more weapons and captured more prisoners than any British army had ever done. Known as the "best organized and most successful battle", it was the Canadian army's greatest victory and has made Canada famous. Some say Canada won its independence at that moment. Nearly 3,600 Canadian soldiers died in the battle to capture Vimy Ridge. After this battle the Canadian army became an elite division and went into battle after battle in the main attack. Of course, it is an opportunity for Canada to progress. In terms of morale, victory in this battle was of great importance, especially to Canada. The battle was the first time the Canadian army had been engaged in a campaign independently. In addition, Canadian soldiers from nine Canadian provinces participated in the battle of Vimy Ridge. There are many Canadians who say that the Battle of Vimy Ridge was "the day Canada grew up." This victory, along with Canadian ace pilots William Barker and Billy Bishop, helped create a new international image of Canada. Britain gave Canada more autonomy. After this campaign, thanks to military excellence and contributions, Canada won a seat at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.

# data[].attributes.headline
Conscription（1917-1918) Political and Social -1

# data[].attributes.subject
Conscription（1917-1918) Political and Social -1

# data[].attributes.body
On May 18, 1917, Robert Borden convened Congress to announce that Canada is about to start conscription, which means that those who meet the conditions must join the war as soldiers. "The battles in the French and Belgian plains are also fighting for Canadian freedom." He said. Despite such sensational posters, the "Conscription Act" was angrily rejected by Quebecers. French-Canadians think this war is a matter of British-Canadians. All the French members of Parliament opposed the conscription, and almost all the British members voted for it. Finally, the majority supported the bill. The Military Service Act was passed on August 29, 1917, giving the government the power to conscript people to serve as soldiers. The conscription had split Canada. The voices against conscription are not limited to Quebec. Farmers in Ontario have also participated in the labor movement organized by the Canadian Trades and Labour Congress to protest. This movement had gone beyond the language boundary and did not distinguish between English and French. The goal of the conscription Law was to enlist 100,000 people into the army, and Borden basically achieved the goal. By 1918, 99,500 people were wearing military uniforms. Although the conscription work was a success, it caused divisions in Canadian society. In my point of view, conscription makes Canada to decline. Although, Borden almost  got enough soldiers, the conscription lead to the polarization of Canada. The relationship between French-Canadian and English-Canadian get worse. This issue remain in nowadays, so it is a long lasting problem of Canada which means it will keep impact Canada for hundreds of years.

# data[].attributes.headline
Chinese Exclusion (1923) Political, Social and Cultural  -2

# data[].attributes.subject
Chinese Exclusion (1923) Political, Social and Cultural  -2

# data[].attributes.body
Many Chinese laborers from Fujian and Guangdong helped build the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 19th century. In order to support the families they left behind,  they were more likely to accept discriminatory working hours, low wages and dangerous working conditions, such as blasting through mountains. Some Canadian and white workers got angary, because the Chinese workers' willingness to tolerate low wages and poor working conditions. They thought the Chinese workers were messing up the labor market. The passage of the Chinese Immigration Act in 1885 authorized the Canadian government to collect a poll tax from Chinese immigrants to Canada. At that time, the Chinese were the only ethnic minorities forced to pay the tax. The head tax was levied by the Canadian government against the "race" of the Chinese. Until 1923, Chinese, whether Canadian citizens or not, had to pay a $500 head tax, which discouraged immigrants from bringing in more families. Cheap wages, low jobs open to the Chinese, and segregation of communities or schools all kept the Chinese community on the margins of society by policy or economic means. In 1923, the federal Liberal government of William Lyon Mackenzie King passed the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923, banning Chinese immigration completely. The Chinese became the only ethnic group rejected in Canada. Over the next 25 years, more and more Chinese exclusion laws were passed, and Chinese were not accepted in most jobs. Canada's development about human right will decline due to Chinese Exclusion. The human right of Chinese was not protected. White people have bias against the Chinese. It brings many negative impact to Canada. All people are equal, so we shouldn’t discriminate others, due to the race, the color of skin and the family background. Chinese people help Canada built the railway, but Canadian government didn’t thank them for their contribution and even passed Chinese Immigration Act. That is not fair.

# data[].attributes.headline
Women's Rights ( The Famous Five 1928) Political and Social  +1

# data[].attributes.subject
Women's Rights ( The Famous Five 1928) Political and Social  +1

# data[].attributes.body
Emily Murphy discovered a secret law that, together with five related citizens, can request the Supreme Court of Canada to hold a hearing on a certain clause of the British North America Act. In 1927, Murphy joined four feminist leaders from Alberta to appealed to the Supreme Court to request an interpretation of Article 24 of the British North America Act, stating that the eligible "persons" include or exclude women. So this case was also called "The Persons Case". The five women quickly became the famous "famous five" in Canadian history. The other four leaders of the feminist movement are Henrietta Edwards，Louise McKinney, Irene Parlby, Nellie McClung. On April 24, 1928, the Supreme Court of Canada made a decision: Women are not "human beings." However, the fights for women's rights is not over. They crossed the Supreme Court of Canada and submitted the case to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London. On October 18, 1929, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council overturned the Canadian Supreme Court's ruling: Women are "people" and women can enter the Canadian Senate. It is an opportunity for Canada to progress. Emily Murphy won, the women won, and the women got their rights. However, from a political perspective, this case also reminds people of the fact that Canada is not a completely independent country. The UK still has the power to overturn the decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, and the Supreme Court of Canada is not “the highest”. Therefore, although this ruling is a victory for women, it is not a victory for Canadian sovereignty.