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The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body. Food passes through a long tube inside the body known as the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract).

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Food begins its journey through the digestive system in the mouth, and includes organs that aid in the digestion of food—the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands.

Mouth

The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract and, digestion starts here when taking the first bite of food.

Teeth:

The Teeth are 32 small, hard, living organs that contain blood vessels and nerves under the dentin in the soft region of the pulp. They are found along the anterior and lateral edges of the mouth. Each tooth is made of a bone-like substance called dentin and covered in a layer of enamel, and include the incisors, canine teeth, premolars, and molars are found next to the premolars. Teeth are necessary for biting, tearing, grinding, and crushing food into
smaller particles.

Salivary Glands:

The salivary glands produce saliva and contains amylase
enzymes, which break down starches (complex carbohydrates) to simpler carbohydrates. Saliva lubricates the food so it can be swallowed, dissolves food particles, and makes it possible to taste what is being eaten. It also protects ones teeth against bacteria, and aids in the digestion of food. The amylase enzymes also help break down complex carbohydrates to simple carbohydrates. The 3 major pairs of salivary glands are the parotid glands on the insides of the cheeks, the submandibular glands at the floor of the mouth, and the sublingual glands under the tongue.

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The pharynx is a part of both the digestive and respiratory systems, and is located behind the mouth and nose, is also known as the throat, and
receives the food from your mouth and branches off the pharynx to the esophagus. When food is pushed to the back of the mouth by the tongue, the trachea or windpipe closes, and the food moves into the pharynx. Then, both voluntary and involuntary muscles work to swallow the food and  forces it into the esophagus, which moves it along to the stomach.The pharynx provides space to warm up and acquire the proper humidity levels before it enters the trachea and moves into the lungs, and also filter air before it moves into the trachea.

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The esophagus is a highway for food and drink to travel along to make it to the stomach, and is a tube that connects the pharynx and the stomach and is about 20 centimetres long. The esophagus is made of muscles that contract to move food to the stomach in a process called peristalsis, Once food is swallowed, it travels from the mouth to the stomach by the esophagus. The bolus of food stretches the walls of the esophagus, activating peristalsis, and these involuntary contractions move food along the gastrointestinal tract. The only points at which food is moved voluntarily along the tract is during swallowing and during the last phase of egestion.

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The stomach is a muscular sac that lies between the esophagus and the small intestine in the upper abdomen and the is the site of food storage and initial protein digestion. The movement of food to and from the stomach is regulated by circular muscles called sphincters. Contraction of the cardiac sphincter closes the opening to the stomach located nearer the heart, while its relaxation allows food to enter.A second sphincter, the pyloric sphincter, regulates the movement of foods and stomach acids to the small intestine.

The stomach is J-shaped and has numerous ridges that allow it to expand so that it can store about 1.5 L of food. Partial digestion of the food takes place here, and the churning action of the stomach muscles physically breaks down the food.

The stomach releases acids and enzymes for the chemical breakdown of food. Gastric fluid includes substances such as mucus, hydrochloric acid, and pepsinogens. Mucus provides a protective coating. Hydrochloric acid kills many harmful substances that are ingested with food and also converts pepsinogen into its active form, pepsin, which is a protein-digesting enzyme. Pepsin is responsible for protein breakdown and breaks the  the long amino acid chains in proteins into shorter chains, called polypeptides. pH is also located inside the stomach and normally ranges between 2.0 and 3.0, but may approach pH 1.0. When one eats, the stomach releases enzymes called proteases and hydrochloric acid to aid in digestion. After a high-protein meal, their stomach pH may drop to as low as 1 or 2, but soon quickly raises the pH back to 3 or 4 and after the meal has been digested, their
stomach pH would return to a resting level of about 4 or 5. The stomach then releases food into the small intestine in a controlled and regulated manner.

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Most digestion takes place in the small intestine, and absorbs about 90% of the nutrients from the food we eat, and in humans is about 7 m in length, but only 2.5 cm in diameter. The small intestine secretes disaccharidases, which complete the digestion of carbohydrates.

The small intestine can be divided into 3 major regions: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

The duodenum is connected to the stomach is where the majority of digestion occurs in the first 25 to 30 cm of the small intestine, and is the shortest region of the small intestine.Partially digested food  from the stomach is mixed with bile from the liver and pancreatic juice from the pancreas to complete its digestion in the duodenum.

The second component of the small intestine is the jejunum, which is about 3 feet long, and is the middle section of the small intestine that serves as the primary site of nutrient absorption.

The last part is the ileum, which measures about 6 feet long and empties the large intestine via the ileocecal sphincter, and completes the absorption of nutrients that were missed in the jejunum.

The pancreas is an abdominal organ that is located behind the stomach and is surrounded by other organs and plays an important role in digestion and in regulating blood sugar.  It makes enzymes to digest proteins, fats, and carbs in the intestines and produces the hormones insulin and glucagon.

Enzymes and hormones play a large role in the pancreas, such as the secretin, a hormone that stimulates pancreatic and bile secretions. The pancreas releases lipases, which are lipid-digesting enzymes. There are 2 different types of lipid-digesting enzymes, the pancreatic lipase, that breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol, and phospholipase acts on phospholipids. Trypsin is a protein-digesting enzyme, enterokinase, which is an enzyme of the small intestine that converts trypsinogen to trypsinerepsins, and erepsins that complete protein digestion by converting small-chain peptides to amino acids. Pancreas secretions (such as trypsinogen and erepsins) play a large role in protein digestion. The pancreas also secretes amylase enzymes, which continue the digestion. Trypsinogen is released from the pancreas, and once it reaches the small intestine, enterokinase converts the inactive trypsinogen into trypsin,which acts on the partially digested proteins. Trypsin then  breaks down long-chain polypeptides into shorter-chain peptides.
When acids enter the small intestine, the chemical of prosecretin is converted into secretin, and is then asorbed into the bloodstream and carried to the pancreas, where it signals the release of a solution containing bicarbonate ions. The ions are then are carried to the small intestine, where they neutralize in HCl in gastric fluid and the pH raises from about 2.5 to 9.0. The now basic pH inactivates pepsin. Thus, the small intestine is protected from stomach acids by the release of secretin of carbohydrates that was started in the mouth.

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Located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, the liver and gallbladder are interconnected by ducts known as the biliary tract, which drains into the first segment of the small intestine.
The liver continually produces a fluid called bile, which contains bile salts that are the components of bile that break down large fat globules
and these help speed up fat digestion. Bile is stored and concentrated in the gall bladder when the stomach is empty. When there are fats in the small intestine, the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) is released. CCK is carried by the bloodstream to the gall bladder, and CCK stimulates the release of bile salts from the gall bladder. The bile then breaks down the fat gobules into smaller droplets.

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The large intestine is the final section of the gastrointestinal tract that performs the vital task of absorbing water and vitamins while converting digested food into feces. Chemical digestion is complete by the time food reaches the large intestine. The colon is the largest part of the large intestine, must store wastes long enough to reabsorb water out of the wastes. The large intestine helps the movement of food and
houses bacteria, such as E. coli, which are essential to life, and use waste materials to synthesize vitamins B and K. The absorption of water by the large intestine not only helps to condense and solidify feces, but also allows the body to retain water to be used in other metabolic processes.

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The rectum and anus are the final stages of the digestive tract. The solid waste left over when ones food is digested by their body still has some water, but also other things like bacteria and fibre. The rectum is the last straight section of the large intestine before reaching the anus. The anus is the opening at the lower end of the digestive tract that controls the expulsion of feces.

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